Influence of reinforcing bar type on autogenous shrinkage stress and bond behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete

This study investigated the effects of reinforcing bar type and reinforcement ratio on the restrained shrinkage behaviors of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), including autogenous shrinkage stress, degree of restraint, and cracking potential. In addition, the influence of the type and embedment length of reinforcing bars on the bond behavior of UHPFRC was evaluated by performing pullout test. Three different reinforcing bars (deformed steel bar, round steel bar, and GFRP bar) were investigated in the restrained shrinkage and pullout tests. The GFRP bar exhibited the best performance in relation to the autogenous shrinkage stress, degree of restraint, and cracking potential because of its low stiffness. The highest bond strength was obtained for the deformed steel bar, and the bar yielding was observed when the bar embedment length of l_b = 2d_b was used. The round steel bar exhibited the poorest behaviors for both of the restrained shrinkage and pullout.     

Numerical calibration of bond law for GFRP bars embedded in steel fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete

An experimental program was carried out at the Laboratory of Structural Division of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho (LEST-UM) to investigate the bond behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars embedded in steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) for the development of an innovative structural system. Thirty-six pull-out-bending tests were executed to assess the influence of the bond length, concrete cover, bar diameter and surface treatment on the bond of GFRP bars embedded in SFRSCC. This paper reports the results of a numerical study aiming to identify an accurate GFRP–SFRSCC bond–slip law. Thus, the above mentioned pullout bending tests were simulated by using a nonlinear finite element (FE) constitutive model available in FEMIX, a FEM based computer program. The bond–slip relationship adopted for modelling the FE interface that simulates the interaction between bar and concrete is the key nonlinear aspect considered in the FE analyses, but the nonlinear behaviour of SFRSCC due to crack initiation and propagation was also simulated. The evaluation of the values of the relevant parameters defining such a bond–slip relationship was executed by fitting the force versus loaded end slip responses recorded in the experimental tests. Finally, correlations are proposed between the parameters identifying the bond–slip relationship and the relevant geometric and mechanical properties of the tested specimens.     

Experimental study on the bond behavior of deformed bars embedded in concrete subjected to lateral tension

The bond behavior of steel bars embedded in concrete, including the anchorage capacity and bond stress–slip relationship, is highly concerned owing to its importance in the design and checking calculation of reinforced concrete structures. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study on the bond behavior of deformed bars embedded in concrete subjected to lateral tension. In the experiment, a total of 237 pull-out specimens are tested. It is shown that the failure mode is influenced by the strength of concrete, ratio of the cover depth to bar diameter, and unfavorable lateral tension. The bond strength and the slip at the peak stress decreases with the increase of the unfavorable lateral tension for specimens in pull-out and splitting failures, but the ratio of the residual to ultimate bond strength almost keeps constant for specimens in pull-out failure. Based on the experimental results, an empirical formula for the bond stress–slip relationship is proposed. The empirical formula is in good agreement with the experimental results for specimens with different strengths of concrete, bar diameters, and combinations of lateral tensions.     

Pullout tests of epoxy-coated reinforcement in concrete

The bond strength and slip of epoxy-coated reinforcing bars in concrete have been evaluated by carrying out single pullout and double pullout tests. In extended single pullout tests, slip measurements were made while tensile force was applied to reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. In double pullout tests, 20 cycles of load were applied at levels of steel stress between zero and 0·5 times characteristic steel strength. Strains were measured by electrical resistance strain gauges glued inside the bars. Both epoxy-coated and uncoated bars were used in the investigation, to obtain comparative results. The strain gradient along the bar was found to be less for the coated reinforcement. In general, the epoxy coating was found to increase slip in bond and thereby reduce the bond performance of coated bars.     

