均质压燃发动机燃烧与排放的多区模型模拟

应用一个有质量交换的6区模型模拟正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧和排放特性．通过把缸内划分为缝隙区、边界层区、外核心区和内核心区,加入Woschni传热模型计入了缸内的温度和浓度的不均匀分布．全部计算基于正庚烷燃烧的包含57种组分290个反应的详细机理,结果表明,该多区模型合理地模拟了HCCI发动机的燃烧过程,并可满意地预测出HC、CO和NO的排放．最后采用此多区模型分别讨论了缝隙容积、边界层厚度和壁面温度对HCCI发动机的燃烧和排放的影响．     

HCCI发动机多区燃烧模型的比较研究

多区模型作为现阶段均质压燃（HCCI）发动机高效准确的数值模型得到了世界范围的广泛关注。讨论了不同子模型对多区模型预测性能的影响。以实验为基准,比较了多区模型中区间划分、缸壁传热模型、区间热量交换模型、区间质量交换模型和边界层模型对HCCI发动机燃烧和排放模拟结果的影响,全部计算均基于异辛烷的详细化学动力学机理。结果表明：在区间划分时对温度较低的区域细化可以提高排放的计算效果,而对高温区域的细化对计算结果影响不大;改进的Woschni传热模型更准确地模拟了缸壁的传热过程;区间的质量和热量交换对计算结果影响显著,特别是质量交换模型的加入使CO排放的预测与实验值更为接近;而边界层厚度模型对整个结果影响不大。     

Modeling HCCI combustion: Modification of a multi-zone model and comparison to experimental results at varying boost pressure

The present study presents a comparison of the results obtained from a modified HCCI multi-zone model to experimental measurements, at different load and boost pressure conditions. The multi-zone model includes a modified sub-model for the wall heat transfer and accounts for the heat transfer between zones. Gas mixing between cold and hot regions of the combustion chamber, which is of major importance for the emissions formation, is also accounted for throughout compression, combustion and expansion. Combustion is modeled using a reduced set of chemical reactions coupled with a chemical kinetics solver. A refined zone configuration near the combustion chamber wall was used, in order to obtain a high resolution at the emissions formation regions. The pressure traces and emissions of nine experimental cases were compared to the multi-zone model results. In these cases the equivalence ratio and the boost pressure were varied, while maintaining constant engine speed. The results show adequate agreement with the pressure traces. The emissions trends are also adequately captured, with the absolute values presenting some deviation from the experimental cases especially for the HC and CO emissions at the relatively low air-fuel equivalence ratios.     

代理汽油在均质压燃内燃机中燃烧特性的模拟研究

在均质压燃（HCCI）内燃机中,燃烧主要由化学动力学控制。研究燃料的化学动力学反应机理对了解和控制HCCI具有重要意义。本文利用CHEMKIN多区模型,研究了由正庚烷、异辛烷和甲苯混合而成的代理汽油的燃烧特性。计算结果显示,多区模型弥补了单区模型中出现的温度压强陡升缺点,能更好地反映缸内真实燃烧过程。多区温度分布区间越广,则燃烧提前,燃烧持续期长。各区NOx排放和温度分布趋势类似。HC和CO排放主要集中在燃烧不完全的第1区。     

Study of dimethyl ether homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion process using a multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model

A multi-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is adopted to investigate the Dimethyl Ether (DME) Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion and emissions processes. A reduced chemical mechanism is coupled with a CFD code in the multi-dimensional CFD model. The pressure profiles predicted by the multi-dimensional CFD model are more accurate than the single-zone model, because the wall heat transfer and in-cylinder turbulence flow are considered. During the combustion process the in-cylinder temperature distribution undergoes a process from inhomogeneity to homogeneity. Both low and high temperature reactions don't occur simultaneously throughout the cylinder. The low temperature reactions are initiated near the piston surface and squish region, and the high temperature reactions are initiated in the combustion chamber core zone and squish region. Emission analysis indicates that unburned fuel and CH₂O account for the majority of unburned hydrocarbon (HC). The unburned fuel, CH₂O and CO emission mainly resides in the bottom, middle and upper part of the piston-ring crevice region, respectively. With the decrease of DME equivalence ratio, unburned fuel and CO increases. However, when the DME equivalence ratio is too small, CO emission decreases.     

