Uncertainty analysis of groundwater inflow into underground excavations by stochastic discontinuum method: Case study of Siah Bisheh pumped storage project,Iran

This paper presents a framework for the near-field stochastic discontinuum modeling and uncertainty analysis of groundwater inflow into underground excavations by direct utilization of discrete fracture network (DFN) concept. The sources of uncertainty in the groundwater inflow into underground excavations in fractured rocks were classified into two different groups including the geometrical and hydraulic properties of fractures. The main input data for stochastic discontinuum modeling of groundwater inflow were captured from site investigations in Siah Bisheh pumped storage project in Iran. Detailed measurements of groundwater inflow into powerhouse and transformer caverns provided the possibility to determine the hydraulic aperture through back calibration. The validity of calibrated hydraulic aperture was explored by simulation results of the groundwater inflow into transformer cavern, and shows high accuracy when compared with data obtained from field measurements. The statistical results of these groundwater flow simulations with constant calibrated hydraulic aperture reflected the uncertainty associated with geometrical properties of fractures. Finally, the role of hydraulic properties of fractures on the uncertainty of groundwater inflow was investigated by the variation of standard deviation of hydraulic aperture through the sensitivity analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that the geometrical properties of fractures did much greater uncertainty in the groundwater inflow into underground excavations than hydraulic properties. Moreover, it was found that both the mean and standard deviation of simulated groundwater inflow into underground excavations decrease non-linearly by increasing the standard deviation of hydraulic aperture even though it is generally anticipated that the uncertainty of hydrogeological systems increases by increasing the variance of hydraulic parameters.     

复杂条件下长大隧道涌水预测 及其对环境影响评价

 隧道涌水不但影响施工进度、施工费用、稳定和安全,也会引起地下水位的下降。由于环保意识的增强,对隧道涌水控制已成为隧道设计、施工和建设的重要部分。考虑降雨补给、真实三维地形、隧道埋深及时空开挖对隧道涌水的影响,利用地理信息系统(GIS)和FLAC3D对日本九州地区新干线筑紫隧道涌水及其对地下水位的影响进行分析。首先利用GIS中的水理分析将所研究的筑紫隧道周围区域划分为若干个小的流域,对每一个小流域利用tank模型进行降雨渗透分析;然后利用数值三维模型对隧道开挖阶段和使用后的涌水及其对地下水位的影响进行时空预测和分析。     

Numerische Modellierung der Grundwasserströmung im Einzugsgebiet der Gallusquelle unter Festlegung eines Drainagesystems

Groundwater flow in karst systems is mainly determined by the efficacy of the drainage through karst conduits. A great challenge for the numerical modelling of such groundwater flow consists in the lack of knowledge about this drainage system. Here, an approach is presented deriving the conduit network for the spring catchment Gallusquelle, central Swabian Alb, from different geographic information. Using this conduit network the transient groundwater flow in the catchment was simulated numerically applying the software ROCKFLOW (Wollrath & Helmig, SM-2 Strömungsmodell für inkompressible Fluide, Theorie und Benutzerhandbuch. Technischer Bericht Institut für Strömungsmechanik, Universität Hannover, 1991). The influence of different parameters on the hydraulic behaviour of the karst system could be demonstrated in a parameter study by means of simulated spring discharge and groundwater tables. In particular, the superposition of drainage behaviour and intermediate storage of groundwater from the conduits in the matrix along with recharge events could be derived in dependence of the varied parameters.     

Numerical simulation of solute transport and structural analysis for groundwater connection medium based on the tracer test

Solute transport characteristics and groundwater connection structures are mainly studied in this paper by adopting the numerical simulation and field tracer test. Firstly, the simulation method of solute transport is proposed. Then two kinds of representative geological models of tracer test are built, and the process of solute transport is simulated. The variation characteristics of solute transport under the conditions of straight pipeline and branch pipeline are summarized by analysis of the simulation results. The effects of the pipeline width, flow velocity and path difference of branch pipelines on the tracer curve are discussed. General laws of groundwater connection tracer curve are obtained. Finally, based on the field test results, and combined with engineering geological conditions, characteristics of karst groundwater systems, the groundwater connection structures are analysed and speculated in detail by the flow velocity and local monitoring curve. The results show that: (i) As the flow velocity increases, the peak of the tracer curve decreases gradually, as well as the time to peak; (ii) The peak of the tracer curve gradually decreases with the increasing pipeline width; (iii) Under the different path difference of branch pipeline, the tracer curves all present obvious ‘trailing’ phenomenon; (iv) The analysis process of groundwater connection structures can provide references for the same type of hydrological geological problems.     

