广州地区高胆固醇血症与膳食危险因素的病例对照研究

目的：探讨广州地区膳食因素在高胆固醇血症发病中的作用。方法：以1：1病例对照研究方法,于广州南方医院体检中心筛选高胆固醇血症患者200人为病例组,并选取同时期来该院体检的与相应病例年龄、性别、民族、学历配对的健康人群为对照组。结果：单因素分析显示,每日食用叶类蔬菜（OR=0．5,95％cI0．3,0．8）及豆类制品（OR=0．4,95％c10．2,0．9）可降低高胆固醇血症的发生。在调整体质指数的基础上,多因素Logistic回归分析表明,食用叶类蔬菜1-3次／d（OR=0．5,95％cI0．3,0．8）及每日食用豆类制品（OP=0．4,95％C10．2,0．9）为高胆固醇血症的保护因素。其余食物种类及饮料的摄入频率在两组间无显著差异。结论：叶类蔬菜、豆类及豆制品为高胆固醇血症的保护因素。     

HPLC法测定余甘子中没食子酸的含量

目的用高效液相色谱法测定余甘子中没食子酸含量。方法以C18色谱柱为分析柱,甲醇-0．2％磷酸溶液（5：95）为流动相,检测波长273nm。结果没食子酸的进样量在0．0280～2．795μg范围内与峰面积有良好的线性关系,回收率99．9％,RSD=1．19％（n=6）。结论此方法简便、快速、准确,可用于余甘子的质量控制。     

验光处方报损分析及修正（三）

病例4：临界年龄的“配镜需求”不能单靠患者表述。 1病例资料 男性，43岁。主诉夜晚看不清楚，要求验光配镜。裸眼视力（远）：右0．5，左0．3；精调OD0．75=＋1．25×160=1．0、0、OS^-0．37=2．25×100=0．9；ADD=1．50／3）。     

一起嗜水气单胞菌引起的食物中毒调查

目的 了解本次食物中毒中毒原因及可疑食物污染来源.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,并采集可疑食物及病例标本进行检测.结果 共发生病例48例,症状主要为腹痛(100％)、腹泻(85％)、发热(40％)等.潜伏 期中位数为25 h,进食白切鸡是危险因素(OR=6.0,95％ CI:2.0～17),且与发病呈剂量反应关系((x2趋势=4.5,P=0.03).白切鸡及病例粪便中检出嗜水气单胞菌.结论 进食被嗜水气单胞菌污染的白切鸡是本次食物中毒发生的主要原因,建议加强农村游厨的食品卫生安全知识培训,防止类似事件发生.     

废新闻纸脱墨剂的合成及其脱墨性能研究

使用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯（9）醚（AEO-9）和壬基酚聚氧乙烯（10）醚（TX-10）、马来酸酐、亚硫酸钠及丙烯酸为原料,研制了用于废新闻纸脱墨的高效脱墨剂CS,其最佳脱墨工艺条件为：彬（NaOH）=3．0％,w（Na2SiO3）=5．0％,w（CS）=0．5％（以上比例均为对绝干浆的质量比）。实验结果表明,自制脱墨剂CS的脱墨效果优于部分市售脱墨剂。     

松香胺作功能单体阳离子无皂苯丙乳液表面施胶剂的研究

以丙烯腈改性淀粉作分散剂,苯乙烯（St）为硬单体,丙烯酸丁酯（BA）为软单体,松香胺（RA）为功能单体,甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯（DM）为阳离子单体,丙烯酰胺（AM）为交联单体,过硫酸钾（K2S2O6）为引发剂,采用无皂乳液聚合技术合成了一种阳离子苯丙乳液表面施胶剂,并对施胶纸张各种性能做了测试。最佳合成工艺是：m（St）／m（BA）=2．5,w（RA）=0．5％,w（DM）=0．9％,w（AM）=0．4％,w（K2S2O8）=0．5％,m（单体）／m（淀粉）=2。     

