7050铝合金高温变形过程中的微观组织特征

研究了7050铝合金在温度为460℃,应变速率分别为1.0×10-4s-1和 0.1s-1条件下的高温拉伸变形过程.结果表明:7050铝合金在高温拉伸过程中平均晶界取向差角与真应变之间保持比例关系,晶粒尺寸随变形的进行而增加.晶粒的长径比在变形条件为460℃/1.0×10-4s-1变形时基本保持不变;而变形条件为460℃/0.1s-1时,晶粒长径比则随着变形的进行而增加.微观组织结果表明,7050铝合金在460℃/1.0×10-4s-1的变形过程中,软化机制为连续动态再结晶,而变形条件为460℃/0.1s-1时,软化机制为动态回复.连续动态再结晶过程中平均晶界取向差角的持续增加与亚晶界的迁移和变形过程中晶界吸入位错有关.     

5A90铝锂合金超塑性变形机理的定量研究

通过聚焦离子束在5A90铝锂合金试样表面蚀刻微米尺寸高分辨网格,在温度480℃、初始变形速率1×10~(-3)s~(-1)的变形条件下,定量研究其超塑性变形过程中晶界滑移和晶内位错滑移对总变形的贡献量,并采用扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射观察合金超塑性变形的组织演变作为佐证。结果表明:位错运动在超塑性变形初期(ε0.65)的贡献量约为60%～80%,为主要变形机制,在该阶段条带状晶粒逐渐细化和等轴化,平均晶粒尺寸减小约40%,晶粒转动作为协调机制;随着应变量的增大,发生明显的动态再结晶,晶粒尺寸开始增大,晶内位错滑移的作用逐渐减小,晶界滑移成为变形的主要机制。     

Fe-3%Si合金热变形过程中的组织演变

利用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对Fe-3%Si合金进行1173K、0.01s-1条件下的压缩变形,借助EBSD分析了不同应变量下晶界与热变形组织特征演变。发现晶体旋转动态再结晶机制与几何动态再结晶机制共同控制了动态再结晶过程:在小应变量阶段,晶体旋转的不均匀性使晶界附近区域优先形成完善亚晶,而晶粒内部呈现不完善的亚晶;随应变量增大,晶界附近区域取向差增加,小角晶界逐渐演变为大角晶界;在大应变量阶段,原始晶界附近区域形成的大角晶界相互接触,最终通过几何动态再结晶机制实现通体动态再结晶。     

8090 Al-Li合金超塑变形的多重机制

本文研究了8090Al-Li 合金的超塑性变形中的微观组织结构及变形机制。电镜观察表明在8090Al-Li 合金的最佳超塑性变形条件下(T=500℃,(?)_1=3.33×10~(-3)s~(-1)),动态回复和动态再结晶是该合金超塑性变形的多重机制之一,起到了细化晶粒、释放三角晶界处应力集中和消除晶界滑动的障碍的作用。     

ZK60镁合金高温动态再结晶行为的研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机进行压缩实验,研究了ZK60镁合金在变形温度为473～723K、应变速率为0.001～1s~(-1)范围内变形过程中的组织演变.分析了变形程度、变形温度、变形速率对其动态再结晶行为的影响,探讨了其动态再结晶的形核机制.结果表明:ZK60合金高温塑性变形时的主要软化机制为动态再结晶,变形温度623K,应变量超过0.24时,在原晶界处出现大量的动态再结晶晶粒,并形成易延展的剪切区.变形温度是影响ZK60合金动态再结晶晶粒尺寸的主要因素,变形温度高于623K时,动态再结晶晶粒超过25μm.ZK60合金动态再结晶晶核在晶界弓弯处形成,随着应变量增加,出现亚晶界合并长大,长条状亚晶快速长大以及在剪切带变形区形核等.     

高温合金GH4169的动态再结晶和组织演化机制

应用Gleeble热模拟技术、EBSD、SEM和OM系统地研究了高温合金GH4169在温度为1000～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1条件下变形的动态再结晶机制和组织演变规律。结果表明：在1000～1150℃、应变速率为0.01～1 s^-1条件下高温合金GH4169的变形抗力最高可达400 MPa;基于动态材料模型绘制出此合金的功率耗散图和流变失稳图,得到了该合金优化的加工区间变形参数为1020～1070℃和0.03～0.63 s^-1。分析GH4169在变形过程中动态再结晶演化规律,明确了动态再结晶晶粒以在原奥氏体晶界处的非连续动态再结晶为主,连续动态再结晶以亚晶持续旋转机制形核。还确定了Σ3ⁿ非共格孪晶界演变规律,动态再结晶晶粒的体积分数比越大晶粒越细小Σ3晶界密度越高,动态再结晶晶粒的长大优先于Σ3ⁿ非共格孪晶界的形成。     

