基于人眼视觉的小波域结构相似性图像质量客观评价方法

针对空域结构相似性评价方法在几何失真图像及噪声污染图像的质量评价中存在的不足,在考虑人眼视觉特性前提下,研究了一种基于人眼视觉的小波域结构相似度的图像质量评价方法(WDSSIM),该方法首先将参考图像和失真图像进行小波变换,以获取不同尺度和频带的子带图像,并根据人眼视觉JND模型,获取人眼视觉对参考图像的带间敏感度和各子带的带内敏感度;然后,以带内敏感度因子为权值分别求取参考图像和失真图像同一尺度和频带的子带图像之间的结构相似度;最后,以带间敏感度因子为权值对各子带对的结构相似度进行加权归一化,获得整幅图像的结构相似度.     

一种基于视觉特性的图像质量评价指标

在分析多通道结构、遮掩效应、敏感度带通特性等人类基本视觉特性（HVS）的基础上,提出了一种新的图像质量评价指标的构造方法。指标构造先借助多尺度几何分析（MGA）中的Contourlet变换对图像进行子带分解以此模拟视觉多通道结构特性,然后在各子带中使用一种遮掩效应模型获取失真图像和参考图像之间的视觉误差,最后通过对比度敏感函数（CSF）获取不同子带的视觉误差加权系数,从而获取图像质量评价值。本文在具有5种类型降质图像的LIVE图库进行性能比较实验,结果表明本文所设计指标比峰值信噪比PSNR、结构相似度SSIM算法具有更好的稳定性和主客观评价一致性。      

基于视觉显著失真度的图像质量自适应评价方法

针对结构相似(SSIM)图像质量评价算法没有考虑人眼视觉多通道性和对图像高失真评价的不稳定性,提出一种基于视觉显著失真度的图像质量自适应融合(VSAP)评价方法。该方法首先采用log-Gabor滤波提取图像的高频、中频及低频3层视觉特征,基于log-Gabor变换尺度和方向权重系数计算特征值的相似度;然后基于视觉阈值多分辨性迭加计算出特征值的失真度;最后,根据视觉失真度自适应融合相似度评价与失真度评价获得图像质量的最终客观评价。实验结果表明,VSAP方法不但对图像不同类型失真的客观评价与主观感知具有更高的相关性,而且3个主要指标斯皮尔曼等级相关系数(SROCC)、曲线拟合相关系数(CC)和均方根误差(RMSE)对图像不同水平失真的整体评价性能更稳定,明显优于其它评价方法。     

小波域中CSF频率与方向加权的图像质量评价方法

为解决结构相似度算法的图像质量评价缺陷,提出一种在小波域中,根据CSF的频率与方向加权的图像质量评价方法.该方法将图像的小波域多分辨率特性与CSF的带通特性有机的相结合,得到一种基于结构相似度的评价新方法.算法首先将频率归一化的CSF曲线按照1倍频程分解成5份,然后进行5级CDF 9/7双正交小波分解与重构,得到一个低频子带LL和多个中高频子带HH_i、HL_i及LH_i,根据不同的频率,不同的方向分配不同的权重,分别与相应的子频带SSIM值相乘,然后累加运算,得到小波域的加权图像结构相似度WWSSIM.实验表明,WWSSIM方法的单调性、一致性、准确性评价指标较高,更接近人类主观视觉感受.     

一种基于HWD结构相似的图像质量评价方法

针对传统图像质量评价方法峰值信噪比PSNR和结构相似度SSIM没有充分考虑人眼视觉特性,所得结果有时并不能与人眼的视觉所感知到的实际质量一致的问题,通过对图像结构相似度和人眼视觉系统的研究,文中提出了一种新的基于HWD结构相似的图像质量评价方法。首先对图像进行Hybrid Wavelets and Directional Filter Banks(HWD)分解,提取图像不同频带不同方向上的信息,然后计算各子带结构相似度,最后综合人眼视觉特性的CSF得到图像质量评价值。实验结果表明文中方法相比峰值信噪比PSNR、结构相似度SSIM算法具有更高的准确性和良好的相关性,可以更好的评价图像质量。     

