Modeling PWM DC/DC converters out of basic converter units

An alternative approach to modeling pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters out of basic converter units (BCUs) is presented in this paper. Typical PWM DC/DC converters include the well-known buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, and Sepic. With proper reconfiguration, these converters can be represented in terms of either buck or boost converter and linear devices, thus, the buck and boost converters are named BCUs. The PWM converters are, consequently, categorized into buck and boost families. With this categorization, the small-signal models of these converters are readily derived in terms of h parameter (for buck family) and g parameter (for boost family). Using the proposed approach, not only can one find a general configuration for converters in a family, but one can yield the same small-signal models as those derived from the direct state-space averaging method. Additionally, modeling of quasi-resonant converters and multiresonant converters can be simplified when adopting the proposed approach     

A passive lossless snubber cell for nonisolated PWM DC/DCconverters

A passive lossless snubber cell is proposed to improve the turn-on and turnoff transients of the MOSFETs in nonisolated pulsewidth modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters. Switching losses and EMI noise are reduced by restricting di/dt of the reverse-recovery current and dv/dt of the drain-source voltage. The MOSFET operates at zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) turnoff and near zero-current-switching (ZCS) turn-on. The freewheeling diode is also commutated under ZVS. As an example, operation principles, theoretical analysis, relevant equations, and experimental results of a boost converter equipped with the proposed snubber cell are presented in detail. Efficiency of 96% has also been measured in the experimental results reported for a 1 kW 100 kHz prototype in the laboratory, Six basic nonisolated PWM DC/DC converters (buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic, and Zeta) equipped with the proposed general snubber cells are also shown in this paper     

A systematic and unified approach to modeling PWM DC/DC convertersbased on the graft scheme

A systematic and unified approach to modeling pulsewidth modulated (PWM) DC/DC converters based on the graft scheme is presented in this paper. With the graft scheme, the typical PWM switch-mode converters, such as buck-boost, boost-buck (Cuk), Sepic, and dual Sepic, can be generated from the two basic converters, buck and boost. The small signal models of these converters can, therefore, be derived by properly combining those of the buck and boost. Using the proposed approach can help to yield highly related dynamic models of the converters in a family and, in addition, physical insights into the converters can be readily identified. This has made the proposed modeling method valuable and viable     

几种新型的Buck—Boost变换器的合成

从传输机制说明单管升降压变换器（如Buck-Boost、SPEIC、Cuk）中元件承受的电压和电流应力高的原因,并根据这一机制,采用变换器合成的方式,提出了一系列的双管Buck-Boost变换器。这类变换器根据输入输出条件,可以分别工作于Boost模式和Buck模式,起到降低元件应力的作用。     

Soft switching active snubbers for DC/DC converters

A soft-switching active snubber is proposed to reduce the turn-off losses of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in a buck power converter. The soft-switching snubber provides zero-voltage switching for the IGBT, thereby reducing its high turn-off losses due to the current tailing. The proposed snubber uses an auxiliary switch to discharge the snubber capacitor. This auxiliary switch also operates at zero-voltage and zero-current switching. The size of the auxiliary switch compared to the main switch makes this snubber a good alternative to the conventional snubber or even to passive low-loss snubbers. The use of the soft-switching active snubber permits the IGBT to operate at high frequencies with an improved RBSOA. In the experimental results reported for a 1 kW, 40 kHz prototype, combined switching/snubbing losses are reduced by 36% through the use of the active snubber compared to a conventional RCD snubber. The use of an active snubber allows recovery of part of the energy stored in the snubber capacitor during turn-off. The generic snubber cell for the buck power converter is generalized to support the common nonisolated DC/DC power converters (buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, sepic, zeta) as well as isolated DC/DC power converters (forward, flyback, Cuk, and sepic)     

Analysis and design of a low-stress buck-boost converter in universal-input PFC applications

In converters for power-factor-correction (PFC), the universal-input capability, i.e., the ability to operate from any ac line voltage world-wide, comes with a heavy penalty in terms of component stresses and losses, and with restrictions on the dc output voltage. In this paper, we propose a new two-switch topology, boost-interleaved buck-boost (BoIBB) converter, which can offer significant performance improvements over single-switch buck-boost converters (including flyback, SEPIC, or Cuk topologies) or other two-switch buck-boost converters in universal-input PFC applications. The paper presents an analysis of the converter operation and component stresses, as well as design guidelines. High efficiency (over 93%) throughout the universal-input ac line voltage range is demonstrated on an experimental 100-W, 200-V dc output, universal-input BOIBB PFC rectifier.     

