喷动床反应器内流体动力特性的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,颗粒动理学理论模拟颗粒相流动,对喷动床核反应器内的流体动力行为进行了数值模拟.模拟得到了喷动床核反应器内颗粒浓度标准方差、空隙率和颗粒速度分布.研究结果表明喷动床核反应器内颗粒浓度标准方差先逐渐增大至最大值后下降.分析了摩擦应力模型和倒锥体角度等影响因素对喷动床核反应器内的流体动力特性的影响.     

导流管喷动床内液固两相流动特性研究

为了探究不同参数对液固导流管喷动床内颗粒流动行为的影响,本文基于欧拉-欧拉双流体模型结合颗粒动理学对喷动床内液固两相的流动特性进行数值模拟。本文在导流管喷动床的底部引入辅助入口,通过改变颗粒粒径和液体粘度,得到了颗粒轴向速度、颗粒浓度、颗粒拟温度、静压力、动压力等参数的变化规律。模拟结果显示,在一定范围内增大颗粒粒径和液体粘度,颗粒的轴向速度减小,颗粒拟温度显著升高,喷动床内的静压力增加,液体动压力减小,床层膨胀高度明显增大。但当液体粘度增加到一定值后,喷泉区不再明显,并且出现了颗粒回流的现象。因此,综合考虑颗粒粒径和液体粘度,可以显著减小颗粒的堆积,提高喷动效率,使颗粒流化更加充分。     

喷动流化床传热特性的CFD-DEM模拟

基于颗粒-颗粒、颗粒-流体间的传热机制建立了颗粒尺度下的传热模型,并将其与计算流体力学-离散颗粒模型(CFD-DEM)耦合,建立了CFD-DEM传热模型,在传热计算中采用真实的颗粒接触刚度修正了颗粒-颗粒间的传热。采用典型喷动流化床内的颗粒传热实验数据验证了CFDDEM传热模型的准确性,并利用该模型分析了喷动流化床内的传热特性。结果表明:喷动流化床内颗粒的传热系数受其运动状态的影响,颗粒在环隙区域外循环的传热系数比内循环传热系数大;喷动流化床内平均传热系数呈对称分布,流化区域内的平均传热系数大于非流化区域,床体底部两侧及气体入口处的平均传热系数最大,床层中央区域的平均传热系数较小.     

三维喷动流化床流动特性数值模拟

为了研究喷动流化床煤部分气化炉的气-固流动特性,采用三维欧拉多相流模型和颗粒动能理论相结合的数学模型,对一台直径100 mm的喷动流化床试验台进行了数值模拟研究.研究内容包括喷动流化床不同工况下内部射流的发展、气-固流动特性、典型工况下气体速度分布、颗粒速度分布以及由于颗粒碰撞引起的颗粒相压力分布.模拟结果表明:典型工况下,当喷动风与总风的比例为50%时,流场有利于煤气化;气体曳力和颗粒碰撞对环形区颗粒特别是靠墙区颗粒的运动影响很大.为了验证模型的合理性,采用文献中的试验工况进行计算,计算结果和文献中的测量值吻合较好.     

加压导向管喷动流化床部分气化炉颗粒循环倍率的研究

以宽筛分的灰渣和2种不同粒径的窄筛分玻璃珠为实验原料，对加压导向管喷动流化床部分气化炉内颗粒循环倍率进行了试验研究。提出了导向管喷动流化床颗粒循环倍率和床内压降理论关系，分析了环形区的充气量在不同系统压力、导向管位置和喷动管直径对颗粒循环倍率增加因子的影响，在此基础上提出了预测颗粒循环倍率增加因子的试验关联式。结果表明：环形区充气后不仅改善了环形区的气固接触，而且显著增加了环形区和喷动区的颗粒交换，有利于床内气固非均相反应的进行。图10表1参10     

基于MFIX开源程序下的气固两相流动特性的数值模拟

基于MFIX开源程序建立了三维喷动床内气固两相流动模型,利用MFIX-离散单元法(DEM)模型对源程序进行不同曳力模型的数值模拟计算,得到颗粒在三维喷动床内的流动特性,同时结合实验对喷动床内0.2～2.0 s内的颗粒流动特性进行了分析。结果表明:数值模拟与实验结果相似度较高,Gidaspow模型床高与实验结果较接近,但该模型床高波动范围较大,而Syamlal-O'Brien模型相对较为接近实验结果;2种曳力模型下model B比model A的死区范围小,采用model B流动性更强;随着时间的推移,床高会出现一个极值点,在此点前后床高波动较大, model B的床高极值点比model A的高,且Syamlal-O'Brien模型比Gidaspow模型出现床高极值的时间点往后推移。     

