废气再循环对二甲醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃燃烧过程和排放特性的影响

在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上研究了冷却废气再循环(EGR)对二甲醚(DME)／天然气(CNG)双燃料均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧过程和排放的影响．结果表明，EGR率加大，着火时刻滞后，放热速率降低，燃烧持续期延长，DME比例加大，着火始点提前，放热率峰值上升，燃烧持续期缩短，EGR率增大，发动机“失火”和爆震燃烧的DME比例增大，但“失火”和爆震燃烧之间的DME比例区间变宽，EGR可以拓宽HCCI发动机的工况范围．对应不同比例的EGR，有一个热效率最佳的DME比例区域．HC排放和CO排放随EGR率的增高而增加，随DME比例的增大而降低．NO。排放在不发生爆震的情况下保持在极低的水平．因此，控制DME比例和EGR率是控制DME／CNG双燃料HCCI发动机燃烧过程、性能和排放的关键。     

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究

在一台单缸直喷柴油机上进行了二甲醚(DME)均质压燃(HCCl)燃烧过程的试验．研究结果表明，进气中加入30％的惰性气体CO2,发动机实现HCCl运转的负荷范围从0．05MPa扩展到0．35MPa．二甲醚在HCCl模式下表现出明显的双阶段着火特性，增加惰性气体的浓度，第一阶段着火始点滞后，燃烧放热峰值降低，燃烧持续期延长．排放测试表明，HCCl模式下发动机的NOx排放接近于零，可实现无碳烟排放，但CO和HC排放较高．     

Hydrogen as an ignition-controlling agent for HCCI combustion engine by suppressing the low-temperature oxidation

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion enables internal combustion engines to achieve higher thermal efficiency and lower _NOx${\mathrm{NO}}_x$ emission than with conventional combustion systems. Controlling the ignition timing in accordance with the operating conditions is crucial for utilizing HCCI combustion engines. Adding hydrogen-containing gas is known to retard the autoignition of dimethyl ether (DME) considerably. The effective ignition control by hydrogen can expand the operation range of equivalence ratios and engine loads in HCCI combustion. This research investigated the mechanisms in the ignition control by the chemical kinetics analysis. The results show that the retarded ignition can be attributed to a consumption of OH by hydrogen during low-temperature oxidation of DME. The decreased OH concentration leads to retarded heat release and delays the onset of the high-temperature oxidation.     

Application of exhaust gas fuel reforming in diesel and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines fuelled with biofuels

This paper documents the application of exhaust gas fuel reforming of two alternative fuels, biodiesel and bioethanol, in internal combustion engines. The exhaust gas fuel reforming process is a method of on-board production of hydrogen-rich gas by catalytic reaction of fuel and engine exhaust gas. The benefits of exhaust gas fuel reforming have been demonstrated by adding simulated reformed gas to a diesel engine fuelled by a mixture of 50% ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) and 50% rapeseed methyl ester (RME) as well as to a homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine fuelled by bioethanol. In the case of the biodiesel fuelled engine, a reduction of NO_x emissions was achieved without considerable smoke increase. In the case of the bioethanol fuelled HCCI engine, the engine tolerance to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was extended and hence the typically high pressure rise rates of HCCI engines, associated with intense combustion noise, were reduced.     

DME／CNG双燃料均质压燃发动机性能试验研究

研究了二甲基醚和天然气双燃料均质压燃发动机性能和排放特性.结果表明,采用高十六烷值燃料二甲基醚和高辛烷值燃料天然气,可以拓宽均质压燃的运行工况范围.均质压燃发动机在中等负荷工况,热效率比传统压燃式发动机高.小负荷工况,采用二甲醚和大比例EGR方案可以提高热效率.和传统压燃式或点燃式发动机不同,均质压燃发动机的着火始点对经济性影响不大.均质压燃发动机的NOx排放极低,比原机降低95%以上.随着二甲基醚浓度增加,NOx排放增加,HC和CO排放降低;接近爆震燃烧区域,NOx排放急剧升高,而接近稀燃极限区域,HC和CO排放急剧升高,发动机热效率降低.     

