普洱茶优势菌株草酸青霉的功能和安全性研究

为了解草酸青霉在普洱茶渥堆发酵中的功能和安全性,利用普洱茶中分离、鉴定得到的草酸青霉,接种于潮水量35%的云南大叶种晒青毛茶,30℃发酵25 d制备得发酵样,进行感官、理化和安全性分析。结果表明:与对照样相比,发酵样香气甜浓、汤色棕红、味较醇和,茶褐素、红度和黄度等变化较为深刻,且展青霉素的含量为10.06μg/kg,低于国内外限量。综上所述,草酸青霉适于普洱茶的渥堆发酵,发酵样的安全性高。     

普洱茶优势菌株赭曲霉的功能和安全性研究

为了解赭曲霉在普洱茶渥堆发酵中的功能和安全性,利用普洱茶中分离、鉴定得到的赭曲霉,接种于潮水量35%的云南大叶种晒青毛茶,30℃发酵25 d制备得发酵样,进行感官、理化和安全性分析。结果表明:与对照样相比,发酵样香气浓纯、汤色黑褐、滋味较平和,茶褐素、亮度、红度和黄度等变化较为深刻,且赭曲霉毒素的含量为1.80μg/kg,低于国内外限量。综上所述,赭曲霉适于普洱茶的渥堆发酵,发酵样的安全性高。     

人工接种真菌固态发酵对普洱茶品质和功能的影响

本实验以人工接种黑曲霉、青霉、酵母三种真菌固态发酵和自然渥堆发酵加工而成的普洱茶为材料,对比研究其感官品质、理化品质、香气成分和微生物安全指标,并探讨其在降糖和抗癌等保健功能方面的异同。结果表明：人工接种黑曲霉、青霉和酵母三种真菌固态发酵普洱茶能保持自然渥堆发酵普洱茶的基本品质,其产品汤色、滋味、香气等感官品质优良,水浸出物、茶多酚二项理化指标较自然渥堆发酵的茶样（对照）优越,大肠杆菌含量低于30MPN/100g,致病菌未检出,符合云南省地方标准DB53/103-2006的安全指标要求;在活性功能方面,人工接种黑曲霉、青霉和酵母三种真菌固态发酵的普洱茶在防治胃癌和努南氏综合症上效果较好,对于降糖和减肥、免疫缺陷疾病和白血病、血液疾病的防治效果来看,则稍次于自然渥堆发酵的普洱茶,二者表现出大同小异,各有优势,各具特色。     

酵母菌菌株对普洱茶主要功能成分的影响

从渥堆普洱茶样中分离纯化得到一个酵母菌菌株,使用该菌株对普洱茶生茶样进行发酵,对发酵前后茶叶中的重要风味化学成分(氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱、黄酮、儿茶素和茶色素)的变化进行了分析。研究表明,经过酵母菌发酵,茶样中的茶多酚、儿茶素、茶黄素的含量增加,而氨基酸、咖啡碱、黄酮、茶红素、茶褐素的含量减少,与渥堆发酵普洱茶有一定差异,因此酵母菌对普洱茶的品质形成具有较大影响。     

黑曲霉与普洱茶品质形成关系的探讨

普洱茶品质的形成是微生物(优势菌种黑曲霉)和酶系综合协调作用的结果,从普洱茶的化学成分、品质特征、渥堆发酵、功效、食品安全等方面作了分析,探明黑曲霉在普洱茶品质形成中具有重要作用.     

普洱茶发酵产茶多糖菌株的筛选与鉴定

以不同阶段的普洱茶发酵样为实验材料进行真菌的分离纯化,将分离纯化出的优势真菌在理想条件下和自然状态下分别进行茶叶接种发酵,筛选出产茶多糖的优势菌。结果表明,在普洱渥堆发酵中共分离纯化出22株菌株,其中5株菌株在渥堆发酵的不同阶段频繁检出,可用于接种发酵实验。在接种发酵中,茶多糖均有显著增加（p<0.05）。其中PEZJ-1菌株提高茶多糖含量最为显著,在理想条件下和自然状态下的接种发酵中茶多糖含量分别达到23.57%和27.85%。通过菌落形态、分生孢子显微特征、18S r DNA序列,对PEZJ-1进行鉴定,确定该菌株为Aspergillus niger（Gen Bank登录号为JX863374）,属于曲霉属。在普洱茶渥堆发酵中接种外源微生物能显著提高茶多糖含量,Aspergillus niger能大幅度提高茶多糖含量,为茶多糖的开发应用提供了微生物菌种。      