豆豉纤溶酶液体发酵生产条件的研究

研究了芽孢杆菌菌株WMIl发酵生产豆豉纤溶酶的条件．结果表明,最佳发酵条件为：氮源w（带鱼蛋白胨）=3％,w（酵母膏）=0．5％;碳源w（水溶性淀粉）=3％;无机盐的用量为w（K2HPO4）=0．6％,w（KH2PO4）=0．1％,w（MgSO4）=0．1％,w（CaCl2）=0．04％,c（MnCl2）=10^-4mol／L;w（青霉素）=0．01％;培养基pH=6．0,培养温度为37℃．在此条件下,纤溶酶活性可达2345IU／mL．     

壳聚糖丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物的制备及其增强效果

探讨了引发剂用量、反应温度、反应时间和单体比例等因素对壳聚糖丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物接枝率和接枝效率的影响;同时探讨了壳聚糖丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物作为干强剂的应用条件及效果。结果表明：最佳合成条件为c（Ce^4＋）=1．5mmol／L,温度为45℃,反应时间为2．5h,m（丙烯酰胺）：m（壳聚糖）=4：1;作为干强剂的最佳应用pH为7;对于漂白杨木浆,当w（壳聚糖丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物）=0．6％,pH=7．0时,裂断长提高了33．1％,耐折度提高了96．7％,撕裂指数提高了36．1％。     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡精中呈昧核苷酸含量

建立了高效液相色谱法测定鸡精中呈味核苷酸含量方法。样品经水超声提取。采用液相色谱仪进行检测,色谱柱为C18色谱柱,流动相为V（甲醇）：V（乙酸铵溶液）=5：95,检测波长为254nm。结果表明,鸟苷酸二钠和肌苷酸二钠分离效果良好（R=2．O）,可分别准确定量。在1μg／ml-100μg／ml范围内鸟苷酸二钠和肌苷酸二钠回归方程分别为：Y=10．6825X＋1．5953,r=0．99995;Y=8．9096X＋0．13404,r=0．99997。方法回收率为99．1％、98．7％。     

高效液相法对桃仁中苦杏仁苷含量的测定

建立了高效液相色谱法测定桃仁中苦杏仁苷含量的方法。色谱柱：LichrospherC18（4．6mm×250mm,5μm）;流动相：甲醇-水（20：80）;柱温：25℃;流速：1．0mL／min;检测波长：210nm。结果表明,苦杏仁苷浓度在O．06613—4．23200μg间线性关系良好,R2=1．0000,平均回收率为95．91％（RSD=2．29％）。该方法准确、可靠。     

The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period

The objective of this observational field study was to validate the relationship of serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and calcium with disease in early lactation across different management systems. Fifty-five Holstein freestall dairy herds located across the United States and Canada were selected and visited weekly for blood sample collection from 2,365 cows. Only diseases that were consistently recorded across herds and blood samples collected before the disease occurred were considered. Metabolite concentrations in serum in wk −1 relative to calving were considered as predictors of retained placenta (RP) and metritis, and metabolite concentrations in serum in wk −1 and wk +1 relative to calving were considered as predictors of displaced abomasum (DA). For each disease, each metabolite, and week of sampling in the case of DA, a critical threshold was calculated based on the highest combined sensitivity and specificity and used to categorize the serum concentrations into high and low risk categories. Multivariable logistic regression models were built for each disease of interest and week of sampling, considering cow as the experimental unit and herd as a random effect. Cows with precalving serum NEFA concentrations ≥0.3 mEq/L were more likely to develop RP [odds ratio (OR) = 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3 to 2.6] and metritis (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.9) after calving than cows with lower NEFA concentrations. Precalving NEFA ≥0.5 mEq/L (OR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.7), postcalving NEFA ≥1.0 mEq/L (OR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.7 to 4.4), and postcalving calcium ≤2.2 mmol/L (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.9 to 5.0) were associated with subsequent risk of DA. In conclusion, elevated serum NEFA concentrations within 1 wk before calving were associated with increased risk of RP, metritis, and DA after calving. Serum NEFA and calcium concentrations in the 2 wk around calving in combination were associated with the risk of DA.     