Study on homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion in argon circulated closed cycle hydrogen engine

It is important to improve thermal efficiency and to reduce harmful exhaust gas emissions in internal combustion engines. A closed cycle engine system that uses a monatomic molecular gas as the working fluid can be expected to have high thermal efficiency due to the high specific heat ratio of the gas. Several studies have been reported on closed cycle engines with conventional spark ignition or compression ignition. This research newly proposes an argon circulated closed cycle homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine system fueled with hydrogen. In this engine system, effects of in-cylinder gas initial temperature and residual water in recirculated gas on combustion characteristics were investigated. The results show that the system with argon circulation has the wider range of operable conditions and the higher thermal efficiency compared to the case with air as the working fluid.     

Energy efficiency improvement strategies for a diesel engine in low‐temperature combustion

The lowered combustion temperature in diesel engines is capable of reducing nitrogen oxides and soot simultaneously, which can be implemented by the heavy use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) type of combustion. However, the fuel efficiency of the low‐temperature combustion (LTC) cycles is commonly compromised by the high levels of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. More seriously, the scheduling of fuel delivery in HCCI engines has lesser leverage on the exact timing of auto‐ignition that may even occur before the compression stroke is completed, which may cause excessive efficiency reduction and combustion roughness. New LTC control strategies have been explored experimentally to achieve ultralow emissions under independently controlled EGR, intake boost, exhaust backpressure, and multi‐event fuel‐injection events. Empirical comparisons have been made between the fuel efficiencies of LTC and conventional diesel cycles. Preliminary adaptive control strategies based on cylinder pressure characteristics have been implemented to enable and stabilize the LTC when heavy EGR is applied. The impact of heat‐release phasing, duration, shaping, and splitting on the thermal efficiency has also been analyzed with engine cycle simulations. This research intends to identify the major parameters that affect diesel LTC engine thermal efficiency. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Availability analysis of n-heptane and natural gas blends combustion in HCCI engines

One of the major problems associated with HCCI combustion engine application is lack of direct control for combustion timing. A proposed solution for combustion timing control is using a binary fuel blend in which two fuels with different auto-ignition characteristics are blended at various ratios on a cycle-by-cycle basis.The aim of this research is to investigate the exergy analysis of HCCI combustion when a blended fuel, which consists of n-heptane and natural gas, is used. In order to accomplish this task, a single-zone combustion model has been developed, which performs combustion computations using a complete chemical kinetics mechanism.The study was carried out with different percentages of natural gas in blended fuels and EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) ranging from about 45 to 85 percent and 0 to 40 percent, respectively. The results reveal that, when mass percentage of natural gas increases, exergy destruction is decreased increasing the second-law efficiency. Introducing EGR into the intake charge of dual fuel HCCI engine up to some stage (optimum value) enhances the second-law performance of the engine in spite of a reduction in work.     

活性添加剂对高辛烷值燃料HCCI着火时刻与燃烧速率的影响

为研讨活性添加剂过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP)对高辛烷值燃料以HCCI燃烧模式运行时的放热率特征、着火时刻、燃烧持续期和排放特性的影响,在一台单缸发动机上,在辛烷值为90(RON90)(90％的异辛烷和10％的正庚烷)的混合燃料中加入不同比例(0～4％)的DTBP,考察5种燃料在1800r／min下不同负荷时的燃烧特性和排放特性．实验结果表明：RON90中没有添加剂时,只能在高温、高负荷下才能以HCCI燃烧模式运行;在其中加入少量的DTBP后,RON90实现HCCI燃烧的工况范围向低温低负荷下大幅度拓展．各种燃料的HCCI燃烧冷焰反应发生在850K左右,到950K结束,进入负温度系数区(NTC),在1125K左右突破NTC区而发生热着火．随DTBP含量增加,系统温度达到冷焰反应和热焰反应的化学时间尺度缩短,因此着火时刻提前,燃烧持续期缩短,特别是提高了低负荷下的燃烧速率．添加剂使各种当量比下未燃碳氢(UHC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放显著改善,NOx排放也保持在很低的水平．     

