Microstructure of aluminized stainless steel 310 after annealing

The aluminized coating on type 310 stainless steel prepared by high-activity Al pack cementation method has been annealed at 900 °C for 12 h to transform the brittle δ-Fe₂Al₅ phase into the more ductile β-FeAl phase. The microstructure is studied in detail with transmission electron microscopy. The thick outer layer has β-(Fe, Ni)Al as matrix with cube-like Cr₂Al precipitates. The interfacial layer has a thin layer of metastable FCC phase (layer I) and then mixed β-(Fe, Ni)Al grains and α-(Fe, Cr) grains (layers II and III). The Cr₂Al precipitates are present in the β-(Fe, Ni)Al grains in layer II but not in those in layer III, while β-FeAl precipitates are present in the α-(Fe, Cr) grains in both layers. The orientation relationships between various phases, the formation of the layers, and the precipitation of Cr₂Al in β-(Fe, Ni)Al are discussed.     

Effects of sulfur pressure on the sulfidation behavior of 310 stainless steel

High-temperature sulfidation behavior of 310 stainless steel was studied over the temperature range of 700–900°C above a pure sulfur pool with the sulfurvapor range of 10^–4–10^–1 atm. The corrosion kinetics followed the parabolic rate law in all cases. The corrosion rates increased with increasing temperature and sulfur pressure. The scales formed on 310 stainless steel were complex and multilayered. The outer scale consisted of iron sulfide (with dissolved Cr), (Fe, Ni)₉S₈ and chromium sulfides (Cr₂S₃ and Cr₃S₄ with dissolved Fe), while the inner layer was a heterophasic mixture of Cr₂S₃, Cr₃S₄, NiCr₂S₄, and Fe₁–_xS. Platinum markers were found to be located at the interface between the inner and outer scales, suggesting that the outer scale grew by the outward transport of cations (Fe, Ni, and Cr), and the inner scale grew by the inward transport of sulfur. The formation of Cr₂S₃, Cr₃S₄, and NiCr₂S₄ partly blocked the transport of iron through the inner scale, resulting in a reduction of the corrosion rates as compared with the results in the literature.     

Studies of the kinetics of nickel sulfidation in H2S-H2 mixtures in the temperature range 450–600°C

The reaction between pure nickel and H₂S-H₂ mixtures containing 1–65% H₂S has been studied over the temperature range 450–600°C. The sulfidation of nickel in the temperature range 560–600°C has been found to follow a linear rate law at low concentrations of H₂S and a parabolic rate law at higher concentrations (10% and 65% H₂S); X-ray examination of the scale formed on the metal showed it to be almost entirely -Ni₃S₂. On the basis of the kinetics and marker studies it can be concluded that the sulfide scale on nickel is formed by the outward transport of the metal and the inward transport of sulfur. In the temperature range 450–500°C the sulfidation of nickel follows a parabolic rate law. In mixtures containing 10% H₂S the scale formed contains voids, the occurrence of which is connected with formation of Ni₇S₆. It has also been shown that the rate of transport through the Ni₃S₂ layer has an essential influence on the formation of a continuous layer of Ni₇S₆. Marker studies have shown that both nickel and sulfur appear to be mobile in -Ni₃S₂.     

A new thermobalance for studying the kinetics of high-temperature sulfidation of metals

A new thermobalance for studying the high-temperature sulfidation of metals and alloys is described. Results of preliminary investigations of the sulfidation kinetics of iron confirm that this apparatus is entirely suitable for such gravimetric measurements. The weight gains of the sample are recorded exact to 10^–5. The application of the membrane manometer makes possible direct measurements of the sulfur vapor pressure with an accuracy of ±0.2 (tr). Owing to a special construction of vacuum valves, easy access to the reaction chamber is secured, thus eliminating any necessity of cutting the reaction tube.     

奥氏体耐热不锈钢310S的抗高温氧化性能研究

采用增重法研究了奥氏体耐热不锈钢310S在700、900和1000℃空气中高温氧化动力学,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)等手段,对氧化膜的形貌和组成进行了分析。结果发现,700℃时氧化速率比较稳定且氧化增重较小,其余温度下氧化增重较大且遵循抛物线规律。该钢中Cr在高温时容易形成FeO·Cr2O3、FeO·Fe2O3和尖晶石结构(FeCr2O4,NiCr2O4)等保护性氧化膜,是310S钢具有良好的抗高温氧化性能的重要原因。     

新型310S耐热钢组织和高温力学性能

新型310S耐热钢是在传统310S耐热钢的基础上降镍提锰,并加入氮和钼,与传统310S钢在显微组织、高温力学性能方面进行了对比。研究表明,新型310S耐热钢的显微组织仍为奥氏体,且晶粒细化,新型310S钢高温强度大,塑性略有降低,断裂方式由沿晶脆性断裂转为韧窝断裂。     