Metabolic parameters in transition cows as indicators for early-lactation culling risk

A retrospective cohort study was performed with the objective of determining whether the serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), or calcium were associated with the risk of culling within 60 d in milk (DIM) in Holstein cows, and to establish thresholds for each metabolite that were predictive of increased culling risk. Data from 5,979 cows in Ontario (Canada) and several US states were obtained from 4 previously reported studies. For each metabolite and each of 3 sampling weeks (-1, +1, and +2 relative to calving), an optimal threshold was calculated based on having the maximum combined sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) and used to categorize the serum concentrations into high and low risk groups. Logistic regression models were built for each metabolite and each week of sampling, as well as considering together all metabolites in wk -1 and wk +1 relative to calving. Cow was considered the experimental unit and herd as a random effect. Considered separately, precalving NEFA ≥ 0.4 mmol/L [odds ratio (OR)=1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4 to 2.2], NEFA ≥ 0.8 mmol/L in wk +1 relative to calving (OR=2.0; 95% CI=1.5 to 2.6) and NEFA ≥ 0.8 mmol/L in wk +2 (OR=4.2; 95% CI=1.9 to 9.4 for cows in lactation 2; OR=2.1; 95% CI=1.4 to 3.3 for cows in lactation ≥ 3) were each associated with an increased risk of culling within the first 60 DIM. Similarly, BHBA ≥ 0.7 mmol/L in wk -1 (OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.3 to 2.5), BHBA ≥ 1.2 mmol/L in wk +1 (OR=1.8; 95% CI=1.4 to 2.2), and BHBA ≥ 1.6 mmol/L in wk +2 (OR=3.2; 95% CI=1.6 to 6.4 for cows in lactation 2; OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.6 to 3.3 for cows in lactation ≥ 3) were each associated with an increased risk of culling within the first 60 DIM. Likewise, calcium ≤ 2.3 mmol/L in wk -1 (OR=1.6; 95% CI=1.2 to 2.2), calcium ≤ 2.2 mmol/L in wk +1 (OR=1.5; 95% CI=1.2 to 1.9), and calcium ≤ 2.3 mmol/L in wk +2 (OR=2.3; 95% CI=1.1 to 3.1) were each associated with an increased risk of culling within the first 60 DIM. When all metabolites were analyzed together, serum NEFA and calcium concentrations in wk -1 and serum NEFA concentration in wk +1 remained in the models. In conclusion, elevated serum NEFA and BHBA concentrations and lower serum calcium concentrations within 1 wk before calving through 2 wk after calving were associated with an increased risk of culling in early lactation. Measuring the concentration of selected metabolites around parturition may help to develop monitoring and intervention strategies to prevent early culling in transition dairy cows.     

