熔体保温时间对含铝Monel合金组织与性能的影响

通过OM,SEM,TEM和HB-3000布氏硬度计研究了在真空下,熔体保温时间对含铝Monel合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明,在不同的熔体保温时间下,含铝Monel合金组织均由树枝晶状的γ初晶和γ＇相组成。其中γ’相有2种存在形式,一种为在枝晶干上单个颗粒弥散分布的γ’相和成花瓣状分布在枝晶干与枝晶间过渡区的γ’相;另一种为枝晶问的离异共晶γ’相。随着熔体保温时间的延长,树枝晶状的γ初晶先细化后粗化,二次枝晶臂间距先减小后增大,枝晶间的共晶γ’相先增多后减少,且弥散于枝晶干上的γ’相的直径先减小后增大;同时,随着熔体保温时问的延长,含铝Monel合金的布氏硬度先增大后减小。当熔体保温时间为60min时,合金组织中树枝晶较细小,枝晶间的共晶γ’相较多,枝晶干上的γ’相直径较小,合金的布氏硬度较大。     

Microstructure selection in the interdendritic region during directional solidification of a Ni-23at.%Al alloy

Directional solidification experiments of a binary Ni-23at.%Al alloy were carried out to examine the effects of growth velocity on the microstructure selection in the interdendritic region. Only the growth velocity was changed from 5 μm/s to 60 μm/s under a given thermal gradient. As a result, the noticeable change in the microstructure during solidification occurred between the γ dendrites. The γ interdendritic microstructure was varied as a function of growth velocity from rod γ-γ′ coupled peritectic structure to planar γ′ structure and then to eutectic structures consisting of stable γ′-β eutectic and metastable γ-β, eutectic structures. The microstructure selected preferentially among the γ dendrites was considered by calculating the interface temperature of a phase growing into its parent melt. It is shown that the microstructure selection in the γ interdendritic region is determined by a phase or a structure kinetically leading at the highest interface temperature under a given growth condition.     

热处理对DZ125定向凝固合金组织结构与蠕变行为的影响

通过不同条件蠕变性能测试及组织形貌观察,研究了热处理对DZ125合金的组织结构演变和蠕变行为的影响规律。结果表明,铸态合金的枝晶间区域存在较多放射状的共晶组织,在枝晶间和枝晶干处部分γ′相呈蝶形形态且γ′相尺寸具有较大差异。铸态合金的共晶组织及γ′相在固溶过程中被溶解,并在随后的冷却过程中类菱形的细小γ′相自γ基体中析出;一次时效期间,类菱形的细小γ′相发生钝化并长大直至转变成立方体形态;二次时效期间,γ′相的尺寸基本不变,但立方度增加,合金的组织结构为γ′相以共格方式自γ基体中析出。在热处理过程中基本消除了合金中的共晶组织,并提高了γ′相的立方度,但并未消除合金中的组织不均匀性,枝晶干区域的立方γ′相尺寸细小,而枝晶间区域的立方γ′相尺寸粗大,并且合金在980 ℃具有良好的抗蠕变性能。     

热等静压处理对K439B高温合金显微组织的影响

对K439B合金进行了1165 ℃/150 MPa,4 h热等静压处理,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对比研究了铸态和热等静压态K439B合金的显微组织。结果表明:铸态K439B合金存在0.25%的显微疏松,热等静压后显微疏松基本消除(0.013%)。与铸态相比,经过热等静压处理后合金中的γ/γ′共晶组织体积分数和尺寸减小,各元素分布更加均匀,凝固偏析系数均更接近1。铸态K439B合金枝晶干处γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别是116.9 nm和17.8%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为244.4 nm和24.9%。热等静压后合金枝晶干部位的γ′相尺寸及体积分数分别为148.0 nm和17.5%,枝晶间部位γ′相尺寸和体积分数分别为159.1 nm和22.8%。热等静压处理使合金枝晶干、枝晶间部位的γ′相尺寸、体积分数和形貌接近,同时γ′相分布变得均匀。     

