含风险时差的工序可间断多资源均衡分析

针对网络计划资源均衡问题,已经提出过一种工序可间断的单资源均衡模型。通过引入多资源的条件和风险时差的概念,对该模型加以改进。改进后的模型在求解多资源均衡问题的同时,可以为某些选定的工序预留出一定的时差,从而避免因资源均衡过程对这些时差的过度利用而增加工期风险。通过采用遗传算法对模型进行求解,验证了模型的有效性。     

A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PRIORITIZE PROJECT ACTIVITIES THROUGH FUZZY RANKING

Effective management of project activities is a critical issue for project managers, especially when the projects are complex. This is more essential for projects where the number of activity attributes is numerous. In such circumstances, prioritizing of project activities is an important issue and can enable better management of projects by focusing more on the most critical activities. However, in many cases prioritizing project activities can be a difficult task because some of the activity attributes might not be expressed easily in crisp terms. In this article, a practical fuzzy rating and ranking approach is proposed to prioritize project activities with fuzzy attributes. The proposed approach is also tested through an example problem from the literature.     

基于关键路径法的软件过程控制模型

为了增强软件过程控制能力,保障软件产品质量,提出一种基于关键路径法的软件过程控制模型。该模型以过程活动间的网络拓扑结构为基础,在确保工期和关键路径上资源需求的条件下,控制其他活动的开始时间,使得过程中所需的总资源耗费较少,且在此耗费下各活动开始时间较早。在最优耗费的约束下,还给出了一个基于资源竞争链的浮动信息更新算法,以便更新各活动的浮动信息。最后,用实例验证了所提模型的有效性和可行性。     

基于BS-GA的资源约束多项目调度问题研究

针对资源约束的多项目调度问题(RCMPSP),考虑到项目、项目任务和资源各自之间的差异性,引入项目权重系数、活动质量因子和资源能力系数3个概念,提出了一个工期与质量的均衡优化模型.该模型根据资源的配置计划,确定了项目任务的资源平均能力系数,然后用项目权重系数和活动质量因子计算出多项目的单位工期时间内资源平均能力系数,利...     

A surrogate indicator of criticality for stochastic project networks

The study of the delay that can be caused by any activity of a stochastic project network is a key topic because of the increasing importance of risk and time control in project management. The main concept adopted for this purpose has been the notion of critical activity developed for deterministic project networks but, in this paper, the inadequacy of the concept critical activity for stochastic project networks is shown and a new surrogate indicator of criticality (SIC) is built, using a regression model applied to a large set of generated project networks. This new indicator explains more than 90% of the initial variance estimated for more than 80,000 activities belonging to a wide range of project networks (580 nets), with very different morphological types.     

Applying fuzzy method for measuring criticality in project network

Program evaluation and review technique (PERT) is widely used as a tool for managing large-scale projects. In the traditional PERT model, the durations of activities (tasks) are either represented as crisp numbers or drawn from the beta distribution to estimate the task durations such as pessimistic, most likely and optimistic times. However, the operation time for each activity is usually difficult to define and estimate precisely in a real situation. The aim of this paper is to present an analytical method for measuring the criticality in a project network with fuzzy activity times. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used to express the operation times for all activities in a project network. A new model that combines fuzzy set theory with the PERT technique is proposed to determine the critical degrees of activities (tasks) and paths. In the proposed model, a possibility index is defined to identify the likelihood of meeting a specified required time for a project network. At the end of the paper, an example is presented to compare with those obtained using the proposed method as well as other methods. The comparisons reveal that the method proposed in this paper is more effective in determining the activity criticalities and finding the critical path.     

启发式算法在网络计划多资源平衡中的应用

多资源平衡问题是项目管理网络资源优化的一个基本问题,论文提出一种在工期一定的情况下多资源平衡问题的启发式算法。由于项目的某项活动总是可以在最早开始时间和最晚开始时间确定的范围内开始,所以,通过时差管理采用不同的分配方式,就可以达到较高的资源利用率和降低项目的成本支出。论文编制了相应的程序并进行了仿真,得到了较优的结果。     

基于关键链的软件开发项目管理缓冲区设置算法设计与分析

随着信息科技的飞速发展,项目管理系统在各类项目管理中占据了重要地位,越来越多的自动化管理代替了传统的人工项目管理.大多项目管理系统均采用了关键链方法,在关键链方法中缓冲区的设置是关键因素之一.因此关键链方法的缓冲区设置成为一个新的应用课题.本文在深入研究并对比现有的缓冲区计算方法的基础上,提出了综合考虑项目管理者的风险偏好、工序的复杂程度以及资源约束等几个因素,再利用时间差的方法,设计并模拟实现一种缓冲区设置的算法,具有相当大的实用价值.     

