非金属密封垫片应力场的数值模拟

为研究聚四氟乙烯密封垫片的应力分布规律,根据有限元理论,建立了管法兰连接有限元模型。研究了垫片在预紧状态和工作状态下的Von Mises应力和接触应力分布,分析了管道内流体压力、螺栓预紧力和垫片材料弹性模量对其应力值和应力分布的影响。结果发现:垫片在工作状态下的Von Mises应力大于其在预紧状态;流体压力越大,垫片和Von Mises应力越大,但是其有效接触宽度越小;螺栓的预紧力越大,垫片的Von Mises应力和接触应力越大;垫片材料的弹性模量值对垫片接触应力值的影响较小。     

变内压条件下膨胀水泥与地层机械性能的匹配

以膨胀水泥和地层作为研究对象,以维持井筒完整性为目的,利用弹性力学理论,借助有限元方法模拟分析了套管内压变化条件下膨胀水泥和地层机械性能对井筒完整性的影响,研究了两者机械性能的匹配关系。研究表明:膨胀水泥弹性模量越大,水泥环内最大米塞斯(Mises)应力越大;膨胀水泥泊松比越大,水泥环内最大Mises越小,水泥环内最大周向应力越小。地层弹性模量越大(地层越硬),水泥环内最大Mises应力越大,水泥环内最大周向应力越小;地层泊松比对水泥环内最大Mises应力和最大周向应力的影响较小。建议硬地层(弹性模量大)匹配弹性模量较小、泊松比较大的膨胀水泥,重点预防水泥环的挤压破坏;软地层且内压较小时匹配弹性模量较大、泊松比较大的膨胀水泥,重点预防水泥环的周向拉伸破坏。     

单搭接接头峰值应力数值模拟的正交法分析

运用正交试验法研究了几个主要力学和几何参数如泊松比,弹性模量和被粘物厚对单搭接接头Von Mises等效应力的影响。有限元分析结果的极差分析、方差分析和最优方案的工程平均等结果表明:被粘物厚对单搭接接头Von Mises等效应力影响最大,弹性模量次之,泊松比影响程度最小。分析可知:高的泊松比、低弹性模量和被粘物厚的增大会使得Von Mises等效应力值显著降低。     

Comparison of experimental and theoretical transverse elastic modulus of carbon fibers

The transverse elastic modulus of PAN-based carbon fibers as measured by experimental methods, calculated from theoretical equations and analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) is discussed. Raman spectroscopy was the primary method utilized to measure the transverse elastic modulus of carbon fibers in carbon-fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). A lead oxide (PbO) thin film was deposited on the surface of a CFRP specimen using physical vapor deposition as the pretreatment in order to measure the strains of the carbon fibers and epoxy matrix phases by Raman spectroscopy. Since the relation between the Raman peak wave number of PbO thin films and tensile strain has already been developed, the transverse strain of the carbon fibers could be measured. The transverse strain of the carbon fibers was analyzed using a 2-D FEM model. The transverse modulus of the carbon fibers was determined by fitting the experimental result from Raman spectroscopy to the FEM model. The determined transverse modulus (10.4 GPa) is compared with those experimentally measured by nanoindentation (13.4 GPa), numerically analyzed using 2-D and 3-D FEM models (5.25 GPa and 28.7 GPa, respectively), and theoretically calculated from the Mori-Tanaka, Halpin-Tsai, and Uemura equations (24.8 GPa, 17.4 GPa, and 28.4 GPa, respectively).     

基于Matlab的聚乙烯管韧性破坏的分析计算

韧性破坏是聚乙烯管的主要破坏形式之一,这是因为聚乙烯为粘弹性材料,其弹性模量随时间的增大而降低,在内压作用下,聚乙烯管壁厚不断减薄,应力不断增大。且聚乙烯的屈服应力随应变率的减小而减小。当内压增加到一定值时,von mises等效应力与屈服应力相等,聚乙烯管材发生韧性失效。采用prony级数模拟聚乙烯管的粘弹性力学性能,采用Matlab进行编程分析,从而得到韧性失效寿命与所受内压载荷的关系和屈服应力与所受内压载荷的关系。     

Preparation of epoxy resin elastic particles and their application in oil well cement

