淀粉—亲水性胶体之间相互作用研究进展

该文主要从亲水性胶体对淀粉糊化性质、流变学性质、热性质影响及不同盐、糖对淀粉―亲水性胶体混合凝胶体系作用研究入手;综述亲水性胶体与淀粉间相互作用可能机理,并对淀粉―亲水性胶体混合凝胶体系在食品中应用进行介绍。     

Micellar properties of OSA starch and interaction with xanthan gum in aqueous solution

Octenyl succinate (OSA) modified starches are used, as emulsifiers and stabilizers, in many food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. The aim of this study was to determine critical micellar concentration (CMC) of two different octenyl succinate modified waxy corn starches at 25 °C, and to examine possibility of their interactions with xanthan gum in aqueous solution. The CMC was determined by viscometry, conductometry, surface tension and dye solubilization. The CMC values for two OSA starches (OS1 and OS2) varied from 0.050 to 0.088 g/100 cm³ and from 0.041 to 0.081 g/100 cm³ respectively, depending on applied technique. The same techniques were used for investigation of the interactions between OSA starch and xanthan gum. The addition of xanthan gum decreases the specific viscosity and increases surface tension and the CMC values compared to the single OSA starch solutions.     

Study of emulsions stabilized with Phaseolus vulgaris or Phaseolus coccineus with the addition of Arabic gum, locust bean gum and xanthan gum

The properties of o/w emulsions stabilized with 1%w/v common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), V or scarlet runner bean (P. coccineus L.), Coc extracted by isoelectric precipitation or ultrafiltration, at pH 7.0 and 5.5, with the addition of Arabic gum, locust bean gum, xanthan gum and a mixture of xanthan gum–locust bean gum (0.1 %w/v and 0.25 %w/v) are studied. The stability of emulsions was evaluated on the basis of oil droplet size, creaming, viscosity and protein adsorption measurements. The addition of Arabic gum, caused an increase in D[4,3] values and a decrease in the amount of protein adsorbed at the interface. The addition of locust bean gum in some emulsions reduced the amount of protein adsorbed. The addition of xanthan and to a less extend of the polysaccharide mixture, promoted a decrease in D[4,3]. So, emulsion stability was affected by the polysaccharide nature. Differences were also observed with respect to the protein nature, the method of its preparation and emulsion's pH. All polysaccharides enhanced the emulsions viscosity with xanthan and xanthan–locust bean gum exhibiting the higher values. V isolates and isoelectricaly precipitated isolates of both V, Coc showed higher viscosity values. The stability was enhanced by the increase of the viscosity of the continuous phase and the creation of a network, which prevents the oil droplets from coalescence.     

Rheology and breadmaking performance of rice-buckwheat batters supplemented with hydrocolloids

The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of hydrocolloid addition on rheological properties and breadmaking performance of rice-buckwheat batter at different water levels. Xanthan gum (XG) and propylene glycol alginate (PGA) were added to rice-buckwheat blend (60:40) at levels of 0.5–1.5%. Batter rheological properties were investigated using dynamic measurements in the linear viscoelastic range (frequency sweep and time cure tests). The addition of both hydrocolloids significantly enhanced the storage modulus (G′) of batter. XG exerted greater effect on G′ than PGA. Different effects on starch gelatinisation were observed for the two hydrocolloids. PGA breads showed higher improvement in terms of increased specific volume (V_s), decreased crumb firmness and crumb structure than XG breads. Different technological behaviours were explained on the basis of batter rheological properties.     

食用胶干法变性淀粉的制备、性质及应用进展

淀粉变性的方法有湿法和干法两种。干法变性淀粉的变性试剂可分为小分子和大分子两大类。采用食用胶大分子对淀粉进行的干法变性是一种新方法,其中包括阴离子胶(黄原胶、海藻酸钠、卡拉胶、羧甲基纤维素钠)、阳离子胶(壳聚糖)和非离子胶(瓜尔胶)。      

