我国近10年寄生虫病的发生与流行特征

我国血吸虫病、疟疾、淋巴丝虫病和黑热病等重要寄生虫病的防治,历经几代人卓有成效的防治,现已达到了消除或有效控制,防治工作取得了举世瞩目的成就.在农村通过采取改厕改水、初级卫生保健以及卫生宣教等一系列的综合防治措施,使得我国土源性线虫的感染率有了大幅度的下降.     

Adolescent substance abuse: a review of the past 10 years

VTG was purified from seabream Sparus aurata plasma by ion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-Sepharose column. The vitellogenin was characterized and its properties were determined. The molecular mass of the native form, obtained by Sephadex G-200 column, was around 450 kDa, whereas an apparent molecular mass of 180 kDa was detected by electrophoresis under denaturing and reducing conditions, suggesting a dimeric form for the native protein. The presence of carbohydrates was determined using concanavalin A, while the presence of phosphate groups was detected by Stains-all, a cationic stain. These data together with the sex specificity, the estrogen inducibility, and the cross-reactivity of the abVTG against the major yolk proteins identifies this protein as vitellogenin. The validated ELISA was used for a rapid and reliable measurement of plasma VTG changes related with those of estradiol-17beta in female broodstock.     

Posttraumatic stress disorder in children: a review of the past 10 years

OBJECTIVE: To review current knowledge about the clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children. METHOD: The literature on PTSD in children is examined. RESULTS: Over the past 10 years, PTSD has been described in children exposed to a variety of traumatic experiences. Little is known about the epidemiology of the disorder in children. Partial symptomatology and comorbidity are common. A variety of factors influence response to trauma and affect recovery. They include characteristics of the stressor and exposure to it; individual factors such as gender, age and developmental level, and psychiatric history; family characteristics; and cultural factors. Since the condition is likely to occur after disaster situations, much of the literature describes the child's response to disaster and interventions tend to include efforts within schools and/or communities. A number of clinical approaches have been used to treat the condition. CONCLUSIONS: While assessment has been studied extensively, the longitudinal course of PTSD and treatment effectiveness have not been. Biological correlates of the condition also warrant greater attention.     

Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a review of the past 10 years

OBJECTIVE: To critically review the research on anxiety disorders in children and adolescents, focusing on new developments in the past 10 years. METHOD: This review includes recent articles which contribute to the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. RESULTS: Information was organized into a developmental framework. Anxiety disorders research has shown steady progress. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed, particularly in the areas of neurobiological basis of anxiety disorders, longitudinal studies, and treatment.     

Children of affectively ill parents: a review of the past 10 years

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature investigating the effects of parental affective illness on children over the past decade. METHOD: A computerized search of articles published over the past 10 years was completed. Articles were reviewed and relevant studies are presented. RESULTS: Over the course of the past 10 years a number of longitudinal studies have confirmed that children of affectively ill parents are at a greater risk for psychiatric disorders than children from homes with non-ill parents. Life table estimates indicate that by the age of 20 a child with an affectively ill parent has a 40% chance of experiencing an episode of major depression. Children from homes with affectively ill parents are more likely to exhibit general difficulties in functioning, increased guilt, and interpersonal difficulties as well as problems with attachment. Marital difficulties, parenting problems, and chronicity and severity of parental affective illness have been associated with the increased rates of disorder observed in these children. CONCLUSION: The presence of depression in parents should alert clinicians to the fact that their children also may be depressed and therefore in need of services. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc.     

Forensic child and adolescent psychiatry: a review of the past 10 years

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Risk factors for recurrence of Crohn's disease and the evidence for progress in reducing recurrence following resection were reviewed. A Medline based literature review was carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Only smoking has been confirmed as a significant adverse risk factor for recurrence. Evidence for differing recurrence rates in fibrostenosing disease and perforating disease is inconclusive, but such a classification along with the endoscopic findings of recurrence may have a place in the analysis of therapeutic trials. Minimal resectional surgery with clearing of only macroscopic disease seems to be justified, with no clear benefits from different anastomotic techniques. Recent trials offer encouraging evidence of the usefulness of 5-aminosalicylic acid, particularly higher-dose regimens started early after resection, although the long-term benefits are uncertain. The oral steroid, budesonide, offers a potent treatment with minimal side-effects, but evidence of its prevention of recurrence is presently weak.     

Mental retardation: a review of the past 10 years. Part II

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature over the past decade on mental retardation, particularly with respect to genetics and behavioral phenotypes. METHOD: A computerized search was performed for articles published in the past decade, and selected papers were highlighted. RESULTS: The study of mental retardation has benefited considerably by advances in medicine generally, and by developments in molecular neurobiology in particular. These advances in genetics have led to new insights regarding the causes of mental retardation, as well as a growing appreciation of behavioral phenotypes associated with some mental retardation syndromes. CONCLUSIONS: Although the study of developmental disorders has advanced significantly over the past decade, considerable work remains. Mental retardation should remain the model for the utility of the biopsychosocial approach in medicine.     