Surface nanocrystallization of 310s stainless steel and its effect on oxidation behavior

Two techniques, unbalanced magnetron sputter deposition and high-energy short-pulsed plasma discharge, have been used to produce a nanocrystalline surface on AISI 310S stainless steel specimens. The average grain size after surface modification was estimated as ~100 nm by using atomic force microscopy. Cyclic oxidation was performed at 1000°C with treated and untreated 310S stainless steel specimens. The oxide products formed on the specimens consisted of an outer spinel layer that was rich in chromium, iron, manganese, and nickel, and an inner chromium-rich layer. It was found that the concentrations of iron and manganese in the outer layer of treated specimens were higher, and adherence of the scale was better in the treated specimens. The observed oxidation behavior can be explained by the increase of the creep diffusion rate in the fine oxide scale formed on the nanocrystalline surfaces.     

Sulfidation behavior of a ferritic commercial alloy in different sulfidizing environments at high temperature

The sulfidizing behavior of Fe–22Cr–4Al–0.15Zr (wt.%) was studied in two atmospheres: S₂ vapor over the range 4.4–25.4 Pa and H₂–H₂S mixtures corresponding to aP _{S 2} range 0.2–1.297 Pa in the temperature range 973–1373 K. It was found that the constitution of the gaseous phase is of great importance on the corrosion kinetics and the morphology of the corrosion products. Furthermore, a stratification phenomenon during scale growth was observed during the initial sulfidation stage in H₂–H₂S mixtures containing a sufficiently high H₂S partial pressure. This behavior was not observed during tests in puresulfur vapor.     

2507双相不锈钢高温氧化行为

通过高温氧化试验(1200℃,保温5 min,氧化气氛A和B)模拟了2507双相不锈钢热轧初期的氧化过程,并应用扫描电子显微镜( SEM)、辉光放电光谱仪(GDS)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等手段,分析了不同气氛下氧化膜的组成和结构以及初期氧化特性.结果表明:氧化膜主要由Fe3O4、Cr2O3和尖晶石型(FeCr2O4、MnCr2O4等)等复合氧化物组成;气氛中氧含量的变化可改变氧化膜中氧化物结构、组成,铁素体优先于奥氏体氧化.     

温度对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢离子渗氮的影响

对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢进行脉冲电流辉光离子渗氮处理,在不同处理温度(480 ℃、520 ℃、580 ℃)下渗氮8 h后,获得了一定厚度的渗氮层.通过对渗层进行金相分析和硬度测试表明,随着渗氮温度升高,渗层厚度增大,显微硬度先增大后减小.综合温度对渗层厚度与显微硬度的影响,AISI304奥氏体不锈钢卡套辉光离子渗氮温度可采用520 ℃,渗氮后渗层厚度为90 μm,显微硬度为1317 HV0.1.     

不锈钢基板化学机械抛光过程温度研究

鉴于不锈钢化学机械抛光的复杂环境,研究了其抛光过程中温度的变化规律。设计并搭建了过程温度在线检测系统,检测并研究了不同工艺参数与温度之间的关系。实验结果表明:抛光温度随着抛光压力和抛光垫转速的增大而增大,随着抛光液流量的增大而减小。不锈钢基板边缘点抛光温度高于中心点抛光温度,聚氨酯材料比合成革和磨砂革材料的温升更大。当抛光垫加沟槽时,温升将明显下降,且径向型与周向型沟槽温度变化相差不大,网格型沟槽温差变化最小。抛光垫沟槽间距增大,温升增大;沟槽宽度对温升影响较小。     

离子渗碳温度对316L不锈钢渗层组织和性能的影响

利用低温离子渗碳技术.在不同温度下对AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢进行渗碳处理.利用光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD以及电化学测试技术研究了渗碳温度对不锈钢表面显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明,渗碳温度显著影响AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢渗碳层的组织结构与性能.渗碳温度在400～550℃之间时,可以获得无碳化物析出的、具有单一γ_c相结构的渗碳层;渗碳温度在550℃时,渗碳层为γ相+Cr_(23)C_6+Cr_7C_3+Fe_3C+Fe_2C的混合组织.渗碳层的厚度与硬度均随渗碳温度的升高而增加.550℃是AISI 316L奥氏体不锈钢中铬的碳化物析出的临界温度.为了避免铬的碳化物析出而降低不锈钢的耐蚀性能.奥氏体不锈钢渗碳必须在低于550℃的渗碳温度下进行.     