普洱茶发酵产茶多糖菌株的筛选与鉴定

以不同阶段的普洱茶发酵样为实验材料进行真菌的分离纯化,将分离纯化出的优势真菌在理想条件下和自然状态下分别进行茶叶接种发酵,筛选出产茶多糖的优势菌。结果表明,在普洱渥堆发酵中共分离纯化出22株菌株,其中5株菌株在渥堆发酵的不同阶段频繁检出,可用于接种发酵实验。在接种发酵中,茶多糖均有显著增加(p0.05)。其中PEZJ-1菌株提高茶多糖含量最为显著,在理想条件下和自然状态下的接种发酵中茶多糖含量分别达到23.57%和27.85%。通过菌落形态、分生孢子显微特征、18S r DNA序列,对PEZJ-1进行鉴定,确定该菌株为Aspergillus niger(Gen Bank登录号为JX863374),属于曲霉属。在普洱茶渥堆发酵中接种外源微生物能显著提高茶多糖含量,Aspergillus niger能大幅度提高茶多糖含量,为茶多糖的开发应用提供了微生物菌种。     

普洱茶渥堆及发酵罐发酵过程中优势微生物的研究

对云南普洱茶渥堆发酵和发酵罐发酵过程中微生物的种类和数量变化进行了研究。结果表明:渥堆发酵过程中,分离得到的微生物类群比发酵罐发酵丰富得多。整个渥堆发酵过程中,黑曲霉数量始终处于优势地位,其次为酵母菌,细菌数目极少。黑曲霉在培养温度为37℃时,生长最旺盛,高于37℃时随着温度升高数量急剧减少;酵母属酵母和假丝酵母,均随着培养温度升高,数量逐渐增加,到60℃时数量最多,65℃时又有所减少,说明2种酵母菌都能耐受较高生长温度;其余发酵微生物均随着培养温度升高,数量急剧减少。从发酵罐发酵的普洱茶样品中共分离出了黑曲霉、灰绿曲霉、青霉、毛霉、酵母、细菌等微生物。随着温度的升高,微生物的类群和数量总体呈下降趋势。黑曲霉和毛霉的数量先增加后减少,毛霉在培养温度为50℃时是优势微生物。在发酵罐发酵过程中,微生物的多样性显著低于渥堆发酵,这可能与发酵罐是一个相对封闭的体系有关。发酵微生物多样性的差异,可能是导致发酵罐发酵的茶叶品质与渥堆发酵有显著差异的原因。     

黑曲霉与顶头孢霉菌株对普洱茶品质的影响

使用黑曲霉与顶头孢霉菌株,通过不同的组合接种方式发酵普洱茶,测定发酵过程中茶叶氨基酸、茶多酚、咖啡碱、儿茶素、黄酮、茶黄素、茶褐素、茶红素、单糖、多糖、寡糖等主要功能成分的变化,研究2种微生物在普洱茶发酵中的作用。结果显示,不同的组合方式发酵普洱茶过程中,茶叶中主要化学功能成分的变化规律不同。发酵后,3种茶样中的多糖、茶多酚和茶红素的含量近似,而优先接种顶头孢霉茶样中的咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素、茶褐素、黄酮和寡糖等品质成分含量均明显高于另外2组茶样,因此,以顶头孢霉作为优势菌株和黑曲霉进行组合发酵最有利于普洱茶优良品质的形成。     

3种有益菌对联苯菊酯残留晒青毛茶固态发酵过程中多酚类物质含量影响的研究

为了探明有益菌对联苯菊酯农药残留晒青毛茶固态发酵中茶多酚类物质含量的影响,以期为普洱茶固态发酵工艺的优化及普洱茶农药残留安全性标准的制定提供科学依据。采用高效液相色谱技术分析鉴定了不喷联苯菊酯不接菌、不喷联苯菊酯接酿酒酵母菌、黑曲霉、产黄青霉,喷施联苯菊酯后不接菌、喷施联苯菊酯后接酿酒酵母菌、黑曲霉、产黄青霉8种固态发酵处理下普洱茶茶多酚类物质含量。结果表明联苯菊酯农药的喷施使茶多酚类物质的含量极显著低于喷药前(P <0.01);喷联苯菊酯后接菌的发酵样中各时期茶多酚类物质含量极显著低于不喷联苯菊酯接菌的发酵样(P <0.01),极显著高于喷施联苯菊酯不接菌的发酵样(P <0.01)。联苯菊酯农药残留给普洱茶的滋味和安全带来不良影响,有益菌的利用可以降低茶多酚类物质含量的减少,为普洱茶的品质改善和安全性提供保障。     