Developing a practical framework for ERP readiness assessment using fuzzy analytic network process

Previous studies report unusually high failure in enterprise resource planning (ERP) projects. Thus, it is necessary to perform an assessment at the initial stage of an ERP implementation program to identify weaknesses or problems which may lead to project failure. No definite practical solution could be found for these kinds of problems in the literature. In this paper, a new look at the determinants of a firm’s readiness to implement an ERP project is presented and using fuzzy analytic network process a practical framework is developed. The firm’s current conditions regarding ERP project can be determined and necessary changes prior to implementation of ERP system can be specified. The readiness for ERP implementation is decomposed into project management, organizational, and change management areas and the assessment factors are identified after comprehensive study of critical success factors on ERP implementation. The proposed framework is applied to a real case and the advantages are illustrated.     

离散人工蜂群算法求解资源时变的项目调度问题

针对资源量随时间变动的项目调度问题提出了一种新的离散人工蜂群求解算法。算法食物源的位置采用基于任务排列的编码方法,并提出一种可以保持解的离散性和可行性的候选食物源生成方法。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地求解资源时变的受限项目调度问题,研究发现在保持资源总量不变甚至减少的情况下,通过调整资源配置能够显著缩短项目工期,可见资源配置优化在项目管理中的重要作用。     

软件项目进度的关键链管理

为弥补关键链在软件项目进度管理应用中的缺陷,提出一种改进的基于三角模糊数的关键链管理方法。该方法使用三角模糊数表征活动工期,将工期中隶属度为1的时间作为活动的最可能工期,由此构建网络图,并考虑资源约束确定项目的关键链。为项目设置缓冲以吸收不确定因素对项目进度的影响,由此监控项目进度。通过案例演示该方法的使用过程,证实了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

A hybrid evolutionary algorithm for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem

The resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP) is an NP-hard optimization problem. RCPSP is one of the most important and challenging problems in the project management field. In the past few years, many researches have been proposed for solving the RCPSP. The objective of this problem is to schedule the activities under limited resources so that the project makespan is minimized. This paper proposes a new algorithm for solving RCPSP that combines the concepts of negative selection mechanism of the biologic immune system, simulated annealing algorithm (SA), tabu search algorithm (TS) and genetic algorithm (GA) together. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared to current state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms. In this study, the benchmark data sets used in testing the performance of the proposed algorithm are obtained from the project scheduling problem library. The performance is measured in terms of the average percentage deviation from the critical path lower bound. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms on all standard benchmark data sets.     

Project resources scheduling and leveling using Multi-Attribute Decision Models: Models implementation and case study

Project scheduling is one of the most vital processes in Project Management. It is a widely discussed topic in academic and practical circles due to its importance and complexity. Manpower, machines, materials and equipment are used for the execution of project activities, but these mostly have limited availability, which can constrain project scheduling procedures. Project resources might exceed or fall short of the resource demand in a project's time horizon. These considerations present issues to project managers who must try to properly allocate among these demands in order to achieve a near optimal utilization during a project's lifetime. Resource leveling is among the greatest challenges faced by project managers as the success of a project largely depends on it. This is because peaks and valleys in the resource usage histogram are responsible for cost overruns due to the necessary recruitment, dismissal and training of the personnel Moreover, issues may arise regarding the efficient management of available resources given that large peaks correspond to fluctuations in resource allocation during a project's life cycle or construction period. To address these issues, resource leveling provides procedures and frameworks that ensure the efficient management of resources to obtain smooth resource usage profiles. These procedures attempt to identify activities that should be delayed to resolve resource over-allocations under time and cost constraints. Given the existence of a variety of available rules that could be followed by project managers to prioritize activities, the paper at hand examines the implementation of five Multi-Attribute Decision Making models and how they perform in the scheduling of a solar park construction project. Namely these models are the Weighted Sum Method, Analytic Hierarchy Process, PROMETHEE, TOPSIS, Ordered Weighted Average (OWA) and Hybrid Weighted Average (HWA). Finally, the derived results are discussed in comparison with those obtained by the standard resource leveling procedures of MS-Project.     

The development of a university sports complex: A project management application

The development of a university sports complex requires an integrated planning, scheduling and management approach, a requirement which is underscored by the desired to overlap design and construction activities in order to complete the facility on an accelerated schedule. The analysis of the project utilizes project management techniques: development of network models, identification of critical paths, and scheduling, cost control and resource allocation considerations. The use of computerized project planning and control tools provides flexibility and enables easy modification of the plans.     