对Mg—5Zn—0.6Zr合金超塑性协调变形机制的讨论

本文利用透射电镜观察Mg—5Zn—0.6Zr舍金的薄膜发现,经超塑性变形后,在晶界附近有明显的位错滑移和孪生产生,在个别晶界上有晶界迁移现象,在大部分晶粒内部发生动态再结晶。作者认为,位错滑移是晶界滑动的主要协调机制。孪生是位错滑移协调的辅助机制。晶界迁移可间接起到协调变形的作用。晶界迁移与晶界滑动配合有助于保持变形中晶粒间的连续性。动态再结晶是超塑性变形中的伴生现象。     

Ti6A14V合金的低温超塑性拉伸变形行为

在700℃-850℃的温度范围内对Ti-6%Al-4%V(质量分数)合金板材进行超塑性拉伸试验,研究了应变速率为3×10-4-5×10-38-1条件下的拉伸变形行为.结果表明:Ti6A14V合金在空气中表现出良好的低温超塑性变形能力.在800℃初始应变速率ε=5×10-4s-1条件下,延伸率达到536%.在较低的700℃下变形(ε=5×10-4s-1),延伸率仍然超过了300%.在整个变形温度区间内,应变速率敏感性指数m均为0.3左右,最大值为0.63.在850℃变形激活能与晶界自扩散激活能十分相近,表明晶界扩散控制的晶界滑动是超塑性变形的主要机制.在700-750℃,变形激活能远大于晶界自扩散激活能,位错运动是激活能升高的原因.在800℃变形的激活能介于两者之间,表明随着温度的降低变形机制逐渐发生改变.     

TC18钛合金的超塑性行为与变形机制

通过高温拉伸实验研究TC18钛合金在温度为720~950℃,初始应变速率为6.7×10~(-5)~3.3×10~(-1)s~(-1)时的超塑性拉伸行为和变形机制。结果表明:TC18钛合金在最佳超塑性变形条件下(890℃,3.3×10~(-4)s~(-1)),最大伸长率为470%,峰值应力为17.93MPa,晶粒大小均匀。在相变点Tβ(872℃)以下拉伸,伸长率先升高后下降,在温度为830℃,初始应变速率为3.3×10~(-4)s~(-1)时取得极大值373%,峰值应力为31.45MPa。TC18钛合金在两相区的超塑性变形机制为晶粒转动与晶界滑移,变形协调机制为晶内位错滑移与攀移;在单相区的超塑性变形机制为晶内位错运动,变形协调机制为动态回复和动态再结晶。     

7B04铝合金超塑性变形行为

针对7B04铝合金开展了变形温度为470~530℃,应变速率为0.0003~0.01s~(-1)的高温超塑性拉伸实验,研究了材料的超塑性变形行为和变形机制。结果表明,7B04铝合金的流动应力随着变形温度的升高和应变速率的降低而逐渐减小,伸长率随之增加;在变形温度为530℃,应变速率为0.0003s~(-1)时,7B04铝合金的伸长率达到最大1105%,超塑性能最佳;应变速率敏感性指数m值均大于0.3,且随变形温度的升高而增加;在500~530℃的变形温度范围内,m值大于0.5,表明7B04铝合金超塑性变形以晶界滑动为主要变形机制;变形激活能Q为190kJ/mol,表明7B04铝合金的超塑性变形主要受晶内扩散控制;7B04铝合金超塑性变形中在晶界附近有液相产生,且适量的液相有利于提高材料的超塑性能。     

Deformation transitions

All solids with given mechanical properties will fracture brittly when of large enough size; vice versa it is difficult to comminute solids below certain sizes. Both effects are caused by the fracture stress changing with size (according to cube/square scaling principles) whereas the flow stress is essentially independent of size. Again, a fixed size of body, made of different materials, can respond in quite different ways: simple elasticity, elastic fracture, elastoplastic flow, elastoplastic fracture, plastic flow, plastic fracture or plastic collapse are all possible, depending upon the different mechanical properties of the different materials from which it may be made. This review shows that such deformation transitions are controlled by the relative values of size and a material parameter given byER/ _Y ² whereE is Young's modulus,R the specific work of fracture and _Y the flow stress. At fixed size of body, made of given material, transitions occur when one or more of the mechanical property terms are altered by rate, temperature, environment, superimposed hydrostatic stress and so on. A wide range of examples is used to illustrate these effects, and their role in load-bounding methods in elastoplastic design of structures is considered.     