Isolation,Composition, Structure,Properties, Modifications,and Uses of Yam Starch

Starch is the major carbohydrate in yam tubers and can amount up to 80% of the dry matter. The starch quality determines the quality of food and industrial products made from yam tubers. This review summarizes the present knowledge of the isolation, composition, structure, property, modifications, and uses of starches from diverse yam species. Compared with other tuber and root starches, there is a lack of systematic information on the yam starches. This hinders the further development of yams as sustainable crops as well as the value‐added processing of the starches. Therefore, suggestions on how to better understand and utilize these starches are provided.     

Mineral contents of some southern Italian wines. II. Determination of Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Ag, Sb, Ba

Following our study of the mineral contents of some Southern Italian wines, this work reports on the detection of 12 elemental components. The elements were determined using ICP-AES, flame atomic emission or absorption spectroscopy. The values determined for Li, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Rb, Sr and Ba were within the usual ranges for wines (average values for these elements were: 0.010, 26.2; 94.4; 888; 94.0; 3.30, 0.82 and 0.11 mg/l respectively). All the wines contained low levels of As, the concentrations of which were always under 0.20 mg/l, the maximum level permitted by E.E.C. standards. The measuring of Co, Ag, and Sb led us to ascertain, in all the wines, concentrations lower than 0.01 mg/l for Co and Ag and below the instrumental detection level for Sb (0.06 mg/l). In a previous study wines from D.O.C. areas of Southern Italy were analysed by the technique of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), for 14 minerals. This paper deals with further investigation of the mineral composition of the same wines for different metal constituents, analysed by ICP-AES, flame atomic emission, or atomic-absorption spectroscopy (two techniques). The first technique was applied to the detection of Co, As, Sr, Ag, Sb, and Ba. The alkaline metals Li, Na, K, and Rb were determined by flame atomic emission, a technique which possesses better detection limits for these elements. For Mg and Ca the atomic absorption methods were applied.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Survey of trace elements (Al,As, Cd,Cr, Co,Hg, Mn,Ni, Pb,Se, and Si) in retail samples of flavoured and bottled waters

Concentrations of eleven trace elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Si) were measured in 39 (natural and flavoured) water samples. Determinations were performed using graphite furnace electrothermetry for almost all elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Si). For Se determination hydride generation was used, and cold vapour generation for Hg. These techniques were coupled to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace element content of still or sparkling natural waters changed from brand to brand. Significant differences between natural still and natural sparkling waters (p < 0.001) were only apparent for Mn. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to search for significant differences between flavoured and natural waters. The concentration of each element was compared with the presence of flavours, preservatives, acidifying agents, fruit juice and/or sweeteners, according to the labelled composition. It was shown that flavoured waters generally increase the trace element content. The addition of preservatives and acidifying regulators had a significant influence on Mn, Co, As and Si contents (p < 0.05). Fruit juice can also be correlated to the increase of Co and As. Sweeteners did not provide any significant difference in Mn, Co, Se and Si content.     

Varied Composition of Tocochromanols in Different Types of Bran: Rye,Wheat, Oat,Spelt, Buckwheat,Corn, and Rice

The profiles of tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) homologues in 37 samples of seven different types of bran (rye, wheat, oat, spelt, buckwheat, rice, and corn), available on the Polish market, were studied. Tocochromanols were identified and quantified by reverse phase-high-performance liquid chromatograph/fluorescence detector and reverse phase-ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Only rice bran contained all eight tocochromanol types. Corn bran lacked β-T3; rye, wheat, oat, and spelt bran lacked γ-T3 and δ-T3; and buckwheat bran lacked β-T3, γ-T3, and δ-T3. In buckwheat and corn bran tocopherols predominated (98 and 78%, respectively); whereas rye, wheat, oat, spelt, and rice bran were rich in tocotrienols (78, 76, 66, 87, and 66%, respectively). The average total tocochromanol contents in the oat, corn, spelt, buckwheat, wheat, rye, and rice bran were 5.5, 16.2, 15.8, 14.7, 12.8, 10.7, and 9.1 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively. Tocochromanol concentrations in samples of the same type bran from different sources varied considerably. Better labeling of bran products to reflect this variation would assist with control of vitamin E daily dietary requirements.     