GIS项目管理框架探讨

不少学者注重从软件工程的角度研究GIS的开发与实施,但笔者认为,也应当引入项目管理补充软件工程,指导GIS开发、实施与应用。文章辨析了工程与项目内涵,在此基础上提出了GIS应用从软件工程向项目管理的思维转换,并依据项目管理要求和GIS开发方法特点,提出了一个初步的GIS项目管理框架,涉及项目生命周期、项目目标管理、应用开发方法、项目管理功能和项目环境因素。笔者期望能够根据该框架,将目前GIS开发和管理方面的理论和方法综合起来,丰富GIS开发和管理知识,对其它信息系统项目管理具有借鉴作用。     

Solution of fuzzy multi-objective project crashing problem

Project management is a very important field employed for scheduling activities and monitoring the progress, in competitive and fluctuating environments. The feasible duration time required to perform a specific project is determined using critical path method. However, because of competitive priorities, time is important and the completion time of a project determined using critical path method should be reduced to meet a deadline requested. In this situation, project crashing problem arises. Project crashing analysis is concerned with shortening the project duration time by accelerating some of its activities at an additional cost. In general, the parameters of the problem are accepted as certain and the project crashing problems are solved using deterministic solution techniques. In reality, because of uncertain environment conditions, incomplete or unobtainable information, there can be ambiguity in the parameters of the problem. The uncertainty in the parameters can be modeled via fuzzy set theory. Using fuzzy models gives the chance of better project management decisions with more stability under uncertain environmental factors. In the literature, various authors solved different fuzzy versions of project management problems via transforming them into their crisp equivalents. In this study, a fuzzy multi-objective project crashing problem with fuzzy parameters is handled. The fuzzy project crashing problem is solved with a direct solution approach based on fuzzy ranking methods and the tabu search algorithm.     

A Petri Net Approach to Support Resource Assignment in Project Management

Petri nets have long been used in modeling and simulating project execution because of their great capability to describe concurrent activities and simulate the evolvement of processes. Although a number of extended Petri net models have been proposed to model and simulate resource sharing and activity dependence in projects, none of them has ever included a resource assignment mechanism into their models. Because resource assignments influence how limited resources are allocated among conflicting activities, they may heavily affect the availability of resources and the execution of projects. Therefore, a model without considering resource-sharing and resource assignment strategies may lead to a misunderstanding about project scheduling, resource consumption behaviors, and estimated project time. Accordingly, this paper proposes a new extended Petri net model that can describe how resources are shared and assigned among concurrent activities of multiple projects. The proposed model is named as resource assignment Petri net (RAPN), which extends an object composition Petri net with new places, transitions, attributes, and firing rules to model resource-sharing and resource assignment strategies. Finally, we prove that RAPN can correctly model the resource consumption behaviors of projects and can correctly compute the total elapsed time of projects.     

关键路径法在大飞机项目风险管理中的应用

通过识别关键路径可以有效识别出影响工程进度的关键活动,从非关键路径上的活动中适当抽取人力物力资源分配给关键活动可以缩短整个工程工期。本文首先分析大飞机制造项目中风险管理的重要性,进而从数据结构和算法的角度介绍如何在基于Microsoft Project生成的Gantt图上寻找出关键路径,最后结合实例加以分析并提出不足及待改进之处。     

A DEA benchmarking methodology for project planning and management of new product development under decentralized profit-center business model

In today’s highly competitive marketplace, technology-driven organizations widely adopt decentralized profit-center business model. In order to complete a series of new product development (NPD) activities on time and within budgetary constraints, the NPD managers need an objective benchmarking approach to gain accurate perception on the relations of resource allocations, profits, costs and times for each NPD activity. Thus, this study employs the data envelopment analysis (DEA) concept to put forward a benchmarking planning and management methodology to optimize the NPD activities within a profit center for achieving the goal of maximal profit and satisfying the resource constraints. By applying the real case of the electric motor scooter NPD project, this research demonstrates the method’s real case application with superior results, comparing to other existing approaches.     

基于动态资源权重的多技能项目调度启发式算法

多技能资源受限项目调度问题中,一个资源可同时具备多项技能,相较于传统的单技能项目调度,其资源分配对调度计划的工期影响程度更大,因此在对多技能项目进行排程时更加重视资源的分配.基于此,从资源视角提出一种启发式算法求解工期最短的调度计划.算法以并行调度为主体,并设计一种动态资源权重计算方法,在每一决策点,首先采用二分图最大匹配法确定当前可排活动集,而后将动态资源权重值作为调度过程中资源分配的依据,其核心思想是将资源灵活度高、对后续活动影响大的资源留置,以待下一决策点调用.最后,为验证算法有效性,对不同参数设置下的算例进行实验,结果表明,相较于随机资源分配算法和静态资源权重算法,新算法具有明显优势.