稠密气固两相流动过程模拟的改进模型与应用

提出了模拟稠密气固两相流动的改进模型。湍流流场采用改进的k-ε-εe模型，颗粒的聚合效应采用聚合力的当量直径折算模型计算。将颗粒团作为离散相，研究颗粒团的运动、碰撞、破碎与合并。应用上述模型数值模拟了循环流化床内的稠密气固两相流动。得到了床内气相速度、颗粒团分布、颗粒浓度分布及颗粒团大小分布等详细两相流场信息。计算结果合理，与前人实验结果相符。模拟结果详细揭示了循环流化床内稠密气固两相流动的基本特征。图8表2参8     

增压导向式喷动流化床流动特性的数值模拟

采用双流体模型对增压导向式喷动流化床内喷动区和环形区气固运动速度和空隙率进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,喷动区颗粒速率在初始阶段急剧上升而气体速度则急剧下降,进入导向管后趋于平缓,而且颗粒加速程度不写系统压力有关,还形区气体速度在卷吸段增大,进入隔离流区后保持不变,而颗粒下降速度一直保持不变,喷动区的空隙率在卷吸段下降,进入导向管后又开始上升。     

流化床密相区流动特性的数值模拟

流化床内气固两相流动一直是实验研究和数值模拟的热点。基于Eulerian双流体模型,本文建立了流化床内的气固两相流动模型,采用FLUENT软件对流化床密相区两相流动特性、床内气泡的产生运动和爆裂等特性进行了数值模拟。模型中,将颗粒相看作是连续介质,建立与气相相同形式的数学模型;采用了离散介质动力理论,引入颗粒温度来描述固相粘性应力,并用气固曳力进行气固两相耦合。模拟得到了气泡产生、运动和爆裂的变化过程,与实验结果相一致。采用不同的曳力模型对流化床稠密两相流动进行了模拟,与Kuipers实验对比,结果表明采用Gidaspow曳力模型描述流化床稠密两相流动特性更准确。     

流化床内气固两相绕流单沉浸管的流体动力计算

应用贴体坐标系，基于颗粒相采用颗粒动力学的气固两相双流体模型，数值模拟单沉浸管流化床内颗粒及气泡的行为，计算得到的瞬时颗粒浓度和速度揭示了气泡绕流沉浸管时出现的合并和破裂过程．瞬时颗粒浓度的功率谱密度表明，颗粒脉动的主频率为0．4-1．0Hz，大于床内无沉浸管颗粒的频率值，数值模拟得到的气泡频率与文献中实测值相吻合。     

Spouted and spout-fluid bed combustors. 2: Batch combustion of carbon

A batch combustion model of carbon particles in a spouted bed has been developed based on the concept of carbon residence time in each region of the spouted bed (annulus, spout and fountain). Both isothermal and nonisothermal particles are considered, with the assumption of no temperature gradient inside the particle. Model predictions in terms of carbon conversion and burnout time were in good agreement with experimental data obtained from a laboratory scale spouted bed combustor. For comparison, an experimental study on a spout-fluid mode was also carried out.     

Continuous lignite char combustion in a spouted bed

A simulation model of continuous lignite char combustion in a spouted bed has been developed to predict bed oxygen concentrations, bed particle size distribution, bed carbon loading, mean diameter of bed char, and the fractional combustion in spout, annulus, and fountain. The approach involves taking into account the spouted bed hydrodynamics, a burning law for individual particles, and the combines mass balances for bed char and oxidant in the three typical regions. The predicted results for various operating conditions are compared with some experimental data.     

Combustion in crater beds

A preliminary study of a new type of heat-recirculating particulate bed combustor has been carried out with a view to overcoming some limitations arising in the scaling up of spouted bed combustors. A fountain of particles, somewhat similar to that produced in spouted beds, is raised by a jet of gaseous reactants flowing downward into a crater formed below the bed surface. Reactants are preheated prior to combustion both by heat transfer from the products across the walls of the inlet tube and by the interaction of reactants with the inert particles heated by the flame. Combustion characteristics are studied for single and multiple inlet tubes in small laboratory burners and in a much larger 50 KW system. Crater beds are compared with other two-phase combustors, especially spouted beds. They readily lend themselves to scaling up by the use of multiple jets, from one or from several inlets, and recirculate heat between products and reactants both within the craters and by heat transfer to the inlet tubes. Tests show that they can be used either with gaseous reactants entering through the jet or with only oxidant introduced in that way, fuel being included within the bed. Stability limits established for the laboratory burners show a leaner burning capability than is achievable in spouted or fluidized beds and the device offers several advantages over other circulating two-phase systems.     