热过程对IC21单晶合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对IC21单晶合金的铸态、热处理后和不同热过程后的组织进行了观察,检测了铸态、热处理态和不同热过程后合金的高温拉伸和持久性能,研究了热处理和热过程对IC21合金组织演变和力学性能的影响。结果表明,IC21合金的铸态组织呈树枝晶状,由γ′相、γ相以及枝晶间的粗大γ′相和NiMo相组成,枝晶干上γ′相尺寸比枝晶间的γ′相尺寸大。1315 ℃/6 h/充氩冷却+两次时效热处理后合金未实现完全固溶,枝晶干上部分铸态γ′相在固溶时未完全溶解,枝晶间仍存在粗大γ′相,持久性能与铸态相比有明显提升。热过程后,γ′相明显长大,立方度略有降低,枝晶间和枝晶干的γ′相尺寸差距减小,并且有针状相析出。合金的持久寿命与热处理态相比,稍有降低,抗拉强度有所提高。     

时效5年的触变成形ZA27合金微观形貌观察

通过OM、SEM和XRD,对触变成形并经5年自然时效的ZA27合金的微观组织进行了观察。结果表明：ZA27合金是由富Al枝晶和枝晶间的共晶组织组成。经触变成形和自然时效后的ZA27合金由球状初生粒子α′相、晶间的二次凝固组织及半固态成形时没有凝固完全的小液池组成。共晶方式主要为离异共晶及其中“蜂窝”状棒状共晶,部分区域出现不规则层片共晶组织。ZA27合金通过随后的冷却和自然时效过程,经过了一系列的相变,β相发生胞状分解,形成规则的共析（α＋η）层片组织或是不规则的复杂形状组织,从一些层片区域逐渐向低铝的α′相区域中心生长为粗大的层片组织,当其生长被α′相中心的连续分解所阻挡时,致使其芯部形成细小的（α＋η）颗粒组织。     

热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的组织分析

对热型连铸锌铝合金定向凝固线材的铸态及热处理组织进行了观察、分析和讨论。结果表明：热型连铸锌铝合金线材的显微组织为定向生长的平行柱状枝晶组织;共晶合金ZA5的枝状芥是的每个枝晶都由多层片状共晶β和η两相构成,过共晶合金的组织为初生树枝晶和枝晶间共晶组织,其中ZA8,ZA12初生相为β相,ZA22和ZA27的初生相是α相。     

Low-Convection-Cooling Slope Cast AlSi7Mg Alloy: A Rheological Perspective

In this paper we made an attempt to assess the solidification and flow behavior of the AlSi7Mg alloy melt flowing down the cooling slope, by calculating the Reynolds number of the flowing melt. It has been found that the length of the laminar regime within the flowing melt (low-convection flow) depends on the angle of slope. The microstructure of as-cast AlSi7Mg alloy processed by low-convection-casting using cooling slope method has been studied. The microstructure reveals dendritic primary α-Al phase with fine fibrous eutectic silicon in the interdendritic regions. The modification of eutectic silicon occurs predominately by the shearing of the solute-rich liquid between the primary α-Al dendrites prior to eutectic solidification as it flows down the cooling slope. Nucleation and growth of the primary silicon dendrites was also observed, which confirms earlier reports on three-layer theory. The mechanism responsible for the refinement of eutectic phase is the enhanced heterogeneous nucleation in the last liquid to solidify.     