锦屏二级水电站隧洞涌水的数值反演与预测

 锦屏二级水电站位于河间高山峡谷岩溶区,大规模隧洞群的开挖会显著改变地下水循环条件,形成隧洞涌水,辅助洞施工期间的涌水特征表明,锦屏山体存在12条陡倾导水裂隙带。利用MODFLOW建立5种工况下的三维稳定流模型,着重刻画对涌水起重要作用的导水裂隙带。以各涌水点的实测涌水量为拟合依据,使用UCODE数值反演软件对模型进行校正,关键参数得到优化,从而提高模型可靠度。参考辅助洞的防渗模式,模型预测防渗前后隧洞群的总涌水量分别为40.35和31.19 m3/s,隧洞开挖致使工程区内两大泉断流。泉水的恢复需要更有效的防渗措施。     

Modellierung der Hydraulik von Karstgrundwasserleitern – Eine Übersicht

The modelling of groundwater flow in karst aquifers is a challenge due to the extreme heterogeneity of its hydraulic parameters and the duality in their discharge behaviour, i.e. rapid response of highly conductive karst conduits and delayed drainage of the low-permeability fractured matrix after recharge events. Classical single continuum models cannot reproduce the observed high transport velocities and the characteristic discharge hydrographs, i.e. rapid increase and slow recession. The prediction of short-term and long-term water resources and the assessment of the vulnerability of the karst groundwater to contamination demand, however, quantitative simulation tools. This review paper presents available modelling tools, employed for in karst systems, ranging from lumped parameter (global) models to distributive modelling concepts, including a critical evaluation.     

Enhanced vulnerability assessment in karst areas by combining mapping with modeling approaches

The objective of this work is to facilitate a sustainable regional planning of water resources in karst areas by providing a conceptual framework for an integrative vulnerability assessment. A combined mapping and modeling approach is proposed, taking into account both spatial and temporal aspects of karst groundwater vulnerability. The conceptual framework comprises the delineation of recharge areas, vulnerability mapping, numerical flow and transport modeling and the integration of information into a combined vulnerability map and time series. The approach is illustrated at a field site in northwest Switzerland (Gempen plateau). The results show that the combination of vulnerability mapping and numerical modeling allows the vulnerability distribution, both in the recharge and discharge areas, to be identified, and at the same time, the time dependence of karst groundwater vulnerability to be assessed. The combined vulnerability map and time series provide a quantitative basis for drinking water management and for regional planning.     

Hydrodynamic types in karstic river valleys

Hydrodynamic conditions of a karst valley is the comprehensive manifestation of karst hydrogeology, structure, and moving state of groundwater in the river valley. The circulation of karst groundwater is controlled mainly by the base level of drainage, and then by the hydrogeology, structure, and network of groundwater. According to different basic elements various karst hydrodynamic conditions have been formed. They may be divided into five categories and ten types. Each type has its own hydrogeological features. They can be used as reference data in planning, siting, researching damsites and appraising the karst hydrogeological condition of the damsite in a karstic reach of a river.     