深冷轧制对AISI 310S不锈钢组织和性能的影响

采用深冷轧制技术对AISI 310S奥氏体不锈钢进行不同变形量的实验,借助OM、SEM、TEM、XRD及微拉伸试验等方法研究了不同变形量下奥氏体不锈钢的组织特性及性能变化规律。结果表明:奥氏体不锈钢在深冷轧制不同变形量下均未发生应变诱发马氏体相变,在变形量为30%时,组织内部出现高密度位错且夹杂少量的形变孪晶,随着变形量增大至70%时,组织内部出现大量形变孪晶,孪晶与位错的交互作用显著加剧;到变形量为90%时,晶粒完全碎化至纳米量级。而且随着变形量的增大,强度指标大幅度上升,屈服强度、抗拉强度分别从原始态的305 MPa、645 MPa增加至1099 MPa、1560 MPa;而伸长率则从40.8%(原始)下降至6.4%(变形量90%),拉伸断口由韧性断裂向准解理断裂转变。     

Influence of heat treatments on microstructure and pitting corrosion resistance of 15%Cr supermartensitic stainless steel

Supermartensitic is a new class of stainless steels in development and consolidation as commercial products. Significant changes on chemical composition of conventional martensitic stainless steels, such as the reduction of the carbon content to <0·03 wt-%, and the addition of Ni and Mo, marked the development of this new group of alloys. New grades containing higher amounts of Cr and small additions of Ti and/or Nb were developed recently. As a result, supermartensitic steels offer an interesting combination of high strength, toughness, weldability and corrosion resistance. In this work, the pitting corrosion resistance of a 15Cr supermartensitic steel with Ni, Mo and Cu additions was studied. It is well known that the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of martensitic steels are adjusted by the final tempering treatment. Several single tempering treatments in the 300–650°C range and double tempering treatments were performed in order to obtain different microstructures. The pitting corrosion resistance was investigated by electrochemical test in 3·5%NaCl solution. It was found that the pitting potential slightly decreased with the increase in temperature and time of tempering. The analysis of pits formed during the corrosion tests showed that ferrite islands are more corrosion resistant than the martensitic matrix due to the higher Cr and Mo contents.     

The interface morphology of diffusion bonded dissimilar stainless steel and medium carbon steel couples

In the present study, a duplex stainless steel and an austenitic stainless steel were diffusion bonded to medium carbon steel. The differences of two dissimilar metal couples at the test temperature on microstructural developments across the joint region were investigated. After diffusion bonding, microstructural analysis including metallographic examination, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and shear strength tests were performed. From the results, it was seen that mutual diffusion of C and Cr was effective on the morphology of the diffusion zone that affected the shear strength of the bonds.     

Influence of initial heat treatment of 17-4 PH stainless steel on gas nitriding kinetics

Results of the investigation of nitrided layers on 17-4 PH type precipitation hardening stainless steel are presented in this paper. The layers have been produced in the process of gas nitriding in a partly dissociated ammonia at temperatures between 410 and 570 °C. Hydrogen chloride admixture to active atmosphere was used as a surface activator. Structure of the nitrided layers were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis (EDX and WDX), and X-ray diffraction. The influence of the initial steel heat treatment on the nitriding kinetics has been considered. 17-4 PH stainless steel was nitrided at various heat treatment conditions, i.e. after solution treatment or ageing at different temperatures. The influence of precipitation processes taking place during the heat treatment before nitriding on the diffusive process kinetics was proven. It was found that, that increasing of steel ageing temperature up to 600 °C before nitriding effects on an increasing of the nitriding kinetics.     

304不锈钢热处理过程温度场和应力场数值模拟

以304不锈钢为研究对象,分别测量了304不锈钢试样经淬火和空冷后的残余应力场。建立有限元模型,模拟了上述试样的温度场和应力场,并将模拟的残余应力场和测量结果进行了比较,二者吻合较好,证明所建立的模型是有效的。在此基础上,分析了淬火和空冷过程中温度场和应力场的变化规律。     

焊接速度对18-8不锈钢堆焊层组织形态的影响

采用带极电渣焊方法在Q235表面得到了18-8不锈钢堆焊层.研究不同焊接速度对18-8不锈钢堆焊层组织形态的影响.结果表明,带极电渣堆焊层显微组织主要由奥氏体和少量δ铁素体构成,其中δ铁素体有断续状(或称蠕虫状)、骨架状和板条状三种形态,决定于堆焊层的合金成分、焊接热输入及冷却条件等因素.当焊速过小时,堆焊层组织中δ铁素体的形态主要是断续状和骨架状;当焊速过大时,δ铁素体的形态主要是板条状和骨架状;当焊速适中时,可获得热输入小、稀释率低、成形良好,显微组织为奥氏体基体和骨架状δ铁素体的堆焊层组织.     

固溶温度对316LN不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响

用金相显微镜、SEM、拉伸、冲击试验机等研究了固溶温度对316LN不锈钢组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,固溶温度对316LN不锈钢影响显著,随固溶温度升高晶粒尺寸增大,强度降低,塑性保持相对稳定,抗冲击性能提高,且冲击断口均显示为颜色灰暗的塑性韧窝形貌,经1050℃固溶处理后的强塑性匹配较好,抗冲击性能优良,晶粒度达到7级以上.