非合作目标脉冲相位式激光测距仪的测程研究

对于非合作目标的中程距离测量, 从测距范围、测量精度、速度和可靠性的折衷方面来讲, 脉冲相位式激光测距法优于常规的脉冲法测距和连续波相位法测距。在脉冲相位式激光测距中提出采用连续发射的正弦调制脉冲信号提高发射激光的峰值功率以提高测程, 但发射激光的平均功率被保持很低保证了发射激光对人眼的安全。同时根据硅雪崩光电二极管(Si-APD)噪声谱密度理论, 设计了具有温度补偿和反馈电阻噪声补偿的激光测距仪前放接收模块, 详细分析了背景光, 反向高压和反馈电阻对于Si-APD接收性能的影响。实验表明：根据该方法设计的前放接收模块使测距仪接收系统获得最大信噪比, APD工作在最佳倍增状态,从而提高测距仪的探测灵敏度和最大测程。     

基于超窄脉宽激光器的厘米级测距技术研究

首先对影响脉冲激光测距精度的因素进行了分析,认为提高时间间隔测量计数器频率,采用快速电路,缩短激光脉冲上升沿时间和提高系统信噪比都可以提高脉冲激光测距精度,而缩短激光脉冲上升沿时间对提高测距精度效果明显。在此基础上,基于1.2 ns超窄脉宽激光器,设计了一种高精度脉冲激光测距实验装置,实验结果表明,单点测量精度小于1.2 cm。     

星间激光通信兼测距新技术研究

提出了一种用于小卫星编队飞行控制的星载激光通信兼测距机方案.该方案利用反馈式脉冲激光测距法,有效解决了传统脉冲激光测距法中存在的提高测距精度和缩短测量时间之间的矛盾.对该方案的原理进行了详细描述,给出了测距的误差分析,并提出了进一步提高测距精度的改进方法.     

脉冲压缩在激光测距中的应用

脉冲式激光测距和相位式激光测距是目前主要的激光测距方法,但是在复杂噪声环境中,容易因回波信号湮没于噪声中而失效。针对微弱回波信号的提取难题,提出了脉冲压缩式激光测距法。通过发射线性调频的脉冲激光,接收时采用脉冲压缩技术提高脉冲峰值功率,改善信噪比,从而获得湮没于噪声中的回波信号。该方法对于提高测距距离和降低激光功率具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。建立了激光测距中脉冲压缩方法的数学模型,并针对典型高斯白噪声环境进行了仿真,分析了脉冲压缩参数对测距的影响,设计了线性调频的激光信号源并基于FPGA实现了脉冲压缩信号处理。     

基于m序列的半导体激光测距技术研究与仿真

针对传统脉冲式半导体激光测距机在中远程测距的应用中,回波信噪比过低而难以检测目标信号的问题,提出了一种基于m序列的小型化半导体激光测距方案,以单周期m序列作为激光发射波形,对微弱低信噪比回波信号采用相参积累及匹配滤波相结合的数字信号处理方法。通过仿真及计算,证明本方案可以提高回波信噪比,并有效地从微弱回波信号中提取出目标信号,进而提高激光测距机的测距能力。     

脉冲激光高精度测距的数据处理方法研究

采用电子计数法实现脉冲激光测距的本质是测量发射脉冲和目标反射回波脉冲的时间差.为实现脉冲激光精确测距,在分析传统电子计数法时间测量的原理和误差因素基础上,给出提高脉冲激光测距精度的几种数据处理方法,并分别论证了其有效性.     

基于光路复用机理的激光近程动态测距概率分布

基于光路复用机理,提出了一种激光近程动态扫描探测方法。基于重尾函数建立了一种脉冲激光发射波形数学模型,推导了脉冲激光近程动态探测冲击响应及回波方程。建立了一种脉冲激光测距概率统计分布模型,研究了脉冲激光发射功率/脉宽、阈值检测电压、等效均方根噪声电压以及激光出射角对测距概率分布的影响机理。结果表明:随着发射功率的增加,测距精度提高且分布曲线逐渐偏离真实值;测距精度随着激光发射脉宽的增加而递减;随着阈值电压的提高,分布曲线向右移动;距离测量分布曲线随着等效均方根噪声电压的增加而宽度增加、幅值减小;随着激光出射角度的增加,测距分布曲线向右移动,测距精度随之降低。     

差分信号时刻鉴别法的脉冲激光测距技术分析

高精度的脉冲激光测距系统一直都是激光测距领域的研究热点之一。测距误差的存在直接影响了激光测距精度的结果,利用差分信号时刻鉴别法的研究未见报道,因此对差分时刻判别法的研究具有重要意义。为了研究这一问题,对影响脉冲激光测距精度的因素进行了分析,可以认为幅度时间游动效应和上升时间游动效应产生的时间晃动是影响测距精度最主要的因素。通过分析可以看出,所设计的差分信号时刻鉴别电路能够有效提高测距精度,达到了设计要求。在实验测试中,差分信号时刻鉴别电路对70 m内不同距离的单次测距误差保持在9 mm以内,相比之下单端信号时刻鉴别电路的单次测距精度范围为[-12 mm,11 mm]。实验结果表明同单端信号单次测距误差相比,测距精度有了明显的提高。该方法可以为现有的如何提高脉冲激光测距精度技术提供参考价值。     

激光多周期测距方法

介绍了脉冲激光测距的工作原理，分析了脉冲激光测距存在的问题。在此基础上提出了激光多周期测距方法，即用接收到的回波信号驱动发射激光主波脉冲，从而形成振荡，通过测量多个周期内的时间积累后取平均而计算距离的一种方法。阐述该方法的基本工作原理，并就提高测量精度的方法和影响因素进行了分析。给出了实现该方法的系统组成框图，分析了提高其精度的关键技术，实验证明该方法是一种成本低，测量速度快，精度高的短距离测距新方法。     

脉冲串激光测距技术研究

文中提出了一种脉冲串激光测距技术,采用脉冲串激光和相关探测方法,可显著地提高脉冲激光测距能力。理论分析和试验结果表明:采用3脉冲串激光测距体制要比同等单脉冲测距体制的探测灵敏度提高11倍。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.