氯化钠存在下溴离子-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵体系浮选分离金的研究

研究了氯化钠存在下溴离子-十六烷基三甲基氯化铵体系浮选分离金的方法及条件。在盐酸介质中，金（Ⅲ）浮选率为98．0％，与常见贱金属分离，并对浮选分离机理进行了探讨。     

Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively review the literature of the past decade covering the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, natural course, biology, and other correlates of early-onset major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymic disorder (DD). METHOD: A computerized search for articles published during the past 10 years was made and selected studies are presented. RESULTS: Early-onset MDD and DD are frequent, recurrent, and familial disorders that tend to continue into adulthood, and they are frequently accompanied by other psychiatric disorders. These disorders are usually associated with poor psychosocial and academic outcome and increased risk for substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and suicide. In addition, DD increases the risk for MDD. There is a secular increase in the prevalence of MDD, and it appears that MDD is occurring at an earlier age in successive cohorts. Several genetic, familial, demographic, psychosocial, cognitive, and biological correlates of onset and course of early-onset depression have been identified. Few studies, however, have examined the combined effects of these correlates. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable advances have been made in our knowledge of early-onset depression. Nevertheless, further research is needed in understanding the pathogenesis of childhood mood disorders. Toward this end, studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms and interrelationships among the different domains of risk factors are needed.     

Psychological testing for child and adolescent psychiatrists: a review of the past 10 years

Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated mostly in Japan between 1977 and 1995 were typed according to restriction fragment patterns by cleavage of genomic DNA with Sfi I and Not I and separation by Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Two hundred sixty five strains from human were divided into 60 PFGE patterns (provisional types). Strains of type 2-3, 3-4, 4-5 and 51-54 were dominant in the Philippines, Thailand, India and Indonesia, respectively. Types 1-1, 2-3, 2-53, and 3-4 were detected over a long period of time in contrast to the other types. Strains of the same type (Types 1-1, 2-3, 2-53 and others) isolated from the Japanese who had never been outside Japan were often found among strains from Southeast Asia. Most strains from humans were cholera-toxin (CT)-positive, while those from the environment and the sea were generally not. 23 strains from the environment and the sea in Japan were divided into 12 types. Strains of the same types as CT-positive strains from humans could not be found in the environment and sea. These results suggest that cholera in Japan is closely related with cholera in Southeast Asia and PFGE is useful for epidemiological analysis of cholera in Japan.     

Trend in Chlamydia trachomatis infection among pregnant women in the past ten years in Japan: significance of Chlamydia trachomatis seroprevalence

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chlamydia trachomatis infection is believed to be the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) in industrialized countries. The objective of the current study was to assess the recent trend in the prevalence of C. trachomatis in Japan. GOAL OF THIS STUDY: To determine the trend in the seroprevalence for C. trachomatis among pregnant women in Nagasaki, Japan, during the past 10 years. STUDY DESIGN: The seroprevalence for C. trachomatis of 9,652 pregnant women of various ages screened in 1996 and 1997 was compared with those of 275 and 297 stocked samples from 1987 and 1992, respectively. Serum antibodies to C. trachomatis were detected by the enzyme immunoassay. Prospective samples of 33 seropositive cases were also analyzed to determine kinetics of the serum antibody titer. RESULTS: The seroprevalence has decreased in all age groups during the last 10 years. More than 70% of seropositive cases converted to be seronegative within 10 years. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of C. trachomatis has been decreasing among Japanese pregnant women.     

Mechanisms of tubular sodium chloride transport

Extracellular fluid volume is determined by sodium and its accompanying anions. There are control mechanisms which regulate sodium balance in the body. These include high and low pressure baroreceptors, intrarenal baroreceptors, renal autoregulation, tubuloglomerular feedback, aldosterone, and numerous other physical and hormonal factors. Sodium transport by the nephron involves active and passive processes which occur in several different nephron segments. Mechanisms of cotransport, Na(+)-H+ exchange, antiporters and ion-specific channels are all utilized by the nephron to maintain sodium balance. These regulatory factors and transport mechanisms for sodium in the kidney will he discussed in detail.     

The function of sodium chloride in sulphation roasting

Abstract

The reactions that occur when Co₃O₄ is sulphated. By sulphur trioxide in the presence of sodium sulphate and/or sodium chloride have been studied by differential thermal analysis. Sodium chloride forms a eutectic with sodium sulphate, lowering its melting point to a temperature within the roasting range. This facilitates the dissolution of SO₃ in the melt and thus promotes the formation of sodium pyrosulphate the sulphation agent. In the absence of added sodium sulphate, sodium chloride reacts with sulphur trioxide to produce Na₂SO₄, which is, in turn, converted to sodium-pyrosulphate.