共轭亚油酸同分异构体对肥胖Zucker大鼠的脂肪肝中的类二十烷酸的影响

目的:检测使用共轭亚油酸(CLA)同分异构体后,Zucker大鼠肝脏中多种类二十烷酸水平以及探测与这些种类二十烷酸合成有关的酶的蛋白表达。方法:17周的雄性Zucker大鼠被随机分为对照组[瘦鼠对照组(lean control),和胖鼠对照组(fa/fa control)n=7]和治疗组[随机抽取的肥胖鼠(fa/fa 9,11CLA、fa/fa 10,12CLA),n=7],分别接受无CLA的对照饮食和加入0.4%(w/w)CLA的治疗饮食。8周后用高效液相质谱仪(HPLC/MS/MS)检测多种类二十烷酸水平;使用免疫印迹法(Westernblotting)探测与这些种类二十烷酸合成有关的酶的蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,t10,c12 CLA升高了肝组织中的白三烯4(LTB4)的水平(P<0.01)。然而,免疫印迹实验(Western blotting)显示,t10,c12 CLA(P<0.005)和c9,t11CLA(P<0.005)都抑制环氧合酶(COX2)的表达。与胖鼠对照组比较,瘦鼠对照组有较高的羟二十碳四烯酸(HODE)水平。结论:t10,c12 CLA减少脂肪肝里的总脂肪量,而抑制了COX2的蛋白表达、升高LTB4水平,两者对肝组织的影响,有待于组织学研究证实。胖鼠对照组有较低的13-HODE和9-HODE水平,与脂肪肝的饱和脂肪酸代谢酶的活性降低,引起亚油酸(LA)降低有关,不能反映血循环中的氧化应激状态。     

甘肃省穆斯林人群超重肥胖与高血压高血糖的相关性分析

目的:了解甘肃省穆斯林人群1聚集地区的超重和肥胖的现状,探讨与血压、血糖之间的关系及相关危险因素,为慢性病预防提供策略。方法:选择甘肃省穆斯林人群聚集地区为调查对象,进行体格检查及实验室检查。结果:超重、肥胖患病率分别为45.68%、17.73%。男女性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。超重、肥胖人群血压、血糖异常率均高于BMI正常组;多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(40—、50—、60—年龄组)、性别、高血压、高血糖与肥胖有密切关系(OR值分别为2.262、1.509、1.327、0.701、1.399、1.172,P值均<0.05)。结论:甘肃省穆斯林人群40岁以上超重及肥胖的患病率水平较高,年龄、性别、高血压、高血糖与肥胖有密切关系。     

北京某高校教职工超重、肥胖检出率及其危险因素的调查研究

为了解北京某高校教职工的超重、肥胖现况,探究体质指数(BMI)与各类食物每天食用量及其它慢性病(如腰围、血压、血脂、血糖、脂肪肝、血尿酸等)的关系,采用方便抽样方法,抽取从2010年10月到2011年1月到该校医院体检的教职工共1 402人进行有效调查。结果显示,教职工的体质指数(BMI)平均为23.8±3.3,超重检出率为34.2%,肥胖检出率为11.1%。多重线性回归模型分析结果表明,禽畜肉类以及水产品类食物的日均食用量是BMI的显著危险因素(p<0.02),而茶类是BMI的强保护因素(β=-0.653)。偏相关分析结果显示,腰围与BMI的正相关关系最强(r=0.771),其次为脂肪肝;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇是BMI的强保护因素(r=-0.384)。故应从饮食结构、控制其它慢性病因素方面综合加强对该高校教职工肥胖症及相关疾病的防控。     

The effects of early life polyunsaturated fatty acids and ruminant trans fatty acids on allergic diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Early life nutritional exposures could modify the gene expression and susceptibility of allergic diseases (AD). This systematic review aimed to evaluate whether early life (the first 1,000 days) natural exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ruminant trans fatty acids (R-TFA) could affect the AD risk. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception through September 10, 2017 for relevant full-text articles in English. Observational studies were selected if they examined the effects of early life PUFA or R-TFA on AD (eczema, asthma, wheeze, and allergic rhinitis) or sensitization. The quality of studies was examined by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and the best evidence synthesis (BES) was applied. We included 26 observational studies, and 8 of them showed high quality. BES showed a moderate evidence for the protective effect of vaccenic acid (VA, an R-TFA) on eczema, while insufficient or no evidence was found in other associations. Meta-analysis showed that higher n-6/n-3 ratio and linoleic acid were associated with higher risk of eczema (pooled odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.00 ?1.13; 1.08, 95% CI: 1.01 ?1.15). However, VA was inversely associated with eczema pooled OR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.25 ?0.72). Early life natural exposure to VA showed evident benefit on decreasing the risk of eczema, while PUFA and other R-TFA showed limited effects on AD. More robust studies especially for R-TFA are required.     