黄原胶协同干热变性对紫薯淀粉特性的影响

为开发强度高、透明度好且阻水能力优的可食性淀粉膜,本试验添加黄原胶对紫薯淀粉进行干热变性处理,研究其产物特性的变化。结果表明:黄原胶协同干热变性处理后的紫薯淀粉颗粒略微膨胀,大小不均一且发生粘连现象;糊化起始温度略有降低,峰值黏度与终值黏度均升高,热稳定性提高;淀粉糊的冻融稳定性显著提高,溶解度和膨胀度降低,且透明度有所降低;淀粉糊的流变曲线表现为逆时针环状,屈服应力明显增大,其形成的凝胶呈现固体特征,储能模量G'增加,剪切结构恢复力显著提高;淀粉属C-型晶体,干热处理前后淀粉的X-射线衍射图谱无明显变化,但干热变性处理使淀粉结晶度增大。因此,添加黄原胶对紫薯淀粉进行干热变性,可使产物的特性发生明显改变。     

Study of xanthan gum/waxy corn starch interaction in solution by viscometry

The objective of the study was to investigate the molecular interactions of xanthan gum and waxy corn starch in a ternary system. Solutions of xanthan gum/(waxy corn starch) blends dissolved in a mixed solvent of 90% DMSO/10% H₂O (v/v) were studied by means of viscometry as a function of total polymer concentration and composition. The classical Huggins equation, η_sp/C=[η]+bC, which expresses the specific viscosity (η_sp) of a polymer as a function of the concentration C, was found to be suitable for all blends in the dilute system. The intrinsic viscosity ([η]) and Huggins parameter b of the blends increased with the increase of xanthan fraction in the blends. Meanwhile, the addition of xanthan gum also dramatically lowered the overlap concentration (C*) of the blends. The results indicate that xanthan gum is a good thickener, and xanthan gum and waxy corn starch are attracted to each other in the solution under study.     

The effect of electrostatic interactions on pasting properties of potato starch/xanthan gum combinations

The effects of electrostatic interactions on pasting properties of potato starch (PS)/xanthan gum (XG) combinations were investigated. The RVA peak viscosity of combinations was decreased firstly and then increased with the adding of XG. The analysis and regression model performance of RVA measurement showed that there was the relationship between pasting properties of combinations and XG concentrations. Electrostatic repulsions between native potato starch or anionic modified potato starches (AP) and XG could be present by decreasing peak viscosity, but the pasting temperatures showed increasing trend. However, electrostatic attractions between cationic modified potato starch (CP) and XG showed the opposite effect. Negative zeta potential determination for combinations (− 54.6 mv) was higher than PS (− 35.2 mv) illustrated that combinations had more electronegativity and stability, in addition a phase-separated microstructure was exhibited in the combinations determined by Zeta potential results. SEM micrographs presented that XG film attached to the surface of PS granules, which inhibited the starch granules destruction and leaching of amylase. The electrostatic repulsion leaded to more stability of the three dimensional network structures of combinations. The strong electrostatic interactions between PS and XG were found to play an important role on the pasting properties of the combinations.     

Surface tension of Phaseolus vulgaris and coccineus proteins and effect of polysaccharides on their foaming properties

The surface tension of protein isolates from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.), prepared by isoelectric precipitation and ultrafiltration was evaluated, with respect to protein concentration (0.001–0.1% w/v) and pH (pH 4.5, 5.5, 7.0 and 8.0). Surface tension was most reduced, and with a higher rate of reduction at higher protein concentration and at pH 8.0. Foams (1, 2% w/v protein), at the same pH values, with and without the addition of polysaccharides, were studied. The proteins’ foaming behaviour was related to their adsorption behaviour. Arabic gum, locust bean gum (0.1% and 0.25% w/v), xanthan gum and a xanthan/locust bean gum mixture (0.1% w/v) had a positive effect on foam creation. All polysaccharides increased foam stability, probably due to the viscosity increase and to the creation of a network, which prevents the air droplets from coalescence. Isolates from P. coccineus and isolates obtained by ultrafiltration seemed to exhibit better foaming properties.     