Equilibrium modeling of gasification: Gibbs free energy minimization approach and its application to spouted bed and spout-fluid bed gasifiers

Spouted beds have been found in many applications, one of which is gasification. In this paper, the gasification processes of conventional and modified spouted bed gasifiers were considered. The conventional spouted bed is a central jet spouted bed, while the modified spouted beds are circular split spouted bed and spout-fluid bed. The Gibbs free energy minimization method was used to predict the composition of the producer gas. The major six components, CO, CO₂, CH₄, H₂O, H₂ and N₂, were determined in the mixture of the producer gas. The results showed that the carbon conversion in the gasification process plays an important role in the model. A modified model was developed by considering the carbon conversion in the constraint equations and in the energy balance calculation. The results from the modified model showed improvements. The higher heating values (HHV) were also calculated and compared with the ones from experiments. The agreements of the calculated and experimental values of HHV, especially in the case of the circular split spouted bed and the spout-fluid bed were observed.     

The flash pyrolysis of cellulosic materials using concentrated visible light

The radiant flash pyrolysis of Avicel cellulose and kraft paper particles using concentrated visible light is described. The particles circulate in a clear quartz spouted bed reactor while undergoing pyrolysis in an incident radiant flux of up to 200 W/cm². This flux is supplied by an arc image furnace which uses a 5 kW Xenon bulb as its light source. The volatile pyrolysis products are quenched by the steam flow used to spout the bed and are entrained out of the reactor before secondary reactions can occur, ensuring a high sirup yield (63 per cent from cellulose). The major sirup component is levoglucosan.     

Experimental Study on Oxy-Fuel Combustion and NO Emission in a Spouted-Fluidized Bed with under Bed Feeding

The spouted-fluidized bed is modified from the classical fluidized bed device, which combines the features of spouted and fluidized beds. In the present work, the performance of oxy-fuel spouted-fluidized bed combustion with under bed feeding and its effect on NO emission were systematically investigated. The results revealed that it was feasible to use a spouted-fluidized bed combustor for oxy-fuel combustion with real flue gas recycling. The transition from air combustion to oxy-fuel combustion was smooth and the concentration of CO_2 in the flue gas could be as high as 90% steadily(dry base). Increasing the reaction temperature exhibited a negative effect on NO emission. Compared with that under the shallow bed, the concentration of NO in the flue gas was lower under the deep bed condition. Besides, the utilization of crush particles was favorable for suppressing NO emission because of the promoted mixing between coal particles and solid bed materials. Furthermore, the addition of limestone was proven to undesirably increase the NO emission during oxy-fuel spouted-fluidized bed combustion.     

二维喷动流化床内气体混合的实验研究

在300 mm×30 mm×2 000 mm的喷动流化床冷态试验台上,在喷动区和环形区分别采用CO和SO2作为示踪气体的方法,获得了不同喷动气流速和流化气流率这两个重要的操作参数下,不同床层高度上示踪气体的径向分布,考察了床内喷动区与环形区之间气体的混合特性。结果表明,示踪气体在不同床层高度的径向分布呈现较大的差异,并沿床层高度依次降低。在稳定的流动状态下,喷动气速度的增大,使喷动气向环形区的传质加强,也促进了流化气在环形区的混合;流化气流率的增大,气体由环形区向喷动区的传质大于由喷动区向环形区的传质,且流化气在环形区混合加强。在不稳定的流动状态下,气体的径向浓度分布曲线两边出现不对称。     

Spouted and spout-fluid bed combustors 1: Devolatilization and combustion of coal volatiles

The devolatilization and volatile combustion of a single coal particle in spouted and spout-fluid beds have been studied. The results showed that the flame extinction time increases with the particle diameter, and decreases with the bed temperature. When the bed temperature and the air flow rate were fixed, the operation modes (spouted or spout-fluid bed) showed less effect on the mean flame extinction time. A mathematical model of the spouted bed mode for preignition and postignition periods has also been developed assuming the devolatilization rate to be controlled by heat transfer and multireaction pyrolysis kinetics based on volatile products. Ignition, heat transfer back from the volatile flame to the particle surface, variation in flame temperature, and the hydrodynamics of SB are taken into account. The model predictions, with some adjusting parameters, were in good agreement with experimental results.