Optimization of extraction conditions of total phenolics, antioxidant activities, and anthocyanin of oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic extracts and antioxidant activity and anthocyanins of varieties of the investigated plants. These plants include oregano, thyme, terebinth, and pomegranate. The optimum extraction conditions including temperature and solvent of the extraction process itself were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin extracts were examined according to Folin-Ciocalteu assay and Rabino and Mancinelli method, respectively. The effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on extracts of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins were studied. Plant samples were evaluated for their antioxidant chemical activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazl assay, to determine their potential as a source of natural antioxidant. Results showed that all tested plants exhibited appreciable amounts of phenolic compounds. The methanolic extract (60 °C) of sour pomegranate peel contained the highest phenolic extract (4952.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Terebinth green seed had the lowest phenolic extract (599.4 mg/100 g of dry weight). Anthocyanins ranged between 3.5 (terebinth red seed) and 0.2 mg/100 g of dry material (thyme). Significant effect of different extracting solvents and temperatures on total phenolics and anthocyanin extracts were found. The methanol and 60 °C of extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting phenolic compounds. The distilled water and 60 °C extraction conditions found to be the best for extracting anthocyanin.     

ICP-MS测定饼干中的铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰

探讨了应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定饼干中铅、砷、铬、镉、铜、锌、铁和锰8种重金属元素的方法。运用微波消解系统对样品进行消解,以铋、锗、钪和铟作为内标物,用ICP-MS对消解液进行检测,并采用国标方法对其结果进行验证。利用加标回收率试验和国家标准物质小麦(GBW 10052)检测试验考察了方法的准确性和可靠性。结果表明,该方法所测元素在标准溶液浓度范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999,方法检出限在0.002~0.500 mg/kg之间,相对标准偏差均小于6.55%,本法与国标方法测量结果的相对偏差在3.73%~8.40%之间,加标回收率在88.0%~106%之间,标准物质的测定值与标准参考值符合要求。     

The effect of storage of canned juices on content of the metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Al, Cd, Sb and Ni

The increase in concentration of iron, copper, zinc, lead, antimony, aluminium, cadmium, tin and nickel over a 2 year's time of juices of peach (prunus persica), pear (pyrus communis), apricot (prunus vulgaris) and apple (malus pumila) was determined. The results show a considerable increase in Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Sn with time, while the change in Al, Cd, Ni and Sb is negligible.     

接装纸中汞、砷、铅等8种元素的分析研究

本文利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES法)同时测定接装纸样品中铅、铜、镉、铬、锡、锑元素含量,汞、砷元素含量采用冷原子吸收光谱法和银盐法测定.结果表明接装纸样品中锡元素含量最高,铜次之,汞、砷、铅相比,砷元素含量较高,部分样品中砷、铅元素含量超出食品包装用纸的最高限量标准.采用ICP-AES法同时测定接装纸6种元素,操作简便,重复性好,回收率高.此外,本文还对接装纸荧光物质和脱色程度进行了测定分析,从随机抽检的47份国产、进口接装纸样品看,进口白色接装纸无荧光,国产白色接装纸有荧光,珠光色接装纸个别有荧光,纸边为白色的接装纸荧光程度不一.脱色试验表明,进口接装纸,国产印刷型接装纸、珠光纸不脱色,涂布型接装纸均有不同程度的脱色.     

Analysis of cheese for histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophane

A method is described for determining the content of selected biologically active amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine) and amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) in cheeses by high performance liquid chromatography. The amines and amino acids were quantified by employing a counter ion-containing mobile phase and by comparing peak areas of high performance liquid chromatography charts for sample cheeses versus standard cheeses containing known amounts of added amines based on dual injections of samples and standards. Recovery of amines and amino acids varied from 87.5 to 111%. Histamine, which has been associated with food poisoning in concentrations of 185 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese and 180 to 500 mg/100 g in fish, was found in concentrations above 500 mg/100 g in Swiss cheese. The high performance liquid chromatography analytical method should be useful for screening to detect cheese samples containing toxic amounts of histamine and for research studies designed to determine the cause and effect relationships for histamine production in cheese.