激光成形修复K418高温合金的显微组织与开裂行为

研究了激光成形修复航空发动机涡轮叶片用K418高温合金的组织特征与开裂行为。研究发现:K418合金激光修复区组织主要由γ-FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06固溶体基体、方形γ′相、枝晶间杆状或骨架状初生MC碳化物和骨架状(γ+MC)共晶组成。激光成形修复所用铸件基体中MC碳化物为TiC,呈块状分布在晶内和晶界;而激光修复区中MC碳化物为(NbTi)C,呈骨架状或杆状分布于枝晶间。从基体、热影响区到修复区,γ′相形貌、尺寸和数量呈现不同特征。修复区裂纹为与液膜有关的结晶裂纹,裂纹沿枝晶晶界扩展。通过试验优化,确定了较佳的激光成形修复K418合金的工艺参数,大大降低了其开裂倾向。     

Modeling equiaxed solidification with melt convection and grain sedimentation—I: Model description

Part I of this two part investigation presents a modified volume-averaged equiaxed solidification model which accounts for nucleation, globular grain growth, globular-to-dendritic transition, dendritic growth, formation of extra- and interdendritic eutectic, grain transport and melt convection, and their influence on microstructure and macrosegregation. Globular grain growth is governed by diffusion around a spherical grain. For the dendritic growth, a “natural” grain envelope smoothly enclosing the primary and secondary dendrite tips is assumed to separate the interdendritic melt from the extradendritic melt. The solid dendrites and interdendritic melt, confined in the “natural” grain envelope, combine to form a dendritic grain. Two “hydrodynamic” phases are considered: the extradendritic melt and the equiaxed grains; and three thermodynamic phase regions are distinguished: the solid dendrites, the interdendritic melt and the extradendritic melt. The velocities of the hydrodynamic phases are solved with a two-phase Eulerian approach, and transport of the mass and solute species of each thermodynamic phase region are considered individually. Growth kinetics for the grain envelope and the interdendritic melt solidification are implemented separately. Simplification of the grain dendritic morphology and treatment of the non-uniform solute distribution in the interdendritic melt region are detailed. Illustrative modeling results and model verification are presented in Part II.     

Microstructural Instability of an Experimental Nickel-Based Single-Crystal Superalloy

Microstructural instability with the precipitation of topologically close-packed (TCP) phases of an experimental nickel-based single-crystal superalloy has been investigated. A significant amount of σ phases are distinguished in the interdendritic region of the as-cast samples after thermal exposure at 900 °C for 1000 h. The σ phases are preferentially precipitated at the periphery of coarse γ/γ′ eutectic, and their morphological evolution from needles to granules is observed. Microstructural analysis suggests that the local segregation of Cr and Ti at the periphery of coarse γ/γ′ eutectic accounts for the formation of σ phases in the as-cast samples. After heat treatment with low solution temperature and short holding time, the dendritic segregation of alloying elements (i.e., W, Re, Ti and Ta) and the volume fraction of γ′ phase in the interdendritic region are similar to that of the as-cast samples. However, no TCP phases are present in the interdendritic region of the heat-treated samples after thermal exposure, which is primarily ascribed to the elimination of local segregation of Cr and Ti near the coarse γ/γ′ eutectic. Moreover, small quantities of μ phases are precipitated in the secondary dendrite arm near the interdendritic region after thermal exposure, due to the increased volume fraction of γ′ phase and the concomitant enrichment of W and Re in the γ matrix.     

Microstructural characterization of a die-cast magnesium-rare earth alloy

Microstructural characterization of high-pressure die-cast alloy MEZ (Mg–2.5RE–0.35Zn–0.3Mn) reveals equiaxed dendrites of -Mg with a partially divorced interdendritic eutectic. Detailed diffraction studies coupled with WDS analysis reveal the presence of a continuous Mg₁₂RE intermetallic phase in the eutectic aggregate along with fine Mg particles.     