Switched-Capacitor/Switched-Inductor Structures for Getting Transformerless Hybrid DC–DC PWM Converters

A few simple switching structures, formed by either two capacitors and two-three diodes (C-switching), or two inductors and two-three diodes (L-switching) are proposed. These structures can be of two types: ldquostep-downrdquo and ldquostep-up.rdquo These blocks are inserted in classical converters: buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic. The ldquostep-downrdquo C- or L-switching structures can be combined with the buck, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic converters in order to get a step-down function. When the active switch of the converter is on, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are charged in series or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are discharged in parallel. When the active switch is off, the inductors in the L-switching blocks are discharged in parallel or the capacitors in the C-switching blocks are charged in series. The ldquostep-uprdquo C- or L-switching structures are combined with the boost, buck-boost, Cuk, Zeta, Sepic converters, to get a step-up function. The steady-state analysis of the new hybrid converters allows for determing their DC line-to-output voltage ratio. The gain formula shows that the hybrid converters are able to reduce/increase the line voltage more times than the original, classical converters. The proposed hybrid converters contain the same number of elements as the quadratic converters. Their performances (DC gain, voltage and current stresses on the active switch and diodes, currents through the inductors) are compared to those of the available quadratic converters. The superiority of the new, hybrid converters is mainly based on less energy in the magnetic field, leading to saving in the size and cost of the inductors, and less current stresses in the switching elements, leading to smaller conduction losses. Experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis.     

降压型DC/DC开关电源中的电压前馈技术

介绍了一种应用于降压型DC/DC开关电源的电压前馈技术,通过调整内部三角波的中心电压,使PWM信号占空比跟随输入电源电压快速改变。该技术能有效抑制输入电源电压变化对输出电压的影响,增强输出电压的稳定性。     

Voltage-follower control in zero-current-switched quasi-resonantpower factor preregulators

In this paper, we propose to study the use of several zero-current-switched (ZCS) quasi-resonant converters (QRCs) (buck-boost, flyback, SEPIC, Cuk, boost, and buck) with a half-wave switch, working as power factor preregulators (PFPs) with voltage-follower control. The analysis carried out demonstrates that these converters show excellent characteristics to obtain a high power factor (PF) without using any input-current feedback loop, and they also allow high switching frequency to operate because they integrate transformer and rectifier diode parasitics into the power topology     

一种新型低成本双极型组合转换器设计

为了降低直流微电网dc-dc转换器的成本,提出了一种新型低压直流双极型组合转换器。相比传统的转换器,该双极型组合转换器采用新的拓扑结构,结合了单端初级电感转换器（single ended Primary Inductance Converter,SEPIC）和Cuk转换器,并且共享开关节点。该拓扑结构的主要优势在于不需要严格控制各种开关的同步性,并且控制终端连接到了地面,从而大大简化了栅级驱动的设计,降低了实现成本。不同的负载条件下对提出的转换器进行了性能测试验证,实验结果表明提出的转换器十分适用于直流微电网,即使在失衡情况下也能完成电压调节能力,实测转换效率均保持在84%与87%之间。     

基于LM3481的太阳能板DC/DC高效变换器

TI生产的LM3481将开关电源的输入电压范围降低到了一个新台阶,最低工作电压仅2.9V.分析和研究采用PWM方法调制的高性能稳压控制芯片LM3481,以其为核心设计制作了一款体积小、功耗低、频率高、输入范围宽的DC/DC升降压型变换器,电路采用SEPIC拓扑结构.实测表明：LM3481 DC/DC变换器特别适合于物联网中的小型太阳能供电系统对3.3V电压的需求,能够很好地将不稳定的太阳能板输出电压转换为稳定电压供负载节点长久使用.LM3481给出了一个比单靠电池供电更优化的电源解决方案.     

Simple topologies of PWM AC-AC converters

This letter proposes a new family of simple topologies of PWM AC-AC converters with minimal switches. With extension from the basic DC-DC converters, a series of AC-AC converters such as buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, and isolated converters are obtained. By PWM duty ratio control, they become a "solid-state transformer" with a continuously variable turns ratio. All the proposed AC-AC converters in this paper employ only two switches. Compared to the existing circuits that use six switches or more, they can reduce cost and improve reliability. The operating principle and control method of the proposed topologies are presented. Analysis and simulation results are given using the Cuk AC-AC converter as an example. The analysis can be easily extended to other converters of the proposed family.     