Numerical analysis of two-stroke free piston engine operating on HCCI combustion

An opposed-piston hydraulic free piston engine operating with homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion, has been proposed by State Key Laboratory of Engines as a means of significantly improving the IC engine’s cycle thermal efficiency and lowering exhaust emissions. Single and multi-zone Chemkin model with detailed chemical kinetics, and unique piston dynamics extracted from one dimensional gas dynamic model, have been used to analyze the combustion characteristics and engine performance. Intake heating, variable compression ratio and internal EGR are utilized to control the combustion phasing and duration in the cycle simulations, revealing the critical factors and possible limits of performance improvement relative to conventional crank engines. Furthermore, real engine effects such as heat transfer with air swirl, residual mass fraction, thermal stratification, and heat loss fraction between zones are considered in the sequential CFD/multi-zone method to approach the realistic engine performance at an acceptable knock level.     

正庚烷HCCI燃烧下芳香烃及多环芳烃形成的数值模拟

通过修改化学动力学软件CHEMKINⅢ,建立了正庚烷HCCI燃烧下排放特性数值模拟的多区模型.利用此模型对正庚烷HCCI燃烧下芳香烃(苯)与多环芳烃(萘、菲及芘)的生成及演变规律进行了详细分析.计算中采用了正庚烷的燃烧与分解、多环芳烃生成的详细反应机理(共包括107种组分、542个基元反应).结果表明,缸内压力变化趋势的计算结果与实验值基本吻合;核心区由于温度较高,其中的正庚烷已充分燃烧,多环芳烃的质量分数极小;边界层区和缝隙区温度较低,尤其是缝隙区,其温度与壁面温度保持一致,正庚烷在其中不能充分燃烧和分解,同时这两个区域成为多环芳烃的主要来源.     

直喷式柴油机缸内热辐射多区(多维)模型的研究

以准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型和碳粒生成预测了模型为基础,建立了缸内空间辐射多区（多维）模型,并以Ｇ４１３５直喷式柴油机为研究对象,用蒙特卡洛（Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ）法计算和分析了燃烧室壁面辐射热量的分布,结果表明,热流量分布规律和数值与柴油机缸内燃烧过程,有关试验结果相符。     

Simulation of HCCI combustion in air-cooled off-road engines fuelled with diesel and biodiesel

The present work describes the elaboration of a predictive tool consisting on a phenomenological multi-zone model, applicable to the simulation of HCCI combustion of both diesel and biodiesel fuels. The mentioned predictive tool is created with the aim to be applied in the future to perform engine characterization during both pre-design and post-design stages. The methodology applied to obtain the proposed predictive model is based on the generation of an analytical mechanism that, given a set of regression variables representing the engine operative conditions, provides the user with the optimal figures for the scaling coefficients needed to particularize both the ignition delay and the heat release rate functional laws, which rule the combustion development in the proposed multi-zone model for HCCI engines. The validation of the proposed predictive multi-zone model consists on the comparison between chamber pressure curve derived from the simulations and experimental data based on a DEUTZ FL1 906 unit modified in order to allow HCCI combustion operation mode using diesel EN590 and rapeseed biodiesel. Finally, evidences of the capabilities of the proposed model to be used as a predictive tool applicable to the analysis of off-road engines under HCCI conditions are provided, consisting in the characterization and optimization of the operational maps related to both Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and NOx emissions.     

催化燃烧对均质压燃发动机排放影响的数值模拟

通过耦合DETCHEM软件包及CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了多区模型.利用此模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机缸内温度、热释放速率以及未燃碳氢化合物(UHC)、氮氧化合物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧能降低UHC、CO的排放,但NOx的排放会有所升高.对不同催化剂及混合催化剂对HCCI发动机缸内温度、热释放速率以及UHC、NOx、CO排放的影响进行了探索,结果表明,和金属铂相比,以铑作催化剂时UHC的排放降低,但NOx、CO排放会有所升高;采用500/0Pt-500/0Rh的混合催化剂时,UHC、NOx的排放介于1000/0Pt与1000/0Rh之间,但CO的排放却比采用1000/0Pt与1000/0Rh时都要低.     