DME/LPG燃料比例实时优化的HCCI燃烧控制新方法

根据燃料设计的思想,提出了混合燃料比例实时优化的HCCI燃烧控制新方法。在一台2135柴油机上,通过燃料成分设计（DME／LPG混合燃料）、混合气成分设计（进气添加二氧化碳）、发动机参数调整（改变压缩比）等多种模式对二甲醚HCCI燃烧进行了研究和比较。试验结果表明,在不同工况下实时进行DME／LPG比例优化,通过改变燃料的理化特性和可燃混合气的成分,实现了HCCI着火与燃烧的有效控制,能够显著拓展二甲醚HCCI燃烧的运行负荷范围,并且各个工况下热效率最高、HC和CO排放最低。     

Statistical analysis of the cyclic variations of heat release parameters in HCCI combustion of methanol and gasoline

Combustion instability and cyclic variations lead to the requirement of closed loop control for use of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine technology for automotive applications. The closed loop control of HCCI combustion requires robust combustion timing parameters with a systematic and detailed study of its variations vis-à-vis engine operating conditions. An experimental study is conducted to provide insight into cyclic variations of HCCI combustion phasing for two fuels (gasoline and methanol) using statistical techniques. In this study, cycle-to-cycle variations of heat release parameters such as Maximum Rate of Heat Release (ROHR_max), 10% Mass Burn Fraction (MBF), 50% MBF, 90% MBF and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) of HCCI combustion engine fueled with methanol and gasoline were investigated using a modified two-cylinder, four-stroke engine. The experiments were conducted with different engine operating conditions at constant intake air temperature (140 °C) and different air-fuel ratios at constant engine speed (1500 rpm). To evaluate the cycle-to-cycle variations of combustion parameters at different test conditions, coefficient of variation (COV) and standard deviation of parameters were used. The results showed that CA₅₀ (crank angle position of 50% MBF) is a robust parameter for the closed loop control of HCCI combustion.     

不同点火时刻下天然气掺氢缸内直喷发动机燃烧与排放特性

在缸内直喷火花点火发动机上开展了天然气掺混0％-18％氢气的混合燃料不同点火时刻下的试验研究。结果表明：对于给定的喷射时刻和喷射持续期,点火时刻对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔对直喷天然气发动机极为重要,喷射结束时刻与点火时刻的间隔缩短时,混合气分层程度高,燃烧速率快,热效率高。最大放热率等燃烧特征参数随点火时刻的提前而增加。HC排放随点火时刻的提前而下降,CO2和NOx排放随点火时刻的提前而增加,NOx排放的增加在大点火提前角下更明显。掺氢可降低HC排放,对CO和CO2排放影响不大。掺氢量大于10％时可提高天然气发动机热效率。     

双燃料HCCI燃烧的优化策略

对有废气再循环(EGR)的情况下单一二甲基醚(DME)、DME／甲醇(Methanol)和DME/天然气(CNG)双燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)燃烧进行了实验研究．研究结果表明,单一DME的HCCI只能在小负荷下实现．采用DME／甲醇双燃料后,HCCI的负荷范围达到了原柴油机中高负荷水平．EGR能扩大双燃料HCCI的可控燃烧范围,但对扩展双燃料HCCI燃烧的负荷范围作用不大．分层燃烧技术有扩大双燃料发动机的负荷范围到大负荷的潜力．DME／甲醇双燃料HCCI的指示热效率要优于DME／CNG．在低负荷工况,采用单一DME加EGR的HCCI燃烧能获得更好的经济性指标．     

Evaluation of heat transfer correlations for HCCI engine modeling

Combustion in HCCI engines is a controlled auto-ignition of well-mixed fuel, air and residual gas. The thermal conditions of the combustion chamber are governed by chemical kinetics strongly coupled with heat transfer from the hot gas to the walls. The heat losses have a critical effect on HCCI ignition timing and burning rate, so it is essential to understand heat transfer process in the combustion chamber in the modeling of HCCI engines. In the present paper, a comparative analysis is performed to investigate the performance of well-known heat transfer correlations in an HCCI engine. The results from the existing correlations are compared with the experimental results obtained in a single-cylinder engine. Significant differences are observed between the heat transfer results obtained by using Woschni, Assanis and Hohenberg correlations.     

