工艺参数对激光重熔等离子喷涂Ni基WC复合涂层影响

采用激光重熔工艺对等离子喷涂预置Ni基WC复合涂层进行处理,研究了激光工艺参数对涂层微观组织和性能的影响。用扫描电镜(SEM)、显微硬度计和球-盘式摩擦磨损机分析了涂层微观结构、显微硬度和高温摩擦磨损特性。结果表明,激光重熔消除了等离子喷涂层的片层状结构、孔隙等缺陷,涂层致密性提高;随着激光功率的增加,WC颗粒烧损和溶解增多,同时涂层稀释率变大;激光重熔处理后涂层的显微硬度和磨损性能显著高于原等离子喷涂层,但激光功率对其有较大的影响,工艺参数的合理选择有利于WC颗粒适当熔化,从而在涂层中保留较高比例的硬质相,同时使WC颗粒与Ni基体的结合较强,达到较高的显微硬度和耐磨性能。     

钛合金等离子喷涂纳米陶瓷涂层激光重熔试验研究

研究了钛合金表面等离子喷涂纳米结构的A12O3+l3wt.%TiO2复合陶瓷涂层激光重熔的微观结构形貌、物相、显微"硬度及结合强度.结果表明涂层在激光重熔后.消除了等离子喷涂后的片层结构组织.在涂层中仍存在部分未熔的纳米结构颗粒,分散了涂层内的应力.原等离子喷涂层中的γ-Al2 O3亚稳态相消失,全部转变为稳态相α-Al2 O3,TiO2则由板钛矿相完全转变为热力学稳定的金红石相,重熔后的喷涂层致密性、显微硬度和结合强度均得到了明显提高.     

钛合金表面激光重熔镍包石墨涂层的研究

为了提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能,以镍包石墨粉末作为预涂材料,先热喷涂到Ti-6A l-4V基底表面,再采用激光技术进行重熔处理,获得了质量良好的增强涂层。通过XRD、SEM和EDS对涂层组织进行分析,结果表明:涂层的微观组织为固熔了少量Ti元素的镍基,含有大量的TiC增强相。这些TiC增强相呈现发达的枝晶状形态,是在激光重熔过程中原位反应生成的。显微维氏硬度测试表明:激光重熔涂层的硬度达到HV1200,是钛合金基底硬度的3倍。     

激光重熔对火焰喷涂法制备Ni-WC复合涂层耐磨性能的影响

利用CO2激光对火焰喷涂制备的Ni-WC复合涂层进行了重熔实验,通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了其重熔后表面形貌,测试了含有不同WC体积分数样品重熔前后的涂层显微硬度,并分析了WC含量对涂层组织及耐磨性的影响。实验结果表明,火焰喷涂制备的涂层气孔随着WC颗粒含量增大而增多,经激光重熔后气孔明显减少;激光重熔后的涂层显微硬度比火焰喷涂的涂层显微硬度提高约20%,WC体积分数为6%时涂层显微硬度达到最大值;激光重熔处理后的涂层耐磨性随着WC含量的增加而增大,WC体积分数为6%时,其耐磨性达到最佳值。     

激光重熔对Ni/WC涂层组织结构的改善机制研究

为了进一步探讨激光重熔等离子喷涂金属陶瓷涂层的组织与性能。本文通过等离子喷涂设备在45钢表面上制备了Ni/WC金属陶瓷涂层,再进行激光重熔处理,然后利用SEM、XRD、Photoshop软件及显微硬度测试仪等分析测试手段研究了该涂层在激光重熔前后的组织性能变化。结果表明:激光重熔前涂层为典型的层状结构,基体与涂层的结合面为机械结合,涂层内有大量未熔WC颗粒,且XRD检测其高温作用使得喷涂颗粒发生分解,分解出的C元素与其他元素发生反应生成新的化合物,丰富了涂层的硬质相;激光重熔后涂层中颗粒细化,分布均匀且能消除涂层中大部分孔隙和WC团聚。WC再次发生分解,生成新的硬质相,与周围的Ni形成“软基相+硬质点”的组合分布,基体与涂层的结合方式由机械结合转变为冶金结合。孔隙率由7.02%降到了3.08%,显微硬度也相应提高,且涂层显微硬度比基体高了255HV。     

钛合金表面激光重熔Al2O3-TiO2涂层的试验研究

采用等离子喷涂和激光重熔复合工艺在Ti-6Al-4V基体上分别制备了微米和纳米Al2O3-13wt.%TiO2涂层,通过光学金相显微分析(OM)、扫描电镜分析(SEM)、显微硬度试验等方法研究了激光重熔对涂层的组织及性能的影响。试验结果表明,激光重熔可消除涂层内部的孔隙和层状缺陷,获得表面平整、致密的重熔涂层,且涂层与基体形成了良好的冶金结合。激光重熔后,微米和纳米Al2O3-13wt.%TiO2涂层的平均硬度值分别由喷涂态涂层的803 HV0.3和846 HV0.3提高至1 111 HV0.3和1451 HV0.3。     