横火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间流动与传热的数值模拟

对横火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的流动、燃烧及辐射传热等过程进行了数值模拟研究,建立了玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的综合数学模型,给出了诸控制方程的统一的数值解法,得到了炉内燃烧空间的速度场、温度场、组分浓度分布及燃烧空间向玻璃液面传递的热流分布。     

A regenerative multiple zone model for HCCI combustion

A new conserved scalar approach, the so-called regenerative multiple zone (RMZ) model, is introduced to simulate combustion in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines with significant products of combustion. In this approach, two conserved scalars are introduced, the mixture fraction Z and the initial exhaust gas fraction J, to determine uniquely the state of the reactive system as a function of the two conserved scalars and time. For the numerical solution of the HCCI combustion, the conserved scalar plane is divided into different zones, which represent homogeneous reactors with constant initial exhaust gas level. Particularly, the zones are created based on the distribution of the initial exhaust gases and are mixed and regenerated at every time step during combustion in order to account for the history effects which are due to the finite rate chemistry. A proper methodology to create and initialize the new zones during the combustion, the so-called zone creation strategy (ZCS), is also proposed. For validation, the RMZ model is implemented in the 2DRD code, which is a computational fluid dynamics code that solves the governing equations for a two-dimensional reaction-diffusion problem. Initially, the consistency of the new model is validated in a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion (RD) case. Subsequently, the necessity for a proper zone creation strategy is demonstrated by a two-dimensional RD case. Next, a parametric study is performed to investigate the sensitivity of the new model on the maximum number of zones that is used. Finally, the limitations as well as the advantages of the RMZ model are discussed.     

Analysis of local convective heat transfer in a spark ignition engine

A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code is applied to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer and combustion in a four-stroke single cylinder engine with pent roof combustion chamber geometry, having two inlet valves and two exhaust valves. Heat flux and heat transfer coefficient on the cylinder head, cylinder wall, piston, intake and exhaust valves are determined with respect to crank angle position. Results for a certain condition are compared for total heat transfer coefficient of the cylinder engine with available correlation proposed by experimental measurement in the literature and close agreement are observed. It was found that the local value of heat transfer coefficient varies considerably in different parts of the cylinder, but they have equivalent trend with crank angle. Based on the results, new correlations are suggested to predict maximum and minimum convective heat transfer coefficient in the combustion chamber of a SI engine.     

HCCI发动机燃烧多维数值模拟(Ⅱ)——运行工况向高负荷扩展方法的探讨

使用多维详细动力学模型模拟了以异辛烷为燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程。通过结合多维CFD程序KIVA和详细反应动力学程序CHEMKIN实现了化学反应与流动的耦合运算。计算比较了通过降低初始温度延迟着火点,降低缸壁温度和加大涡流比增强缸内的热分层,以及加入EGR率4种不同的方法来降低声响强度,以避免敲缸的发生,实现向高负荷扩展的目的。结果发现通过适当的着火延迟可以有效地降低声响强度,同时保证性能和排放基本不变。在这4种方法中,加大进气涡流比对降低声响强度的效果最为显著,而使用EGR在综合性能方面表现最佳。     

Coupled Heat Transfer Simulation of the Spiral Water Wall in a Double Reheat Ultra-supercritical Boiler

This paper presented a coupled heat transfer model combining the combustion in the furnace and the ultra-supercritical(USC) heat transfer in the water wall tubes. The thermal analysis of the spiral water wall in a 1000 MW double reheat USC boiler was conducted by the coupled heat transfer simulations. The simulation results show that there are two peak heat flux regions on each wall of spiral water wall, where the primary combustion zone and burnt-out zone locate respectively. In the full load condition, the maximal heat flux of the primary combustion zone is close to 500 kW/m~2, which is higher than that in the conventional single reheat USC boilers. The heat flux along the furnace width presents a parabolic shape that the values in the furnace center are much higher than that in the corner regions. The distribution of water wall temperature has a perfect accordance with the heat flux distribution of the parabolic shape curves, which can illustrate the distribution of water wall temperature is mainly determined by heat flux on the water wall. The maximal water wall temperature occurs at the middle width of furnace wall and approaches 530°C, which can be allowed by the metal material of water wall tube 12Cr1MoVG. In the primary combustion zone, the wall temperatures in half load are almost close to the values in 75% load condition, caused by the heat transfer deterioration of the subcritical pressure fluid under the high heat flux condition. The simulation results in this study are beneficial to the better design and operational optimization for the double reheat USC boilers.     