乙醇-正庚烷燃料均质压缩过程着火与燃烧特性的研究

详细研究了乙醇正庚烷混合燃料实现均质充量压缩过程的自燃着火特性和燃烧特性。在单缸HCCI发动机上，开展了正庚烷、10％～50％乙醇正庚烷燃料在1800r／min下不同负荷时的试验研究。研究表明，在正庚烷中加入30％～40％比例的乙醇，HCCI运行的平均指示压力可以从0．34MPa拓展到0．52MPa，大负荷下的指示热效率达到50％，但低负荷热效率显著降低。由于乙醇较高的辛烷值，随燃料中乙醇比例的增加，低温反应明显推迟，发生低温反应的起始温度相应升高，峰值放热率降低，并且当乙醇比例达到50％以后，观察不到明显的低温反应。由此导致高温着火时刻推迟，燃烧持续时间延长。正庚烷、10％～30％乙醇正庚烷的HC较低，但是乙醇比例达到40％后，HC显著升高。CO排放在平均指示压力0．15～0．25MPa最高，负荷增加后得到改善。在供给相同的循环热量条件下，随乙醇比例增加，最大燃烧压力以及对应时刻、着火时刻都呈现明显的变动。     

Fuel design and management for the control of advanced compression-ignition combustion modes

Due to concerns regarding the greenhouse effect and limitations on carbon dioxide emissions, the possibility of a next-generation combustion mode for internal combustion engines that can simultaneously reduce exhaust emissions and substantially improve thermal efficiency has drawn increasing attention. The most prominent characteristic of new combustion modes, such as Homogenous-Charge Compression-Ignition (HCCI), Stratified-Charge Compression-Ignition (SCCI), and Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC), is the requirement of creating a homogenous mixture or controllable stratified mixture prior to ignition. To this end, a lean fuel/air mixture and/or a controllable high level of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are employed to prolong the timescale of the ignition chemistry and port fuel injection or early in-cylinder injection is used to lengthen the mixing period. The mixture then undergoes controlled self-ignition near the top dead center (TDC) position due to the compression effect of the piston’s upward movement. It is worth noting that the entire combustion process lacks a direct method for the control of ignition timing and combustion rate, which are instead controlled primarily by chemical kinetics and, to a lesser extent, by turbulence and mixing. Because of the significant impacts of fuel physical–chemical properties on the ignition and combustion process, fuel design and management has become the most common approach for the control of ignition timing and combustion rate in such advanced combustion modes.This paper summarizes the concepts and methods of fuel design and management and provides an overview of the effects of these strategies on ignition, combustion, and emissions for HCCI, LTC, and SCCI engines, respectively. From part 2 to part 4, the paper focuses on the effect of fuel design on HCCI combustion. A fuel index suitable for describing ignition characteristic under HCCI operating conditions is first introduced. Next, the proposed fuel design concept is described, including principles and main methodologies. Strategies based on the fuel design concept (including fuel additives, fuel blending, and dual-fuel technology) are discussed for primary reference fuels (PRF), alternative fuels, and practical gasoline and diesel fuels. Additionally, the effects of real-time fuel design on HCCI combustion fueled with PRFs and dimethyl ether/liquefied petroleum gas (DME–LPG) are evaluated. Diesel HCCI combustion has suffered from difficulties in homogenous mixture formation and an excessively high combustion rate. Therefore, LTC, which concentrates on local combustion temperature and a balance of mixture formation timescale and ignition timescale, has been proposed by many researchers. In Part 5, this paper provides an overview of the major points and research progress of LTC, with a preliminary discussion of the fundamental importance of fuel properties and fuel design strategy on the LTC process and emissions. Due to the stratification strategy has the capable of extending the HCCI operation range to higher loads, SCCI combustion, which incorporates HCCI combustion into a traditional combustion mode, has the potential to be used in commercial engines. Thus, this paper discusses the principles and control strategies of fuel design and management and also summarizes recent progress and future trends. The effect of fuel design and management on SCCI combustion is assessed for high cetane number fuels and high octane number fuels as well as the in SCCI combustion of gasoline–diesel dual-fuel and blends.     