Bond of ribbed galvanized reinforcing steel in concrete

The ASTM beam end test (ASTM A944) has been used to compare the bond and slip behaviour of deformed (i.e. ribbed) galvanized, epoxy-coated and black steel bars in concrete. The objective was to determine whether galvanizing adversely affects bond strength. From a series of thirty specimens, the average bond strength of black steel and galvanized steel reinforcement used in these tests has been determined and bond stress has been shown to act uniformly over the embedded bar area. A slip value of approximately 0.4 mm has been confirmed to be associated with bond failure by concrete splitting. The results indicated that while epoxy coating resulted in a significant loss in bond strength of the order of 20% compared to black steel, there is no adverse effect on bond with the use of galvanized steel. Chromate treatment of galvanized bars is deemed unnecessary since there was no evidence of long term reduction in bond due to the possible effects of hydrogen gas evolution resulting from the reaction between zinc and wet concrete.     

Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars

The results of thirty pullout tests carried out on 8 and 10 mm diameter deformed steel bars concentrically embedded in recycled aggregate concrete designed using equivalent mix proportions with coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) replacement percentages of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % are reported towards investigation of bond behaviour of RCA concrete. Bond strengths of the natural aggregate concrete and the RCA concrete was found to be comparable, particularly for the 10 mm rebars, and the RCA replacement percentage had an insignificant effect on peak bond stress values. However, for both the bar sizes, when the measured bond strengths were normalized with the respective compressive strengths, then the normalized bond strengths so obtained across all the RCA replacement percentages were higher for the RCA concrete compared to the natural coarse aggregate concrete. Further, higher normalized bond strength values were obtained for the 8 mm rebars compared to the 10 mm bars. An empirical bond stress versus slip relationship between RCA concrete and deformed steel bars has been proposed on the basis of regression analysis of the experimental data and it is conservatively suggested that anchorage lengths of 8 and 10 mm diameter deformed bars in RCA concrete may be taken the same as in natural aggregate concrete.     

Bar-concrete bond in mixes containing calcium carbide residue,fly ash and recycled concrete aggregate

A mixture of calcium carbide residue and fly ash (CRFA) is an innovative new binder for concrete instead of using ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Therefore, this study aims at investigating the bond interaction between common steel reinforcing bars and the aforementioned concrete. To this end, both CRFA and OPC concretes using crushed limestone and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) as a coarse aggregate were prepared to investigate the bond strength of smooth and deformed bars by pull-out tests. The bond stress−slip relationships were also identified to determine the effects of CRFA binder and RCA on the bond strength behavior. The results indicate that the values the of bond-slip behavior and bond strengths of steel bar in CRFA concretes are similar to those embedded in OPC concrete. Moreover, the bond strength was significantly affected by RCA and the types of steel bar. Although the concretes had the same compressive strengths, the deformed bar embedded in CRFA concrete with RCA had a lower bond strength than the one with crushed limestone. However, the reduction in bond strength of the CRFA concrete with RCA was still less than that of OPC concrete with RCA. For the CRFA concretes, the bond strengths of the deformed bars were approximately 1.7–3.6 times higher than that of smooth bars.     

Thermal effects on GFRP rebars: experimental study and analytical analysis

The bond mechanism between Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars and concrete is investigated through experimental testing and analytical modeling. This bond depends on several parameters such as temperature. The present paper studies the thermal effect, under high temperature up to 80°C, on bond behaviour at the interface GFRP bars/concrete through pullout-testing. These tests are conducted on specimens after 24 h of exposure at various temperatures. The thermal effect on an average short-term bond strengths and the pullout-load versus end-slip behaviours are compared to untreated specimens (20°C). Some pullout-tests on steel bars/concrete are also performed for the comparison. Experimental results show no significant change in the average bond strength for specimens subjected to temperatures up to +60°C. On the other hand at 80°C, there is a decrease of bond strength of about 22 and 28% for the 8 mm and the 16 mm diameter rods, respectively. An analytical model of the bond stress-slip response of a GFRP/concrete bar has been proposed. The results show good accuracy between the model and the experimental results.     