Deformation in spinel

Stoichiometric MgAl₂O₄ spinel was deformed in compression at temperatures from 1790 to 1895 C and the dislocation structures analysed by transmission electron microscopy. {1 1 1}1 1 0 slip was observed on both the primary and cross-slip systems, and there was much secondary slip as well; all six 1 1 0 Burgers vectors were present in electron micrographs. This secondary slip leads to very high work-hardening rates, approximately/70 at 1790 C, where is the shear modulus. Since it is known that deformation in nonstoichiometric (alumina-rich) spinel crystals occurs by {1 1 0}1 1 0 slip, the electrostatic and geometric aspects of 1/4 110 dislocations moving on {1 1 1} and {1 1 0} planes are considered in some detail. It is porposed that the octahedral cation vacancies present in non-stoichiometric spinel diffuse to dislocations during deformation and thus favour {1 1 0} slip.     

喷射成形制造工艺

喷射成形是一种先进的材料制备技术,该技术具有近终形制造的特点,近年来已广泛应用于研究和开发多种高性能快速凝固材料.文中介绍了喷射成形工艺过程、特点,并回顾了喷射成形工艺的发展历程及现在所达到的技术水平.     

Deformation and martensitic transformation

The influence of applied stresses and imposed plastic deformation on the martensitic transformation of a parent phase is described. Changes in mechanical properties such as flow stress, work hardening rate, fracture toughness, etc brought about by strain-induced martensitic transformation are briefly examined. In the absence of appreciable dislocation glide, atomic displacements associated with glissile boundaries are highly ordered and reversible modes of (plastic or nonlinear pseudoelastic) deformation. Such processes lead to large strains and are encountered in deformation twinning, martensitic transformations and in the reorientation of martensite units. The reversibility leads to phenomena such as elastic twinning, thermoelastic martensites, superelasticity, shape memory and two-way shape memory effects, and rubber-like behaviour. These are discussed using a unified approach based on thermoelastic equilibrium. The shape memory effect suggests several potential applications of the martensitic transformations in non-ferrous alloys in which the effect is most commonly observed. Recent developments in this area are reviewed with special reference to the prerequisites for the effect and the influence of metallurgical processing on the extent of shape recovery.     

超塑变形机制

本文介绍了(细晶)超塑性变形机制研究的历史和现状,重点讨论了晶界滑移模型。指出:单一机制不能描述整个超塑变形的持征,多重机制将成为今后研究的方向。     

Deformation behavior of zirconias

Bending studies on the deformation behavior of zirconias demonstrated that over a temperature range of-150 to 1400°C one inelastic-elastic and two elastic-inelastic transitions and, thus, a considerable change in their mechanical behavior were possible. Micro-Raman spectroscopy data were used in the analysis of test results. It is expedient to supplement the specification of these materials with their deformation characteristics, and the development of bending test methods for ceramics should allow for their inelastic deformation. Institute for Problems of Strength, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine. Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 6, pp. 106–115, November–December, 1998.     

Deformation of CoTi polycrystals

Deformation behaviour of polycrystalline B2-type CoTi intermetallic compounds was investigated in relation to testing temperature (77 to 1073 K), alloy composition (50 to 48 at.% Ti) and strain rate (4.2 x 10^–4 to 4.2 x 10^–3 sec^–1). Four distinct temperature regions were distinguished. A low-temperature region where the yield stress rapidly decreased with temperature; an intermediate temperature region where the yield stress increased with temperature, accompanied by very high strain-hardening rate, serration on the stress-strain curves and kink deformation; a high temperature region where the yield stress again rapidly decreased with temperature, and a very high temperature region where the yield stress slowly decreased with temperature. Deviation from stoichiometry resulted in increased yield stresses over whole temperature regions. Positive strain-rate dependence of the yield stress was regarded in the two higher temperature regions. Slip traces were observed at all temperatures. Possible explanations are given in comparison with other B2-type intermetallic compounds.     

Deformation of internal boundaries

A geometrical analysis of the deformation of internal boundaries is presented using the slip systems as reference co-ordinate axes to describe the orientation of the two phases adjacent to the boundary. The present analysis can be applied to any type of boundary such as a grain boundary, a twin boundary or a two-phase interface. The nature of the disturbance left by a dislocation cutting through the boundary is characterized by a boundary dislocation, the Burgers vector of which can be determined from the orientation relationship between the adjacent slip systems. Whenever the crystal dislocation, cutting through the boundary, has a Burgers vector component normal to the boundary, the disturbance also possesses a ledge character, the motion of which may cause both grain boundary sliding as well as migration. The formulae derived are applied to simple cases to determine the nature of the boundary dislocations.