Associations between management practices and within-pen prevalence of calf diarrhea and respiratory disease on dairy farms using automated milk feeders

Data on management practices used with automated milk feeders (AMF) are needed to identify factors associated with calf health in these systems. The objectives of this observational, longitudinal, cross-sectional study were to estimate the prevalence of calf diarrhea (CD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and to identify factors associated with prevalence of these diseases at the pen level on dairy farms feeding milk to group-housed calves with AMF. Seventeen dairy farms with AMF in Ontario, Canada, were visited 4 times, seasonally, over 1 yr. The clinical health of all calves (n = 1,488) in pens (n = 35) with AMF was scored to identify the number of calves with CD and BRD. Data on calf, feeder, and pen management practices were analyzed using generalized linear mixed regression models for each disease. Overall calf-level prevalence of CD and BRD were 23 and 17%, respectively. Median (interquartile range, IQR) within-pen prevalence of CD and BRD were 17% (7 to 37%) and 11% (0 to 28%), respectively. Median age (IQR) for diarrheic calves was 25 d (16 to 42 d), and for calves with BRD was 43 d (29 to 60 d). Factors associated with lower within-pen prevalence of CD were the administration of vitamin E and selenium at birth [odds ratio (OR) = 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.32 to 0.99], feeding of probiotics (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.93), and adding fresh bedding every 2 to 3 d (OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.76) compared with every 7 or more days. In contrast, sharing air with older cattle (>9 mo old) was associated with increased within-pen prevalence of CD (OR = 4.54, 95% CI: 1.88 to 10.52). Additionally, total bacteria counts ≥100,000 cfu/mL in milk samples taken from the AMF mixing jar were associated with increased within-pen prevalence of CD during the summer visit (OR = 3.34; 95% CI: 1.31 to 8.54). Increased total solids in milk or milk replacer (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.85) and feeding whole milk versus milk replacer (OR = 0.29, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.75) were associated with lower within-pen prevalence of BRD. Factors associated with greater within-pen prevalence of BRD were sharing air with weaned cattle up to 8 mo old (OR = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.26 to 8.16), and greater depth of the wet bedding pack. The use of maternity pens for reasons other than just calving was associated with increased prevalence of both CD and BRD (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.03 to 3.33; OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.21 to 5.58, respectively). These results suggest that isolation from older animals and frequent cleaning of the feeder and pen may help to reduce disease prevalence in group-housed calves fed with an AMF.     

Influence of socioeconomic status on the prevalence of stunted growth and obesity in prepubertal Indonesian children

This cross-sectional study assesses the prevalence of stunting, overweight, and obesity in prepubertal children from different socioeconomic groups in Indonesia. Children from rural, poor urban, and nonpoor urban communities were studied (n = 3,010). The prevalences of stunting, wasting, overweight, and obesity were 19.3%, 5.0%, 2.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. The odds ratios (OR) for stunting, as compared with nonpoor urban children, were higher among rural children (2.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.37-3.59) than among poor urban children (1.58; 95% CI, 1.18-2.13). The prevalence of wasting was not influenced by socioeconomic status. Both rural and poor urban children were significantly less likely to be overweight than were nonpoor urban children: in comparison with nonpoor urban children, the OR values were 0.19 (95% CI, 0.10-0.36) for rural and 0.13 (95% CI, 0.04-0.43) for poor urban children. Boys were more likely to be stunted or obese than girls: OR for stunting, 1.75 (95% CI, 1.44-2.12); OR for obesity, 4.07 (95% CI, 1.40-11.8). Stunted children were less likely than non-stunted children to be overweight: OR, 0.10 (95% CI, 0.03-0.43). In Indonesia, undernutrition is still related to poverty, whereas obesity is more related to prosperity.     