To solve the problem of high brittleness and easy cracking of cement stone, epoxy resin powder elastic particles (HEEP) were developed to improve the elasticity of cement stone. HEEP was prepared from epoxy resin and trimeric anhydride by solution polymerization. The surface wettability and particle size of HEEP were analyzed by contact angle test and laser particle size analysis respectively. Mechanical performance tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis and x-ray diffraction analysis were conducted on the cement stone containing HEEP. The results showed that HEEP was the target product, with a hydrophilic surface and a water contact angle of 75.2° on the HEEP surface. The particle size distribution of HEEP was uniform, and the median particle size was 36.5 μm. The initial decomposition temperature of HEEP was 300°C, indicating a good thermal stability. The stress–strain curve showed that when the HEEP dosage was 3%, 6%, and 9%, the elastic modulus of the cement stone was 6.382, 4.017, and 3.148 GPa, respectively. Compared with the blank cement without HEEP, the elastic modulus was reduced by 28.3%, 54.9%, and 64.6%, respectively. This showed that HEEP could effectively improve the elasticity of cement stone. In addition, the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement stone containing HEEP can meet the requirements of on-site applications. SEM analysis of cement stone showed that HEEP was well filled in cement stone. When the cement stone was subjected to complex stress, HEEP could effectively buffer and disperse the stress, thereby enhancing the resistance of cement stone to external force impact.     

Influence of microstructure and phase composition on the nanoindentation characterization of bioceramic materials based on hydroxyapatite

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of microstructure and phase composition on the mechanical behaviour of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and biphasic HAp/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramic materials using nanoindentation. The formation of β-TCP phase in the HAp ceramic had the predominant influence on the nanomechanical properties of compact ceramics. For investigated microstructures there appear to be a slight decrease in the elastic modulus with increasing load and a higher decrease in hardness, which are in agreement with upper bounds of the results reported in literature. Maximal value of reduced modulus and hardness is yielded with pure HAp, and is measured to be 133.76 GPa for average grain size of 3 μm and 12.18 GPa for average grain size of 140 nm, respectively. The average modulus and hardness results for HAp/β-TCP ceramics with higher (101.61 GPa, 6.76 GPa) and lower grain size (115.72 GPa, 8.76 GPa) show sufficient mechanical properties in order to serve as hard tissue replacement material.     

Tension–compression anisotropy of in-plane elastic modulus for pyrolytic carbon

We used standard strain gage methods to measure the anisotropic elastic constants for a sample of pyrolytic carbon. The in-plane elastic modulus exhibits significant tension–compression anisotropy −30.2 GPa in tension and 18.8 GPa in compression. The out-of-plane compressive modulus is 5.2 GPa and the Poisson’s ratios are ν₁₂ = 0.35 (compression), ν₂₃ = 0.16 (tension), 0.22 (compression), and ν₂₁ = 0.97 (tension). The tension–compression anisotropy is attributed to buckling, puckering, or bending of the graphene sheets in compression versus simple stretching in tension. The in-plane to out-of-plane anisotropy is expected from the microstructural anisotropy.     

Finite Element Analysis of Stress Field Concentration Near the Edge of an Electrode

We study stress fields near the edge of an electrode by finite element method. Von Mises Stress near an electrode edge is calculated. The effect of the curvature of the electrode is examined. Stress concentration is observed and a technique for its reduction is suggested.     

Mechanical characterization of ultra-thin fluorocarbon films deposited by R.F. magnetron sputtering

Fluorocarbon films were deposited on silicon substrate by R.F. magnetron sputtering using a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) target. Structure of the deposited films was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Hardness, elastic modulus and scratch resistance were measured using a nanoindenter with scratch capability. -CF_x (x = 1, 2, 3) and C-C units were found in the deposited fluorocarbon films. The hardness and elastic modulus of the films are strongly dependent on the R.F. power and deposition pressure. The film hardness is in the range from 0.8 GPa to 1.3 GPa while the film elastic modulus is in the range from 8 GPa to 18 GPa. Harder films exhibit higher scratch resistance. Differences in nanoindentation behavior between the deposited fluorocarbon films, diamond-like carbon (DLC) films and PTFE were discussed. The fluorocarbon films should find more applications in the magnetic storage and micro/nanoelectromechanical systems.     

Mechanical properties of vapor grown carbon nanofibers

Individual as-fabricated, high temperature heat-treated and graphitized/surface oxidized vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs), with average diameter of 150 nm were tested for their elastic modulus and their tensile strength by a MEMS-based mechanical testing platform. The elastic modulus increased from 180 GPa for as-fabricated, to 245 GPa for high temperature heat-treated nanofibers. The nominal fiber strengths followed Weibull distributions with characteristic strengths between 2.74 and 3.34 GPa, which correlated well with the expected effects of heat treatment and oxidative post-processing. As-fabricated VGCNFs had small Weibull modulus indicating a broad flaw population, which was condensed upon heat treatment. For all VGCNF grades, the nanofiber fracture surface included the stacked truncated cup structure of the oblique graphene layers comprising its backbone and cleavage of the outer turbostratic or thermally graphitized layer.     