TiAl基合金表面激光重熔MCrAlY涂层组织结构及抗氧化性

采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl基合金表面制备NiCoCrAl-Y2O3涂层.并用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理.用SEM、XRD对激光重熔前后的试样进行检测,分析了涂层的微观组织结构以及物相成分组成,同时对涂层进行高温氧化试验.结果表明,等离子喷涂后的涂层组织较致密,但仍存在孔洞等缺陷.激光重熔后涂层的组织结构进一步均匀、致密,晶粒得到细化.激光重熔过程中,涂层中Al元素上浮,并部分氧化生成Al2O3相.这两方面均可有效"阻碍"氧离子向内扩散和金属阳离子向外扩散,使重熔后涂层的高温抗氧化性能得到较大地改善.     

激光重熔对CoCrAlYTa涂层组织及氧化性能的影响

采用等离子喷涂工艺在Co基合金表面制备CoCrAlYTa-Al_2O_3-ZrB_2复合涂层,并采用激光重熔工艺对涂层进行处理。通过扫描电镜(SEM)、和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对重熔前后试样进行检测,分析涂层的微观结构及物相组成,同时对涂层进行高温氧化实验,比较重熔前后试样的性能。结果表明,激光重熔消除了等离子喷涂层的片层状结构、孔隙等缺陷,涂层致密性有很大提高;激光重熔层截面显微硬度从平均899.47 HV提高到929.484 HV;激光重熔层氧化增重速率约为等离子喷涂层的1/6,且氧化膜均匀致密,有效阻止氧化的进一步进行,从而大大提高涂层的抗氧化性能。     

以纳米SiC为填料的激光重熔等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层组织及耐腐蚀性能的研究

在45#钢表面,以等离子喷涂技术制备了WC/Co-NiCrAl涂层(TC-1)。采用激光直接重熔等离子喷涂陶瓷涂 层技术制备了激光重熔WC/Co-NiCrAl/laser-remelting陶瓷涂层(FC-2);以纳米SiC粉末为填料,对等离子喷涂层进行 了填料下的激光重熔,制备了纳米SiC改性的WC/Co-NiCrAl/nano-SiC复合陶瓷涂层(FC-3)。采用X射线衍射、扫描电 镜对三种涂层微观组织进行了分析,同时对陶瓷涂层的耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,TC-1涂层由WC,W2C, W6C2.54,W,Co,CoO组成;TC-2重熔层由WC,W2C,CoO及W组成;纳米改性后的重熔层TC-3由SiC,Si2W,WC,W及 CoO组成。在激光作用下,原等离子喷涂层WC/Co的片层状组织得以消除。与TC-1涂层相比,TC-2及TC-3陶瓷涂层 致密化程度明显提高,涂层耐腐蚀性能也得到了明显的改善。     

TiAl合金表面激光重熔纳米陶瓷涂层热腐蚀性能

为了进一步提高TiAl合金的耐热腐蚀性能,分别采用等离子喷涂和等离子喷涂-激光重熔复合工艺在TiAl合金表面制备了纳米A12O3-13%TiO2(质量分数)陶瓷涂层.研究了两种涂层在850'C下75%Na2SO4+25%NaCl(质量分数)熔融盐中的热腐蚀行为,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和x射线衍射仪(XRD)对腐蚀后试样的微观组织以及物相进行了分析,并讨论了激光重熔处理对涂层耐热腐蚀性能的影响.结果表明,等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层的腐蚀情况较为严重,经过激光重熔后可以有效提高其耐热腐蚀性能.激光重熔试样具有较高抗热腐蚀性能的原因是:一方面激光重熔消除了喷涂层的层状结构和大部分孔隙,形成了均匀致密的重熔层,减少了热腐蚀过程中的腐蚀扩散通道;另一方面归因于激光重熔使亚稳相γ-Al2O3转变为稳定相α-Al2O3.     

钛合金表面激光熔覆涂层的耐磨性能

为了提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能,采用MXP-2000型销盘式摩擦磨损实验机,以镍包石墨粉末为原材料,利用CO2激光器在TC4合金表面上熔覆耐磨涂层,进行钛合金及激光熔覆涂层的干摩擦磨损实验,并用扫描电镜对磨损表面进行观察和分析。实验结果表明,激光熔覆涂层的摩擦系数为0.56,与钛合金的摩擦系数基本相同,但激光熔覆涂层的磨损失重量比钛合金低接近一个数量级,说明激光熔覆涂层可以大大提高钛合金的表面耐磨性能。TC4合金的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,激光熔覆涂层的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,涂层的高硬度加上涂层里的TiC增强相是其耐磨性高的主要原因。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.