均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的详细反应动力学模拟

应用CHEMKIN化学动力学软件包中的SENKIN模块模拟了正庚烷在HCCI发动机中的燃烧过程。通过修改SENKIN程序，加入了Woschni传热模型，并在正庚烷详细氧化机理中加入氮氧化物的生成机理，将此程序纳入发动机燃烧的零维单区模型。对多种工况参数下的HCCI燃烧和NOx排放进行了系统的计算，并分别讨论了进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数和转速等参数变化对HCCI发动机燃烧过程的影响。     

Availability analysis of a syngas fueled spark ignition engine using a multi-zone combustion model

A previously developed and validated zero-dimensional, multi-zone, thermodynamic combustion model for the prediction of spark ignition (SI) engine performance and nitric oxide (NO) emissions has been extended to include second-law analysis. The main characteristic of the model is the division of the burned gas into several distinct zones, in order to account for the temperature and chemical species stratification developed in the burned gas during combustion. Within the framework of the multi-zone model, the various availability components constituting the total availability of each of the multiple zones of the simulation are identified and calculated separately. The model is applied to a multi-cylinder, four-stroke, turbocharged and aftercooled, natural gas (NG) SI gas engine running on synthesis gas (syngas) fuel. The major part of the unburned mixture availability consists of the chemical contribution, ranging from 98% at the inlet valve closing (IVC) event to 83% at the ignition timing of the total availability for the 100% load case, which is due to the presence of the combustible fuel. On the contrary, the multiple burned zones possess mainly thermomechanical availability. Specifically, again for the 100% load case, the total availability of the first burned zone at the exhaust valve opening (EVO) event consists of thermomechanical availability approximately by 90%, with similar percentages for all other burned zones. Two definitions of the combustion exergetic efficiency are used to explore the degree of reversibility of the combustion process in each of the multiple burned zones. It is revealed that the crucial factor determining the thermodynamic perfection of combustion in each burned zone is the level of the temperatures at which combustion occurs in the zone, with minor influence of the whole temperature history of the zone during the complete combustion phase. The availability analysis is extended to various engine loads. The engine in question is supplied with increasingly leaner mixtures as loads rise in order to keep the emitted nitrogen oxides (NO_x) low. Therefore, in-cylinder combustion temperatures are reduced, resulting in increased destruction of availability due to combustion and reduced availability losses due to heat transfer with the cylinder walls, when expressed as percentages of the fuel chemical availability. Specifically, when engine load increases from 40% to 100% of full load, with the relative air–fuel ratio also increasing from 1.56 to 1.83, the destroyed availability due to combustion rises from 14.19% to 15.02% of the fuel chemical availability, while the respective percentage of the cumulative availability loss due to heat transfer decreases from 13.37% to 9.05%.     

催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火点、燃烧性能及排放的影响

对甲烷在催化剂铑(Rh)表面的反应机理进行了分析。通过修改CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对活塞顶涂有催化剂的HCCI发动机的燃烧过程进行了数值计算,建立了单区、多区模型。利用单区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机着火时刻的影响,结果表明在控制HCCI发动机着火时刻方面催化燃烧有其他方式所没有的优势;利用多区模型分析了催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的燃烧性能及HC、CO、NOx排放的影响,结果表明催化燃烧对燃烧效率、着火持续期有较大的影响,同时能降低HC、CO的排放,但会提高NOx的排放。     

汽油机燃烧过程中气缸内对流换热的数值模拟

本文对Morel的汽油机缸内对流换热模型进行了改进,把一维模型应用于燃烧过程的计算,可以体现汽油机燃烧时缸内温度、组分浓度和湍流的空间变化对对流换热的影响,得到燃烧时对流换热量随时间的变化和在缸内的径向分布情况.计算实例表明,面积平均的对流换热系数远大于Woschni公式得到的计算值,缸内热流量的变化与火焰面的位置有密切关系.应用本文的数值模拟方法,还可以预测发动机的几个参数改变时,对流换热量的相应变化情况.