A method of determining the elastic properties of diamond-like carbon films

The elastic properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films were measured by a simple method using DLC bridges which are free from the mechanical constraints of the substrate. The DLC films were deposited on a Si wafer by radio frequency (RF) glow discharge at a deposition pressure of 1.33 Pa. Because of the high residual compressive stress of the film, the bridge exhibited a sinusoidal displacement on removing the substrate constraint. By measuring the amplitude with a known bridge length, we could determine the strain of the film which occurred by stress relaxation. Combined with independent stress measurement using the laser reflection method, this method allows the calculation of the biaxial elastic modulus, E/(1−ν), where E is the elastic modulus and ν is Poisson's ratio of the DLC film. The biaxial elastic modulus increased from 10 to 150 GPa with increasing negative bias voltage from 100 to 550 V. By comparing the biaxial elastic modulus with the plane–strain modulus, E/(1−ν²), measured by nano-indentation, we could further determine the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, independently. The elastic modulus, E, ranged from 16 to 133 GPa in this range of the negative bias voltage. However, large errors were incorporated in the calculation of Poisson's ratio due to the pile up of errors in the measurements of the elastic properties and the residual compressive stress.     

水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性的影响(英文)

水泥水化热与比表面积和化学组成有关,但是相对于调整水泥的化学组成来说,通过减小水泥的比表面积来降低水泥水化热要容易得多。为了探索水泥比表面积与碾压混凝土抗裂性能的关系,采用相同熟料磨制了3种细度的水泥,研究了水泥细度对水化热、胶砂强度的影响,以及对混凝土的工作性、力学性能(抗压强度、抗拉强度和抗拉弹性模量)、极限拉伸值、绝热温升等性能的影响;同时,采用温度–应力试验机,评估了在100%约束和近似绝热条件下水泥细度对早龄期碾压混凝土综合抗裂性能的影响。结果表明:水化热与比表面积成线性关系,降低水泥比表面积是降低混凝土温升的有效、便捷的措施;粗磨水泥提高了碾压混凝土的工作性,降低了混凝土的抗压强度和弹性模量,但混凝土极限拉伸值没有明显变化;温度–应力试验表明,随着水泥比表面积的降低,混凝土第二零应力温度更低,粗磨水泥碾压混凝土综合抗裂风险更低。     

Mechanical Characterization of Adhesive Layer in-situ and as Bulk Material

An extensive test series was conducted on bulk and in-situ adhesive specimens with a view to characterizing their mechanical properties under different loading modes and states of stress.

It was found that a good correlation exists between the in-situ and the bulk properties of shear yield strength and elastic modulus derived from torsion tests. The properties derived from uniaxial testing of the bulk adhesive were related to those of an in-situ adhesive layer in shear by a combined stress law which follows a modified Von Mises failure criterion. It was thus concluded that the basicelastic and strength characteristics of the in-situ adhesive under a compound state of stress may be evaluated through simple tests on the bulk material in uniaxial tension and compression.     

碱激发矿渣/粉煤灰净浆/砂浆力学性能研究

开展碱激发材料力学性能的研究有利于促进其在实际工程中的应用。本文研究了矿渣掺量及细骨料掺量对碱激发净浆/砂浆抗压强度、弹性模量及应力-应变曲线的影响。结果表明:矿渣的掺入能够显著提高碱激发净浆/砂浆的抗压强度和弹性模量;细骨料掺量增多会降低抗压强度,但会提高弹性模量。净浆28 d弹性模量在12.83~19.53 GPa,砂浆28 d弹性模量在18.72~23.10 GPa。细骨料掺量为40%(质量分数)时,砂浆峰值应力和峰值应变出现明显下降,弹性模量变大。采用分段式方程对碱激发矿渣/粉煤灰净浆/砂浆的应力-应变曲线进行拟合,拟合曲线与实测曲线吻合良好。拟合结果表明碱激发净浆/砂浆应力-应变下降段曲线随矿渣掺量与龄期增加而变陡,反映材料脆性增强,与上升段曲线规律一致。     

Effects of fly ash in composites fabricated by injection molding

In this study, the effects of fly ash in composites fabricated by injection molding are examined. Taguchi design of experiment was first utilized to estimate the effects different injection molding conditions and content ratios of fly ash have on a linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)‐fly ash composite. The results reveal that the content of fly ash is highly significant and contributive to the shrinkage ratio and bending strength. For these reasons, LLDPE and polypropylene (PP) composites with different size particles of fly ash were fabricated and the mechanical properties were investigated. The particle size was changed by grinding fly ash with a planetarium ball mill. The shrinkage ratio, bending strength and flexural modulus of LLDPE composites containing raw fly ash were found to improve. The shrinkage ratio and flexural modulus of PP composites containing ground fly ash were also found to improve. Homogenization analysis using the finite element method was then used to calculate the Von Mises stress distributions and homogenized elastic matrix of PP composites containing ground fly ash. The homogenized elastic matrix was used to validate the experimental flexural modulus. The results show that the homogenized elastic matrix is in good agreement with the experimental flexural modulus. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Evaluation of the elastic constants of nanoparticles from atomistic simulations