Late embryonic losses in supplemented grazing lactating dairy cows: Risk factors and reproductive performance

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for late embryonic loss (LEL) in supplemented grazing dairy cows. Additional objectives were to assess the incidence of LEL and its association with the reproductive performance of cows. A data set containing productive, reproductive, and health records of 13,551 lactations was used. A retrospective case-control study involving 631 cows with LEL (cases) and 2,524 controls (4 controls per case within each study year) was run. A case of LEL was defined when the embryo had no heartbeat or there was evidence of detached membranes or floating structures including embryo remnants by ultrasonography (US) at 28 to 42 d post-artificial insemination (AI), whereas a non-case was defined as a cow diagnosed with positive pregnancy by US 28 to 42 d post-AI and reconfirmed as pregnant 90 ± 7 d post-AI. Four controls per case were randomly selected from the non-cases with a temporal matching criterion (±3 d around the date of the fecundating AI of the case). Multivariable logistic models were offered with the following predictors: year of LEL (2011 through 2015), season of LEL (summer vs. fall vs. winter vs. spring), parity (1 vs. 2 vs. ≥3), uterine disease (UD), non-uterine disease (NUD), body condition score at parturition, body condition score at 28 to 42 d post-AI (BCS-LEL), days in milk (DIM), and daily milk yield (MY). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and a tendency was set at P ≤ 0.10. We found that 4.7, 22, and 23% of cows had LEL, UD, and NUD, respectively. Cases tended to have higher daily MY than controls (32.5 vs. 31.8 kg); also, cases had much longer calving to pregnancy interval (226 vs. 118 d), lower hazard of pregnancy [hazard ratio = 0.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.35–0.43], and higher odds for non-pregnancy [odds ratio (OR) = 2.89, 95% CI = 2.37–3.54] than controls. We found that the odds for LEL increased with parity number (OR = 2.48, 95% CI = 1.99–3.08 for parity ≥3) and with BCS-LEL <2.50 (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.33–2.47). Conversely, the odds for LEL decreased with BCS-LEL >3.00 (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.53–0.91). The odds for LEL increased with UD (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.01–1.49), NUD (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.01–1.54), DIM (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.00–1.05), and daily MY (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04–1.25) in univariable models only. Finally, the odds for LEL were not associated with year, season, DIM, and body condition score at parturition. In conclusion, LEL is associated with extended calving to pregnancy interval, and among its risk factors are parity number and BCS-LEL.     

住院天数≥14天患者营养风险筛查和营养支持现况调查

目的:调查住院天数≥14d的336例患者的营养风险发生率以及营养支持的应用情况,观察营养支持方式与住院天数之间的关系。方法:患者入院后第2d采用NRS2002进行营养风险筛查(除体重指数采用中国标准外,其余与NRS2002方法一致),并于出院时调查患者住院期间的营养支持应用情况。结果:336例住院天数≥14天的患者中完成NRS2002筛查的患者325例,NRS2002适用率为96.73%。存在营养风险(NRS≥3分)患者117例,营养风险的发生率为36.00%。手术科室营养风险发生率为37.36%,非手术科室营养风险发生率为34.27%,不存在差异(χ2=0.333,P=0.564)。其中70.94%的患者得到了营养支持,手术科室的营养支持率(79.41%)高于非手术科室(59.18%),支持率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.653,P=0.017)。营养支持多延后于营养风险筛查后3—4d。手术科室患者入院后7d内营养支持以全肠外营养为主,占62%,14d时肠外营养(全肠外、肠外肠内并用)仍占63%。非手术科室7d内的肠外营养(全肠外、肠外肠内并用)支持率79%,14d时以肠内营养为主,占71%。手术科室的平均住院天数多于非手术科室(F=3.991,P=0.001)。结论:住院天数≥14d患者存在营养风险比例较高,肠外营养的过度使用情况比较严重,应推广和应用基于证据支持的营养指南来改善此情况。