基于小波分析的图像稀疏保真度评价

该文针对传统的图像质量评价方法无法有效模拟人类视觉系统(HVS)存在的不足,提出基于小波分析的加权稀疏保真度(Weighting Sparse Fidelity, WSF)图像评价算法。算法以模拟人类视觉系统的神经网络为切入点,对图像进行一阶小波分解得到4个不同方向的子带图像,然后将子带图像分成88大小的图像块,采用快速独立分量分析(FastICA)的方法对各个图像块进行训练并提取图像特征检测矩阵,根据特征检测矩阵计算各子带图像块的稀疏特征值并建立稀疏保真度质量评价模型。在此基础上,根据细节信息的不同对低频子带图像进行区间划分并设置视觉权重,使之更加接近人眼的主观视觉。实验中对LIVE库中所有图像进行算法验证,其结果表明,所提方法能很好地对各种失真类型的图像进行评价。基于小波分析的稀疏保真度评价算法能够有效模拟人类视觉系统的多频特性和视觉皮层感知机制,弥补现有图像质量评价方法在此方面的不足。     

基于自然统计特征分布的无参考图像质量评价

针对目前的无参考评价方法无法准确反映人类对图像质量的视觉感知效果,该文提出一种基于自然统计特征分布(DIstribution Characteristics of Natural, DICN)的无参考图像质量评价方法。其原理是用小波变换将图像分解为低频子带和高频子带部分,再将高频子带部分分成 的小块,提取每一子块的幅值和信息熵,并分别计算其分布直方图均值和斜度作为特征,利用支持向量回归思想对特征进行训练,建立5种不同失真类型的质量预测模型。在此基础上,采用支持向量机针对图像特征构造分类器并进行失真判断以确定不同失真的权重,结合5种失真评价模型可得到自然统计特征分布的无参考评价模型。实验结果分析表明,该算法的评价效果优于现有的经典算法,与主观评价具有较好一致性,能够准确反映人类对图像质量的视觉感知效果。     

基于人眼视觉特性的彩色图像质量评价

图像处理系统的性能优劣的评判往往需要一个合理迅速的图像质量评价算法作为支撑.传统的图像质量评价算法由于没有充分考虑人眼的视觉特性,使得质量评价结果与实际图像的人眼感知质量不符.根据人眼对图像边缘信息非常敏感这一人眼视觉特性,提出一种综合图像边缘和背录相似度的算法(EBS)来评价彩色图像质量,即通过比较失真彩色图像与原始参考图像的边缘以及除边缘之外的背景相似程度最终确定失真图像的质量.应用于由779幅包含五种类型失真的图像质量评价库的实验结果表明,该算法的评价结果相比PSNR,MSSIM,IFC以及基于像素域的VIF等算法与图像的主观评价结果(由DMOS值表示--将背景不同的一组观察者对失真图像的评分进行统计平均后所得到的评价结果)更一致,也即该算法的评价结果更接近图像的实际视觉感知质量.     

基于Riesz变换的结构相似度图像质量评价方法

不同的图像处理过程,会对图像引入各种各样的失真,如何对图像的质量进行评价成为一个热点问题。针对传统的基于像素差值统计的峰值信噪比方法及结构相似度方法与人眼主观评价不够符合的情况,本文提出了一种基于Riesz变换的结构相似度图像质量评价方法。该方法先将参考图像和失真图像进行一阶Riesz变换和二阶Riesz变换,并利用得到的5组对应特征图计算出5幅相似度图和5幅权重图,利用平均法进行融合得到最终的相似度图和权重图,然后加入原参考图像和失真图像的亮度比较项,得到最终的图像质量评价指标。在LIVE图像数据库上的实验表明,本文方法对于5种失真的质量预测准确性和一致性都很高,在交叉失真实验中,本文方法也优于结构相似度方法,PLCC和SROCC值达到了0.9482和0.9532。与几种公认较好的方法相比,本文方法能够更好地预测图像质量,更加符合人眼的主观感知。     

一种基于Contourlet变换的图像质量评价算法

由于基于Contourlet变换的图像处理已经成为多尺度、多方向图像处理领域的重要组成部分,所以能对嵌入Contourlet变换域图像处理系统中的图像质量进行评估的算法就成为重要的评估方法。通过对Contourlet变换域图像结构特性的研究,提出了Contourlet结构相似度(CSSIM)的图像质量评价方法。在LIVE图库上的实验结果表明CSSIM比SSIM和DWTSSIM(基于小波的SSIM)更加符合人眼的视觉特性,可以更好地评判图像质量。因此该算法可应用于基于Contourlet变换的图像处理系统中。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.