We present an approach to estimate the elastic constants of molecules and nanoparticles, based on the analysis of thermal fluctuations from Monte Carlo (MC) or molecular-dynamics (MD) atomistic simulations. The method and the force-field used for these calculations have been tested by the calculation of Young's modulus of a graphite sample along the basal plane; the calculated value was found to be 1.07 TPa, in very good agreement with the experimentally determined one of 1.02 TPa.The results on a carbon-based nanotube indicate that for the longitudinal direction of the particle, the value of the elastic constant is on the order of 400 GPa. The elastic constant of the considered nanotube in the radial direction is significantly lower, the predicted values being in the range 4-7 GPa.The method was also applied to the elastic constants of a type of siloxane-based nanostructure, whose longitudinal elastic constant (30 GPa) is an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding value for the carbon-based nanotube.     

Strong carbon nanofibers from electrospun polyacrylonitrile

Strong carbon nanofibers with diameters between 150 nm and 500 nm and lengths of the order of centimeters were realized from electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN). Their tensile strength reached a maximum at 1400 °C carbonization temperature, while the elastic modulus increased monotonically until 1700 °C. For most carbonization temperatures, both properties increased with reduced nanofiber diameter. The tensile strength and the elastic modulus, measured from individual nanofibers carbonized at 1400 °C, averaged 3.5 ± 0.6 GPa and 172 ± 40 GPa, respectively, while some nanofibers reached 2% ultimate strain and strengths over 4.5 GPa. The average tensile strength and elastic modulus of carbon nanofibers produced at 1400 °C were six and three times higher than in previous reports, respectively. These high mechanical property values were achieved for optimum electrospinning parameters yielding strong PAN nanofibers, and optimum stabilization and carbonization temperatures, which resulted in smooth carbon nanofiber surfaces and homogeneous nanofiber cross-sections, as opposed to a previously reported core–shell structure. Turbostratic carbon crystallites with average thickness increasing from 3 to 8 layers between 800 °C and 1700 °C improved the elastic modulus and the tensile strength but their large size, discontinuous form, and random orientation reduced the tensile strength at carbonization temperatures higher than 1400 °C.     

Single-crystal elastic constants of natural ettringite

The single-crystal elastic constants of natural ettringite were determined by Brillouin spectroscopy at ambient conditions. The six non-zero elastic constants of this trigonal mineral are: C₁₁ = 35.1 ± 0.1 GPa, C₁₂ = 21.9 ±0.1 GPa, C₁₃ = 20.0 ± 0.5 GPa, C₁₄ = 0.6 ± 0.2 GPa, C₃₃ = 55 ± 1 GPa, C₄₄ = 11.0 ± 0.2 GPa. The Hill average of the aggregate bulk, shear modulus and the polycrystal Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are 27.3 ± 0.9 GPa, 9.5 ± 0.8 GPa, 25 ± 2 GPa and 0.34 ± 0.02 respectively. The longitudinal and shear elastic anisotropy are C₃₃/C₁₁ = 0.64 ± 0.01 and C₆₆/C₄₄ =0.60 ± 0.01. The elastic anisotropy in ettringite is connected to its crystallographic structure. Stiff chains of [Al(OH)₆]³⁻ octahedra alternating with triplets of Ca²⁺ in eight-fold coordination run parallel to the c-axis leading to higher stiffness along this direction. The determination of the elastic stiffness tensor can help in the prediction of the early age properties of cement paste when ettringite crystals precipitate and in the modeling of both internal and external sulfate attack when secondary ettringite formation leads to expansion of concrete.     

Elastic contact stress analysis of semi-crystalline polymers under normal and tangential loading

Stress distribution in a polymeric subsurface under the asperity contact is investigated assuming the well known Hertzian contact stress distribution. Elastic stress analyses for three different materials are performed using a finite element method: (1) isotropic elastic solid, (2) isotropic elastic solid with a soft layer, and (3) isotropic elastic solid with a hard layer. Highly linear polymers as high density polyethylene (HDPE), poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), and polyoxymethylene (POM) which transfer thin wear films are modeled as the elastic solid with a soft layer. Gammaray irradiated highly linear polymers and the other ordinary semi-crystalline polymers which transfer massive lumpy wear debris are considered as the elastic solid without any heterogeneous surface layer. Helium plasma treated polymers are modeled as the elastic solid with a hard layer. Octahedral shear stress and equivalent strain contours in the subsurface are obtained for each case. The octahedral shear stress and equivalent strain distributions are examined to explain various wear behaviors of semicrystalline polymers based on the Mises yield criterion and the delamination theory of wear.