Characterization of the influence of main emulsion components on the physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion using response surface methodology

The present work was conducted to investigate the influence of main emulsion components, namely Arabic gum (7–13% w/w), xanthan gum (0.1–0.3% w/w) and orange oil (6–10% w/w) contents on physical stability, viscosity, cloudiness and conductivity of orange beverage emulsion. In this study, 20 orange beverage emulsions were established based on a three-factor central composite design (CCD) involving 8 factorial points, 6 axial points and 6 center points. The main objective of the present study was to determine an optimal concentration level of main emulsion components leading to an optimum orange beverage emulsion with desirable physicochemical properties. In general, all response surface models were significantly (p<0.05) fitted for describing the variability of physical stability, viscosity, conductivity and cloudiness as a nonlinear function of the content of main emulsion components. More than 84% of the variation of physicochemical properties of orange beverage emulsion could be explained as a function of the content of the main beverage emulsion components. In general, the orange oil content appeared to be the most significant (p<0.05) factor influencing all emulsion characteristics studied except for conductivity. From the optimization procedure, the overall optimal region leading to the desirable orange beverage emulsion was predicted to be achieved by the combined level of 13% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.22% (w/w) xanthan gum and 10% (w/w) orange oil.     

稳定剂对软冰淇淋品质的影响

对软冰淇淋浆料的粘度及软冰淇淋的硬度、膨胀率、抗融性等指标进行测试来观察黄原胶、刺槐豆胶和卡拉胶对软冰淇淋品质的影响.结果表明：在没有乳化剂存在的前提下,刺槐豆胶的抗融性最好,卡拉胶次之,黄原胶较差,但刺槐豆胶对软冰淇淋膨胀率的影响不稳定,当添加量为0.2%～0.4%时能显著提高软冰淇淋的膨胀率,其他用量时膨胀率则反而降低,黄原胶可提高产品的膨胀率,卡拉胶则降低膨胀率;在粘度方面,三者均有增稠作用,作用大小依次为黄原胶、刺槐豆胶和卡拉胶;三者均有降低产品硬度的趋势,刺槐豆胶的降低程度大于卡拉胶和黄原胶.     

Influence of non-starch polysaccharides on the in vitro digestibility and viscosity of starch suspensions

The effects of adding non-starch polysaccharides (xanthan gum, guar gum, konjac glucomannan, and pectin) on the starch digestibility and viscosity of raw starch suspensions in a mixed system were determined. Each type of polysaccharide was added to high-amylose corn starch suspensions at defined concentrations. High-amylose rice starch suspensions mixed with xanthan and guar gum were prepared for comparison. The extent of starch digestibility was determined by an in vitro method, and the glucose diffusibility from the dialysis tube in the presence of polysaccharides was measured. The added polysaccharides were observed to decrease the starch digestibility in a mixed system. When compared at the same concentration, xanthan gum showed the most pronounced suppressive effect on starch digestibility and glucose diffusibility from the dialysis tube. The addition of polysaccharides increased the viscosity of the starch suspension. Significant relations were found between the extent of starch digestibility and the apparent viscosity at low shear rate.     

Effect of stabiliser classes (animal proteins,vegetable proteins,starches, hydrocolloids and dietary fibre) on the physicochemical properties of a model lean meat product

The effects of eleven ingredients (originating from various ingredient classes: animal proteins, plant proteins, starches, hydrocolloids and fibres) applied in two different concentrations on drip loss, rheological characteristics and hardness were evaluated in a lean meat model system. The high concentration of potato starch, insoluble citrus fibre, rice starch or pea protein significantly (P < 0.05) reduced drip losses (6.92%, 17.87%, 15.70%, 17.60%, respectively) compared to control (30.80%), while rheological measures and hardness remained unchanged (P > 0.05). Moreover, the addition of low concentrations of soluble citrus fibre did not significantly affect hardness (4.11 N), whereas its inclusion at high concentrations had a significant effect on the final hardness (7.17 N). Among all the tested ingredients, xanthan presented the lowest drip loss value (0.12% and 0.40% for high and low concentration, respectively). Finally, gelatine did not show any differences in water holding capacity, storage modulus nor hardness compared with the control group.     