Study on microstructure of Fe-Cr-C-Ni-B-Si coating formed by plasma jet surface metallurgy

The technical connotation of surface metallurgical technology by DC-Plasma-Jet is a kind of rapid, non- equilibrium metallurgical process which is similar to powder metallurgy. Accordingly the specialized equipment is developed all by ourselves, which is not subjected to limitation of solubility, melting point, density of constituents, therefore pre-alloy powders are not needed. The plasma surface metallurgical coating using Fe-Cr-C-Ni-B-Si mixed alloy powders has good wettability with substrate material. The metallurgical coating has apparent characteristics of rapid and layered crystallization from planar crystal-cell to dendritic transition zone at the interface, from dendritic crystal to equiaxed crystal in the midst, from equiaxed crystal to spike crystal on the surface. Its metastable microstructure is complex phase of supersaturated γ- （ Fe, Ni ） dendritic crystal solutioning great amount of alloy element and interdendritic eutectic structure （ Cr, Fe） γ （ C, B） 3 and T-（Fe,Ni）.     

热处理过程中DD6单晶高温合金的组织演化规律与力学性能

研究了DD6单晶高温合金在热处理过程中的显微组织演化规律以及初熔组织的生成机理。通过研究不同固溶时效处理对γ′相形貌、尺寸分布和体积分数的影响且分析了完全热处理后合金的显微硬度和拉伸性能,从而确定了合金最佳的热处理工艺。结果表明,通过差热分析法和金相观察法确定合金的初熔温度在1300~1310 ℃。在1315 ℃固溶处理4 h,枝晶间/枝晶干γ′相尺寸趋于一致,呈立方状均匀排列。在固溶处理过程中,γ/γ′共晶组织熔化生成了不规则初熔组织。在不同的一次时效工艺下,1120 ℃时效4 h空冷后,γ′相立方度更好,尺寸分布更均匀。合金最佳的热处理工艺为1290 ℃×1 h+1300 ℃×2 h+1315 ℃×4 h, AC+1120 ℃×4 h, AC+870 ℃×32 h, AC。合金在完全热处理后,随拉伸温度从室温升高至850 ℃时,强度达到峰值,温度继续升高,强度下降;在760 ℃拉伸时塑性最差,随着拉伸温度从760 ℃升高到950 ℃,塑性提高。     

Thermodynamic Evaluation of the Phase Stability and Microstructural Characterization of a Cast B1914 Superalloy

The boron-carbon superalloys (BC alloys) were developed to reduce the carbon content of the alloys to less than 0.02 wt.% and increase the boron content to 0.1 wt.% in some Ni-based superalloys. In this study, we have used characterization techniques, such as DTA, XRD, SEM coupling, and thermodynamic calculation using Thermo-Calc software, to obtain information about the phase transformation reaction temperatures and the elemental compositions of the microstructural constituents encountered in the B1914 superalloy. The microstructure of the B1914 superalloy was composed of a gamma (γ) phase with a dendritic structure and gamma prime (γ′) phase with a cuboidal shape. Precipitates of γ′ and a lamellar eutectic, composed of γ/(Mo,Cr,Ni)₃B₂, were identified in the interdendritic region. The thermodynamic calculation results have shown to be a valuable tool for predicting the transformation temperature, such as liquidus, γ’ solvus, and incipient melting point. These transformations are important parameters used in casting simulation software for determining the heat treatment and welding repair conditions for parts made from this alloy.     

铸态GH742合金的凝固特点及枝晶偏析

高合金化GH742合金存在严重的枝晶偏析,Nb、Ti大量偏聚于枝晶间,导致MC碳化物、(γ+γ′)共晶、Laves相、δ相等析出;高Mo含量及其枝晶间偏析是析出σ相的重要原因;La、Ce在枝晶间的富集促使含氧硫稀土相和Ni5Ce相的析出。与一般合金凝固特点不同,高含量Al、Ti、Nb导致GH742合金凝固过程中先后发生(γ+γ′)和(γ+Laves)两种类型的共晶反应。结合差热分析技术和凝固组织特点确定了合金的凝固温度区间为1346-1190℃,凝固顺序为γ、MC、(γ+γ′)、Laves、Ni5Ce。     