二甲基醚/天然气双燃料均质压燃的燃烧特性

应用零维热力学模型和化学反应动力学模型计算并分析了二甲基醚(DME)／天然气(CNG)双燃料均质压燃(HCCI)运行工况范围，计算与试验结果相吻合．采用DME／CNG双燃料方式可以有效地扩展HCCI的运行工况范围，发动机转速为1400r／min，最大平均有效压力可达O．52MPa．在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了DME／CNG双燃料HCCI燃烧过程的试验研究，结果表明，DME／CNG双燃料燃烧过程表现出明显的两阶段放热过程，随着CNG浓度增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，燃烧始点略有推迟，燃烧第二放热峰值增大．而DME浓度对燃烧过程的影响主要通过影响第一阶段放热过程，进而影响第二阶段放热，随着DME浓度加大，第一放热峰值增大，燃烧始点提前，导致第二放热峰值增大，缸内最大爆发压力增大，主燃期缩短，当DME浓度太高时，发动机将出现爆震．     

乙醇燃料HCCI发动机燃烧特性研究

应用调整进排气门相位控制缸内残余废气率策略,在Ricardo Hydra四冲程进气道喷射单缸试验机上实现了无水乙醇燃料的均质压燃,获得了运行工况范围,并分析研究了空燃比、转速和气门相位对乙醇燃料均质压燃的燃烧特性。结果表明:乙醇燃料的均质压燃的可运行范围仍然受到爆震、换气过程及失火的限制,但在高速及稀燃区域得到拓展;其着火时刻及燃烧持续期依赖于气门定时、空燃比及转速。     

Effect of ignition timing and hydrogen fraction on combustion and emission characteristics of natural gas direct-injection engine

An experimental study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a direct-injection spark-ignited engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends under various ignition timings was conducted. The results show that ignition timing has a significant influence on engine performance, combustion and emissions. The interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing is a very important parameter for direct-injection natural gas engines. The turbulent flow in the combustion chamber generated by the fuel jet remains high and relative strong mixture stratification is introduced when decreasing the angle interval between the end of fuel injection and ignition timing giving fast burning rates and high thermal efficiencies. The maximum cylinder gas pressure, maximum mean gas temperature, maximum rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate increase with the advancing of ignition timing. However, these parameters do not vary much with hydrogen addition under specific ignition timing indicating that a small hydrogen fraction addition of less than 20% in the present experiment has little influence on combustion parameters under specific ignition timing. The exhaust HC emission decreases while the exhaust CO₂ concentration increases with the advancing of ignition timing. In the lean combustion condition, the exhaust CO does not vary much with ignition timing. At the same ignition timing, the exhaust HC decreases with hydrogen addition while the exhaust CO and CO₂ do not vary much with hydrogen addition. The exhaust NO_x increases with the advancing of ignition timing and the behavior tends to be more obvious at large ignition advance angle. The brake mean effective pressure and the effective thermal efficiency of natural gas/hydrogen mixture combustion increase compared with those of natural gas combustion when the hydrogen fraction is over 10%.     

用汽油和甲醇燃油分层拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷的试验研究

在一台单缸HCCI发动机上研究了进气道喷射汽油缸内喷射甲醇形成汽油甲醇燃油分层的HCCI燃烧排放特性,探索了其拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷的潜力。试验结果表明:在汽油HCCI燃烧中喷射甲醇能够有效降低缸内混合气的温度,推迟着火时刻,延长燃烧持续期,从而降低压力升高率和缸内最高燃烧压力,有利于拓展HCCI燃烧高负荷。一定的HCCI负荷工况存在最佳的汽油甲醇比例,且汽油甲醇最佳比例随着负荷的增加不断减小。在最大压力升高率0.5MPa/°CA和较高的指示效率的限制下,自然吸气条件下采用汽油和甲醇燃油分层的HCCI燃烧最高负荷比汽油HCCI燃烧提高了近50%,达到0.62MPa。