高家坪隧道地下水系统识别及涌水量预测

以宜保高速高家坪隧道为研究对象,重点剖析高家坪隧道工程区的地质条件,在此基础上,综合采用地下水示踪试验、地下水化学组分测试、降雨量与地下水动态长期观测等多种技术手段对高家坪隧道区域岩溶发育特征、岩溶隧道突涌水条件进行了分析和探索,查明了各岩溶水系统的边界及之间的水力联系,分析了岩溶系统与隧道的空间关系及其对隧道安全的影响,揭示了岩溶系统的水文响应特征,并采用分布式TOPMODEL流域水文模型模拟流域的流量过程,预测了隧道的正常和最大涌水量。结果表明:隧道ZK45+500~ZK46+900段涌水最大峰值流量可达3.56 m³/s,滞后降雨3 h,最大涌水量47 984.7 m³/d,与实测值吻合较好。本文工作可为我国岩溶地区类似隧道工程的突涌水灾害预防提供参考和指导。     

抽水试验法推求南方岩溶地区双重介质水文地质参数

岩溶地区裂隙水文地质参数是地下水运动研究的基础。本文将岩溶裂隙介质概化为等效多孔介质和双重介质,通过南方岩溶地区陈旗流域洼地的抽水试验和探地雷达勘测,推求了渗透系数和贮水系数等水文地质参数,讨论了两种介质水流运动模型得到的水文地质参数差异,并结合该地区水文地质条件,分析了岩溶含水层在不同渗流方向上渗透性的差异。研究表明,采用抽水试验方法,等效多孔介质和双重介质模型推求的渗透系数及贮水系数能反映以裂隙为主导的水力特性;设定不同方位观测井推求的水文地质参数反映岩石裂隙发育方向;双重介质模型较好地定量辨识出多孔介质(溶孔、微裂隙)和溶隙(裂隙)介质的储存能力和渗透性。     

隧道岩溶管道型突涌水动态演化特征及涌水量综合预测

建立了隧道岩溶管道型突涌水模型,进行了突涌水过程中动态演化特征分析,结果表明揭露岩溶管道型突涌水的动态演化无明显的时间效应,但空间特征呈现阶段演化的规律,突涌水区域可分为三种典型流速演化区域:管道内部的近似高速稳定区,隧道与岩溶管道临界面附近的流速升高区以及隧道内部灾害水体的衰减–低速稳定区。基于管道内部区域流速动态衰减规律,提出了基于数值分析法和极限(离散)解析法的涌水量综合预测方法,形成揭露岩溶管道型突涌水的涌水量预测体系,并设计了相应的模型试验,进行了涌水量的实时监测,监测结果验证了涌水量综合预测方法的合理性。     

基于相空间重构与神经网络耦合的岩溶泉流量预测模型

岩溶水系统是受水文、地质、地形地貌、植被、人类活动等多种因素影响的非线性动力系统。本文利用重构相空间与神经网络,建立重构相空间与神经网络耦合的泉流量预测模型;通过对黑龙洞泉域泉流量的预测可知,所建立的耦合模型精度高。     

Charakterisierung von Karstgrundwasserleitern durch Simulation der Aquifergenese und des Wärmetransports

This paper is intended to provide an overview of an integrated modelling approach which allows for long-term simulations of aquifer genesis and for short-term simulations of heat transfer in karst aquifers as well. This approach is based upon a conceptual model of karst systems incorporating their dualistic flow pattern, calcite dissolutions kinetics and heat transport processes. The modelling tool which has been developed proves to be a useful device for testing hypotheses on the structure of karst aquifers and for investigating typical scenarios of the development of carbonate aquifers. For this purpose, two examples referring to a dendritical conduit network which is coupled to a fissured system are discussed.     

Pumpspeicherbecken im Karstgrundwasserleiter des Weißen Jura der Schwäbischen Alb

Extensive geological and hydrogeological investigations have been undertaken for the planned pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant in “Blautal” (Swabian Alb, Germany) in order to characterise the Jurassic karst aquifer in which the lower reservoir will be constructed. The preferred option for the plant setup is to integrate the lower reservoir into the groundwater without sealing. Therefore, in order to reliably predict the impact of the pumped storage plant operations on the surrounding drinking water wells and groundwater dependent ecosystems, a comprehensive database has been developed to assess the hydraulic conditions of the karst aquifer. A large scale geological site investigation was carried out to characterise the rock mass and extensive hydraulic tests were performed in many boreholes. The results of the hydraulic characterisation were then implemented in a three dimensional flow model. In this paper, the first results of the geological and hydrogeological investigations are presented and discussed.     