Solidification of Liquid Distributed in its Primary Matrix Phase of Al-10Cu-Fe Alloy and Their Tribological Characteristics

Solidification behavior of liquid phase entrained in its primary solid has been investigated. A hypoeutectic alloy based on Al-Cu-Fe system containing Fe and Si was thermal cycled between semisolid regions to low temperatures. The freezing characteristics of the liquid were recorded in inverse rate cooling curves. The continuous network of the liquid phase progressively changed into isolated droplets with their different size and size distribution. Such droplets revealed undercooling of the melt varying from 20 to 35 °C below the eutectic temperature of the alloy. This behavior of melt undercooling is discussed in light of independent nucleation events associated with freezing of droplets. Solidification structure of droplets revealed particulate eutectic phases in contrast to lamellar eutectic microstructure in the interdendritic region of the as-cast alloy. The droplet distribution and their solidification structure resulted in an improvement in tribological characteristics of the alloy. This effect is correlated with features of wear surfaces generated on the matting surfaces.     

多相V-Ti-Ni氢分离合金显微组织与力学性能

研究了多相V_(100-2x)-Ti_x-Ni_x(x=10,15,20)系列氢分离合金的显微组织、硬度和拉伸性能。V_(100-2x)-Ti_x-Ni_x合金铸锭显微组织均由枝晶相V基固溶体和枝晶间相NiTi和NiTi_2组成。随着合金中Ti和Ni的含量增加,枝晶间相在合金中体积占比增大,形成连续网状,阻止枝晶臂的连接。在室温下,合金整体硬度、抗拉强度、延伸率和断面收缩率均随Ti、Ni含量增加而升高。V基固溶体和NiTi_2相是影响3种合金的整体硬度的主要因素。3种合金在室温下均属于脆性材料。合金中NiTi相含量对合金的延伸率有较大影响。     

MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Zn—Al ALLOY ROD PRODUCED BY HEATED MOLD CONTINUOUS CASTING

The new technology of continuous casting by heated mold was used to produce directional solidification ZA alloy lines to eliminate the inter defects of these lines and increase their mechanical properties. The results are as follows: (1) The microstruc-ture of the ZA alloy lines is the parallel directional dendritic columnar crystal. Every dendritic crystal of eutectic alloy ZA5 was composed of many layer eutectic β and η phases. The micro structure of hypereutectic ZA alloys is primary dendritic crystal and interdendritic eutectic structure. The primary phase of ZA8 and ZA12 is β, among them, but the primary phase of ZA22 and ZA27 is a. (2) Through the test to the as-cast ZA alloy lines made in continuous casting by heated mold, it is found that the tensile strength and hardness increase greatly, but the elongation decreases. With the increase of aluminum amount from ZA 5 to ZA 12, ZA22 and ZA27, the tensile strength increases gradually. ZA27 has the best comprehensive mechanical properties in these     

Influence of solution heat treatment on microstructure and stress rupture properties of a Ni3Al base single crystal superalloy IC6SX

The effect of solution heat treatment at different temperatures on the microstructure and stress rupture properties of a Ni₃Al base single crystal superalloy IC6SX has been investigated in this paper. The experimental results show that the as-cast alloy exhibited a typical dendritic structure with three phases of γ′, γ and NiMo. After solution heat treated at 1240 °C, the NiMo phase dissolved entirely. With the temperature increasing, the γ′ phase in interdendritic region dissolved earlier than that in dendritic region. When solution heat treatment temperature reached to 1280 °C, all of the γ′ solutioned and a uniform microstructure was observed. Furthermore, increasing the temperature up to 1340 °C, a small amount of incipient melting occurred in the alloy. The stress rupture life of IC6SX at 1100 °C/130 MPa increased with the rising of temperature and reached to the top value under the solution heat treatment temperature of 1280 °C. The optimum solution heat treatment considered to be 1280 °C/10 h followed by flowing air cooling.