Résumé

Les réactions se déroulant lors de sulfatation du Co₃O₄ par l'anhydride sulfureux en présence de sulfate de sodium ou de chlorure de sodium ont été étudiees par analyse thermique différentielle. Le chlorure de sodium forme un eutectique avec le sulfate de sodium, abaissant son point de fusion jusqu'à une température située dans l'intervalle de température du grillage. Ceci facilite la dissolution du SO₃ dans ce liquide et ainsi favorise la formation de pyrosulfate de sodium, l'agent sulfatant. Sans sulfate de sodium, le chlorure de sodium réagit avec le SO₃ pour former du Na₂SO₄, qui est, à son tour, transformé en pyrosulfate de sodium.     

Selective termination and elective reduction in twin pregnancies: 10 years experience at a single centre

Selective termination is employed in multifetal pregnancies, in the presence of an abnormal fetus, in order to improve the prognosis of the normal fetuses. The term elective reduction is used to describe reduction in twin pregnancies for maternal medical conditions, psychological, or socioeconomic reasons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that influence outcome in such pregnancies. Eighty-two twin pregnancies underwent selective termination (n = 59) or elective reduction (n = 23) over a 10-year period. Early procedures, performed < or = 14 weeks (n = 31), had a pregnancy loss of 9.7% and a mean procedure-to-loss interval of 4.1 +/- 2.8 weeks; mean birthweight was 3299 +/- 395 g in survivors, with a mean gestational age at delivery of 38.4 +/- 2.3 weeks. In comparison, procedures performed > 14 weeks (n = 51) had a pregnancy loss of 7.8%, with a procedure-to-loss interval of 1.2 +/- 0.6 weeks. Mean birthweight was 2577 +/- 999 g, with a mean gestational age at delivery of 35.7 +/- 5 weeks. In conclusion, outcomes were more favourable among patients who underwent a first trimester procedure. The slight increase in pregnancy loss may be attributed to a higher than expected rate of spontaneous abortions in the first trimester, as manifested by the higher procedure-to-loss interval after a first trimester procedure. These facts underscore the importance of early detection of fetal abnormalities in twin pregnancies by ultrasonography and chorionic villus sampling.     

火焰原子发射光谱法直接测定钠盐表面活性剂中钠

在加热下用硝酸(1+1)-OP溶液溶解钠盐表面活性剂样品,配制成均匀透明的样品溶液。为消除电离干扰,取适量样品溶液加入消电离剂硝酸钾溶液配制成试液,喷入空气-乙炔火焰测定钠,建立了火焰原子发射光谱法直接测定钠盐表面活性剂中钠的分析方法。以空白溶液为参比,用工作曲线法测定。对样品溶解条件、电离干扰、试液与空白溶液粘度一致性进行了考察。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于2.4%,加标回收率97.8%~105.0%,线性范围0~1.6μg/mL,方法简便。     

Pressure leaching of beta-spodumene by sodium chloride

Abstract

The applicability of the pressure leaching technique in the recovery of lithium from a beta-spodumene bearing concentrate has been investigated using sodium chloride as reactant in alkaline medium. Factors such as the concentration of sodium chloride and calcium hydroxide, the temperature, the pulp density, the reaction time and the particle size, which influence the rate and the extent of the lithium dissolution were studied When ever applicable the optimum values were determined. It has been suggested that the kinetics of this reaction are controlled by the diffusion phenomena. This hypothesis is supported by the relatively low activation energy ?H_a=3.6±0.2 Kcal/mol. The possibility of recovering pure lithium chloride from the .leach solutions containing large quantities of sodium chloride is indicated.

Résumé

L'application de la méthode de lixiviation sous pression à l'extraction du lithium d'un concentré de spodumène-beta a été étudiée en employant le chlorure de sodium comme réactif en milieu a1calin. Les principaux paramètres qui affectent la réaction sont: les concentrations du chlorure de sodium et de l'hydroxyde de calcium, la température, la densité de la pulpe, la durée de la réaction et la grosseur des particules. Lorsque possible, l'optimisation des paramètres a été faite. Il est suggéré que la cinétique de cette réaction soit contrôlée par le phénomène de diffusion. En effet, cette hypothèse est supportée par le fait que l' énergie est relativement basse, ?H_a = 3.6 ± 0.2 Kcal/mole. La possibilité de récupération de chlorure de lithium pur à partir de solutions de lixiviation contenant des quantités élevées de chlorure de sodium parait évidente.