岩溶多重介质泉水流量衰减过程的室内模拟及分析

我国南方地区碳酸盐岩丰富,发育着各种类型的岩溶地貌。岩溶地区水文地质条件十分复杂,很难清楚地认识地下水流的运动规律。本文借助室内实验装置,模拟了结构不均匀的岩溶多重介质的出流过程,并着重对流量衰减过程进行了分析。岩溶介质对降雨的响应可以分为3个阶段:流量增大过程、流量稳定过程和流量衰减过程。其中,衰减过程具有多个亚动态,每个亚动态的衰减速度不同,这是由岩溶介质内部结构的差异所引起的。     

A mathematical model for simulating spring discharge and estimating sinkhole porosity in a karst watershed

Documenting and understanding water balances in a karst watershed in which groundwater and surface water resources are strongly interconnected are important aspects for managing regional water resources. Assessing water balances in karst watersheds can be difficult, however, because karst watersheds are so very strongly affected by groundwater flows through solution conduits that are often connected to one or more sinkholes. In this paper we develop a mathematical model to approximate sinkhole porosity from discharge at a downstream spring. The model represents a combination of a traditional linear reservoir model with turbulent hydrodynamics in the solution conduit connecting the downstream spring with the upstream sinkhole, which allows for the simulation of spring discharges and estimation of sinkhole porosity. Noting that spring discharge is an integral of all aspects of water storage and flow, it is mainly dependent on the behavior of the karst aquifer as a whole and can be adequately simulated using the analytical model described in this paper. The model is advantageous in that it obviates the need for a sophisticated numerical model that is much more costly to calibrate and operate. The model is demonstrated using the St. Marks River Watershed in northwestern Florida.     

基于MATLAB BP神经网络的岩溶渗漏污染预测一例

本文以摆纪磷石膏堆场为研究对象,采用了地下水物质迁移模型中的"黑箱"模型,即运用MATLAB的BP神经网络建立磷石膏堆场岩溶渗漏污染预测模型,实现了人工神经网络对堆场岩溶渗漏污染的预测。在岩溶渗漏管道为单一管道类型时,模型预测值基本与实测值吻合,误差较小,效果较为理想。但对复杂的岩溶渗漏管道类型,虽然能大致反映出污染物浓度变化的趋势,但模型精度不够,误差较大,因此还需进一步收集数据进行模型的优化,使其达到理想的预测效果。     

Ein Speicher-Durchfluss-Modell für die Abflussbildung im Oberjura-Karst der Schwäbischen Alb

Upper Jurassic karstified limestones in southern Germany are characterized by a dual-porosity system. Here we present a new model that describes the basic processes from recharge to discharge. While recharge is distributed to both main conduits and fractures, only minor amounts of the total runoff reach the karst system directly (direct runoff) while most water infiltrates into the fractured matrix. This mechanism expels pre-event water from the fissured matrix and into karst conduits. Additionally, matrix storage exponentially decreases during baseflow conditions. Altogether, direct runoff, pre-event water and baseflow fill the karst system and make up the spring discharge. Based on a time series of 40 years of recharge data, the model simulates daily changes of groundwater volumes within the two storage systems. Prerequisites are recession coefficients for baseflow and conduits. A distribution coefficient calculates the amount of direct runoff and a second coefficient the amount of pre-event water. Calculated discharges were in good agreement with the spring hydrograph.     

MODFLOW-2005 CFP – Ein Hybridmodell für Karstgrundwasserleiter

This contribution is intended to introduce the hybrid model MODFLOW-2005 Conduit Flow Processes (CFP), which is able to compute groundwater flow processes within karst aquifers. The approach couples a continuum representing the low conductive matrix with a discrete pipe network. First, some simple examples are presented to validate the operation of the CFP model. Next, the functionality of the software is demonstrated for a synthetic karst aquifer. Advantages as well as restrictions of MODFLOW-2005 CFP are discussed to support potential users. Since April 2008, MODFLOW-2005 CFP has been available free of charge from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) website.