Experimental investigation of bond stress distribution and bond strength in unconfined UHPFRC lap splices under direct tension

Several studies on tension lap splices have shown the improvement of bond strength using Ultra-high performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC). The bridging effect of fibres on cracks improves the bond splitting strength substantially in comparison to normal concrete. This paper investigates the influence of fibre content on the strength of tension lap splice of reinforcing bars in UHPFRC without additional transverse reinforcement. Different splice lengths and UHPFRC mixes were tested. Internal strain measurements were used to capture the force transfer mechanism and the evolution of longitudinal strain distribution and associated bond stresses. The bond performance is clearly related to the pre- and post-cracking tensile capacity of UHPFRC. At a distance exceeding 2 d_b from bar extremities, bond stress distribution at failure displayed a quasi-constant value regardless of the lap splice length up 10 d_b. This reveals for short lap splices that the bearing action of all ribs along the splice length contributes equally in resisting the applied force. This experimental program provides experimental results for understanding the local force transfer mechanism in UHPFRC lap splice and contribute for further developments on bond in UHPFRC.     

海水浸泡对FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的影响

开展了30℃海水浸泡条件下玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料（GFRP）筋、碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料（CFRP）筋与珊瑚混凝土粘结性能的试验研究,分析了纤维增强树脂基复合材料（FRP）筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结滑移曲线特征、破坏形态及粘结强度变化。试验结果表明,海水浸泡后FRP筋力学性能和粘结性能均表现为不同程度的降低。随浸泡时间增加,GFRP筋表层树脂与纤维间的孔隙率明显增大,并逐渐出现脱粘现象,纤维本身遭受到侵蚀,而CFRP筋仅表面基体有少许损伤,其耐久性明显优于GFRP筋;FRP筋-珊瑚混凝土粘结强度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,且后期下降速率逐渐变小,部分GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土试件的破坏模式逐渐由筋被拔出转变为筋材断裂;增加保护层厚度能有效地减缓海水对GFRP筋的侵蚀,有利于保持GFRP筋-珊瑚混凝土间的粘结性能。     

Size and geometry dependent tensile behavior of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete

This research investigated direct tensile stress versus strain response of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) with various sizes and geometries. The UHPFRC in this research contained 1% macro twisted and 1% micro smooth steel fibers by volume. The effects of gauge length, section area, volume and thickness of the specimens on the measured tensile response of the UHPFRC were experimentally discovered. The different sizes and geometries of specimens did not generate significant influence on the post cracking strength of UHPFRC whereas they produced clear effects on the strain capacity, energy absorption capacity and multiple cracking behavior of UHPFRC. The strain capacity, energy absorption capacity and the number of multiple micro cracks within unit length obviously decreased as the gauge length, section area and volume of UHPFRC specimens increased. In contrast, as the thickness of the specimen increased, different tendency was observed.     

GFRP筋与自密实混凝土黏结性能的试验研究

为了研究玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)筋与自密实混凝土(SCC)的黏结性能,制作了66个GFRP/SCC试件进行中心拉拔试验,研究SCC混凝土保护层厚度、GFRP筋直径和黏结长度以及SCC中添加纤维种类等因素对两者黏结性能的影响,并对试件的破坏形式进行分析。结果表明:试件主要出现了三种破坏形式,即劈裂破坏、拔出破坏、拔出带缝破坏;通过电镜扫描发现SCC浇筑方向对GFRP筋与SCC黏结界面的结构有一定影响,GFRP筋上部界面与SCC黏结更紧密。当SCC保护层厚度由4D增大至7D时,黏结强度提高了约44.05%;当GFRP筋黏结长度由5D增大至15D时,黏结强度降低了约65.43%;当GFRP筋直径由12 mm增大至16 mm时,黏结强度降低了约22.57%;SCC中添加聚丙烯纤维、钢纤维、聚丙烯纤维+钢纤维的试件黏结强度比不添加纤维的试件黏结强度分别提高12.80%、15.16%、15.09%。可以通过适当增加SCC保护层厚度、在SCC中添加纤维等措施来提高GFRP/SCC试件的黏结强度。      

Mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete: A review

A comprehensive investigation into the mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC), considering various influential factors, is imperative in order to obtain fundamental information for its practical utilization. Therefore, this paper reviewed the early-age strength (or setting) development and mechanical properties of hardened UHPFRC. In connection with the latter, the effects of the curing conditions, coarse aggregate, mineral admixtures, fiber properties, specimen size, and strain-rate on the mechanical performance of UHPFRC were specifically investigated. It was obvious that (1) heat treatment accelerates the hydration process, leading to higher strength; (2) a portion of the silica fume can be replaced by fly ash, slag, and rice husk ash in mechanical perspective; (3) the use of deformed (hooked and twisted) or long straight steel fibers improves the mechanical properties at a static rate; and (4) high rate loading provides a noticeable increase in the mechanical properties. Alternatively, there are some disagreements between the results from various ‘size effect’ tests and the effectiveness of using twisted steel fibers at static and high rate loadings. Further research to reduce the production cost of UHPFRC is also addressed in an attempt to make its widespread use more practical.     

玻璃纤维增强聚合物复合材料筋与工程水泥基复合材料黏结性能

为了研究玻璃纤维增强聚合物（GFRP）复合材料筋和工程水泥基复合材料（ECC）黏结性能的影响因素,对42个GFRP/ECC试件进行了拉拔试验,分析了GFRP复合材料筋表面形式、直径、ECC基体强度及保护层厚度等因素对GFRP复合材料筋与ECC基体黏结性能的影响。结果表明:GFRP/ECC试件的破坏形式主要有拔出破坏、筋剥离剪切破坏、劈裂破坏三种形式。表面带肋GFRP复合材料筋黏结强度比光滑GFRP复合材料筋高约66%;当ECC保护层厚度由1.5D（D为GFRP筋直径）增大至4D时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度提高了约58%;当GFRP复合材料筋直径为12~18 mm时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度随着GFRP复合材料筋直径的增大而降低;ECC强度由33.7 MPa增大至73.3 MPa时,GFRP/ECC黏结强度增大约3倍。增加GFRP复合材料筋表面形式复杂程度,或一定程度上提高ECC基体保护层厚度、提高ECC强度等级,有助于提高GFRP复合材料筋与ECC的黏结强度。      

Effect of confinement using steel, FRC, or FRP on the bond stress-slip response of steel bars under cyclic loading

The results of experimental investigation of the local bond stress-slip response of steel bars embedded in confined concrete and subjected to cyclic loading are presented. Different types of confinement and their effect on the bond stress-slip response were evaluated and compared. These included internal confinement by ordinary transverse steel ties or steel fiber reinforcement, and external confinement by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Beam specimens with spliced reinforcement at midspan were tested. The test parameters included the size of the steel bars, the ratio of concrete cover to bar diameter, and the amount of confinement. Without confinement, the specimens suffered significant bond deterioration and loss in load resistance in the first or second load cycle after bond splitting. Confining the concrete with transverse steel, steel fiber reinforcement or FRP composites within the splice region increased the bond strength and reduced the bond degradation with the number of loading cycles, leading to significant improvement in seismic performance. The envelope curve of the cyclic bond stress-slip response showed very good agreement with earlier test results obtained under static load conditions and the results predicted using an analytical model of the local bond stress-slip response of steel bars embedded in confined concrete.     

塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土与钢筋粘结锚固试验研究

通过对内贴应变片钢筋的直接拔出试验,分析钢筋直径、相对锚固长度（l_a/d）及混凝土相对保护层厚度（c/d）对塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土与钢筋间粘结性能的影响,得出不同钢筋直径、锚固长度及相对保护层厚度对试件粘结锚固性能的影响规律,并提出塑钢纤维轻骨料混凝土钢筋锚固长度计算公式。试验结果表明:随钢筋直径的增大,试件粘结刚度增强,极限粘结强度先提高后降低;增加钢筋锚固长度会降低试件极限平均粘结强度,同时极限粘结强度对应钢筋自由端滑移量减小,试件粘结韧性则随锚固长度的增加而减小;混凝土相对保护层厚度增加会使试件极限粘结强度先提高然后趋于平稳。根据试验结果得到的钢筋锚固长度计算公式与规范给出的计算公式进行比较,从极限粘结强度的角度看,规范中的钢筋锚固长度计算公式偏于保守。     

考虑拉伸刚化效应的FRP筋/混凝土轴拉构件变形计算方法

考虑拉伸刚化效应是精确计算纤维增强树脂复合材料(FRP)筋/混凝土构件变形和裂缝的基础。提出了考虑拉伸刚化效应的FRP筋/混凝土拉伸构件变形计算的解析方法。首先,对修正Eligehausen黏结滑移模型(修正BPE模型)进行简化提出四线性黏结-滑移模型。根据该模型推导了拉伸构件在不同拉伸荷载阶段的FRP筋、混凝土应力和变形及黏结力和滑移量的分布表达式。结合混凝土开裂判别方法,提出了FRP筋/混凝土拉伸构件的全过程变形计算方法。通过与已有文献试验结果对比验证了本文方法的准确性。对影响拉伸刚化的一些参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,混凝土强度和配筋率对拉伸刚化效应影响不大,FRP筋弹性模量是影响拉伸刚化效应的主要因素。      

THE EFFECT OF CONCRETE BOND ON THE STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR AN EDGE CRACK IN A REINFORCING BAR

Abstract— The stress intensity factors at the tip of an edge crack in a round bar embedded in the tension zone of a concrete beam are found for several conditions of bond failure between the steel reinforcing bar and the concrete. A two-dimensional finite element technique is modified to represent the third dimension, the steel-concrete interface and debonding. The integrated form of the Paris crack growth law is used with the calculated stress intensity factors to compute the propagating fatigue lives for embedded bar and bar in air. The results indicate that embedded bars appear to have shorter fatigue propagation lives than bars in air if the crack initiators are less than 0.05 of the bar diameter, while for deeper crack initiators, the opposite is true. It has also been shown that the propagating fatigue life of the bar increases with the degree of bond.     

Effect of aging on bond of GFRP bars embedded in concrete

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the durability of the bond between GFRP bars and concrete, specifically as it relates to degradation of the GFRP-bar surface and behavior of the bar–concrete interface. The GFRP bars were embedded in concrete and exposed to tap water at 23 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C to accelerate potential degradation. The bond strengths before and after exposure were considered as a measure of the durability of the bond between the GFRP bars and concrete. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize how bar aging affected the bond between the GFRP bars and the concrete. The results showed that aging did not significantly affect the durability of the bar–concrete interface under the conditions used in this study.     

高温后单向侧压作用下混凝土与钢筋黏结-滑移性能研究

高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结性能影响钢筋混凝土结构的安全评估,实际工程中钢筋混凝土常承受侧向约束作用。为此,该文以高温温度和侧压力为参数,完成了48个钢筋混凝土试件的中心拉拔试验,分析侧压力对高温后试件破坏形态、峰值黏结应力、峰值滑移、残余黏结强度的影响规律,建立了峰值黏结应力随高温温度和侧压力变化的经验公式。将侧压下钢筋-混凝土黏结应力场简化为肋前混凝土挤压力和侧压力的线性叠加,并基于微观传力模型及高温后混凝土的多轴强度破坏准则推导计算了无侧压及单向侧压下的黏结强度理论。研究结果表明:侧压作用和高温温度直接影响试件破坏形态;随着侧压力增加,高温后混凝土与钢筋间的峰值黏结应力、残余黏结强度、峰值滑移逐渐增大,但温度达到500 ℃后,有侧压试件峰值滑移较无侧压试件小;黏结强度理论计算值与实测值较为吻合,能较好地预测高温后混凝土与钢筋间的黏结强度。