Response surface methodology and multivariate analysis of equilibrium headspace concentration of orange beverage emulsion as function of emulsion composition and structure

The influence of emulsion composition (i.e. Arabic gum, xanthan gum and, orange oil) and structural emulsion properties (i.e. average droplet size and apparent viscosity) on equilibrium headspace concentration of beverage emulsions was investigated. Increase in average droplet size led to increase the equilibrium headspace concentration of more hydrophilic volatile compounds (i.e. lower log P) such as ethyl acetate and octanal, but decrease in more hydrophobic volatile compounds such as 3-carene, myrcene and limonene. In most cases, apparent viscosity had significant positive effect on equilibrium headspace concentration. Principle component analysis (PCA) score discriminated the beverage emulsions containing the same orange oil content but different contents of emulsifiers in different classes, thus indicating the significant (p < 0.05) effect of emulsifier fraction on equilibrium headspace concentration. Beverage emulsion containing 22.2% (w/w) Arabic gum, 0.52% (w/w) xanthan gum and 14.21% (w/w) orange oil was estimated to provide the highest equilibrium headspace concentration.     

Controlling rheology and structure of sweet potato starch noodles with high broccoli powder content by hydrocolloids

Incorporating high volume fractions of broccoli powder in starch noodle dough has a major effect on its shear modulus, as a result of significant swelling of the broccoli particles. Several hydrocolloids with distinct water binding capacity (locust bean gum (LBG), guar gum, konjac glucomannan (KG), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and xanthan gum), were added to systems with 4 and 20% (v/v dry based) broccoli particles, and the effect of this addition on dough rheology, mechanical properties and structure of cooked noodles was investigated. Hydrocolloids with low (LBG and guar gum) and intermediate (KG) water binding capacity had no significant effect on shear rheology of the dough. Adding hydrocolloids with high water binding capacity (HPMC and xanthan gum) decreased the shear modulus of dough with 20% broccoli particles significantly. CLSM analysis of cooked noodles showed that in samples containing xanthan gum there was also an inhibition of swelling of starch granules. Strength and stiffness of cooked noodles with 20% broccoli particles were higher for samples containing xanthan gum, than samples without xanthan gum. The cooking loss and swelling index of samples with added hydrocolloids were slightly lower than samples without hydrocolloids. Our results showed that hydrocolloids with high water binding capacity can be used to control the degree of swelling of vegetable particles and starch granules in starch noodle products, and thereby control both dough rheology and textural properties of the cooked noodles.     

亲水性胶体和盐类在果汁牛奶中的稳定作用

研究了不同亲水性胶体和盐类对果汁牛奶的稳定作用。结果表明，单独使用果胶、CMC和PGA，在一定用量下可以将体系沉淀率降至1％以下；瓜尔豆胶和刺槐豆胶对果胶有增效作用。盐的加入明显增强了胶体的稳定能力，但其添加比例有最佳值，集中在0．04％～0.12％。当使用CMC和PGA时，先加盐的效果优于后加盐；但对于果胶使用量较低的体系，则以先加胶体为好。     

结冷胶对马铃薯淀粉回生特性的影响

向马铃薯淀粉中添加不同含量的结冷胶（0.4%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%,以淀粉干基计）,采用差示扫描量热仪、X-射线衍射、全质构和凝沉体积测定方法,研究结冷胶对马铃薯淀粉的热特性、结晶度、凝沉性和质构特性的影响。结果表明:结冷胶在0.4%³.0%添加量下,显著提高了马铃薯淀粉回生焓值（p<0.05）;结冷胶在0.4%³.0%添加量下,冷藏7 d的样品相对结晶度由10.78%增加到13.91%。此外,结冷胶加速了马铃薯淀粉的凝沉,但在钙离子体系下提高了凝胶的稳定性。结冷胶改变了马铃薯淀粉的回生性质,为其成膜提供了理论依据。      

Effect of non-starch polysaccharides on the in vitro digestibility and rheological properties of rice starch gel

The starch digestibility and rheological properties of gels were evaluated in the presence of three non-starch polysaccharides (agar, xanthan gum and konjac glucomannan) with rice starch. Each polysaccharide was added to 30% (w/w) rice starch suspension at defined concentrations and starch gels were prepared. The extent of starch gel digestibility was determined by an in vitro method and rheological properties by a dynamic oscillatory test and a compression test. The added polysaccharides suppressed starch hydrolysis in the gels compared with the control, and a concentration dependency of this suppressive effect was observed. Adding agar and xanthan gum increased the storage shear modulus (G′) of starch gels, while adding konjac glucomannan decreased G′ values. The results indicate that the suppressive effect of non-starch polysaccharides on starch digestibility appears to be not only due to the rigidity of the gel, but also the interaction between starch and non-starch polysaccharides.