应用于DC/DC变换器的模拟伪三型补偿结构

介绍了一种采用模拟伪三型的补偿电路,该补偿电路可应用于DC/DC变换器中。通过在PWM比较器前把一个产生低频极点的全差分电路和一个产生低频零点的电路相加,得到两个低频零点和一个低频极点,进而得到快速的负载响应速度。在标准CMOS工艺下仿真了一个应用了伪三型补偿结构的DC/DC变换器,结果表明,在400 mA的负载电流阶跃时,负载调整率和线性调整率均小于2%。     

Switching converters with wide DC conversion range

Compared to basic converter topologies (buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, etc.), pulse-width modulation (PWM) converters with quadratic DC conversion ratios, M(D)=D², M (D)=D²/(1-D) or M(D)=D²/(1-D)² , offer a significantly wider conversion range. For a given minimum ON-time and, consequently, for a given minimum duty ratio D _min, D² in the numerator of M (D) yields a much lower limit on the minimum attainable conversion ratio. By applying a systematic synthesis procedure, six novel single-transistor converter configurations with quadratic DC conversion ratios are found. The simpler, single-transistor realization is the most important advantage over the straightforward cascade of two basic converters. As far as conversion efficiency is concerned, it is clear that a single-stage converter is usually a better choice than a two-stage converter. The quadratic converters proposed are intended for applications where conventional single-stage converters are inadequate-for high-frequency applications where the specified range of input voltages and the specified range of output voltages call for an extremely large range of conversion ratios     

A novel maximum power point tracking technique for solar panels using a SEPIC or Cuk converter

A novel technique for efficiently extracting the maximum output power from a solar panel under varying meteorological conditions is presented. The methodology is based on connecting a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) DC/DC SEPIC or Cuk converter between a solar panel and a load or battery bus. The converter operates in discontinuous capacitor voltage mode whilst its input current is continuous. By modulating a small-signal sinusoidal perturbation into the duty cycle of the main switch and comparing the maximum variation in the input voltage and the voltage stress of the main switch, the maximum power point (MPP) of the panel can be located. The nominal duty cycle of the main switch in the converter is adjusted to a value, so that the input resistance of the converter is equal to the equivalent output resistance of the solar panel at the MPP. This approach ensures maximum power transfer under all conditions without using microprocessors for calculation. Detailed mathematical derivations of the MPP tracking technique are included. The tracking capability of the proposed technique has been verified experimentally with a 10-W solar panel at different insolation (incident solar radiation) levels and under large-signal insolation level changes.     

Influence of DC conversion ratio over small-signal performances ofbuck-boost programmable switching regulator

The influence of DC conversion ratio on the dynamic characteristics of a PWM buck-boost programmable regulator using current-injected control (CIC) and the capability of the control scheme to improve performance of the regulator are investigated. The analysis is performed by applying the small-signal model of the regulator to a number of steady-state operating points. The comparison between small-signal characteristics obtained for the same operating points and for different system open-loop gains (SOLGs) is used to evaluate the capability of CIC to improve the performance of the regulator. The analysis shows that considerable improvements can be expected only for frequencies below unity SOLG cross-over frequency and for small DC conversion ratios     

Buck型变换器的线性化小信号补偿前馈控制

为减小由输入电源扰动引起的输出电压工频纹波,改善DC/DC变换器动态性能,根据平均变量建模思想,为电压型PWM控制的Buck型变换器建立连续导电工作模式（CCM）下统一的平均变量等效电路。分析等效电路并根据前馈控制的不变性原理提出Buck型变换器针对输入电压扰动的线性化小信号补偿前馈控制原理及实现方法,采用该方法的Buck型变换器可快速补偿输入电压扰动,加快变换器在输入电压扰动时的动态调节过程,显著减小输出电压中包括工频在内的低频纹波,改善变换器的动态性能。仿真研究结果验证了文中线性化小信号补偿前馈控制原理、方法及其分析的正确性。     

A systematic approach to developing single-stage soft switching PWMconverters

A systematic approach to developing soft switching PWM converters based on the synchronous switch scheme is presented in this paper. With the approach, several families of passive and active soft switching PWM converters, such as buck-boost, Zeta, Cuk, and Sepic, can be generated from the two basic converters, buck and boost. Also, the approach is used to integrate multiple converters to form a single-stage soft switching PWM converter. It has been shown that analysis of the converters can be conveniently performed from the derived general configurations, reducing the complexity significantly. Therefore, employing the technique can not only explore more physical insights into the converters in a family but reveal more relationships among the soft switching converters over conventional approaches. Measured results from a prototype have verified the feasibility of the derived single-stage converters     

基于锂电池化成的新型双向DC／DC拓扑结构研究与建模

提出一种用于锂电池化成技术的新型双向DC／DC拓扑结构。采用两级双向DC／DC拓扑结构,一级使用半桥双向变换器,另一级使用Buck—boost双向变换器,用数字信号处理器对Buck—boost双向变换器进行闭环控制,能实现输入电压和输出电压有较大压差的情况下进行变换。在Matlab／Simlink下对该拓扑结构进行验证。结果表明,该变换器性能稳定,能有效地实现3V电池电压和400V母线电压双向变换。     

Technique for sensing inductor and DC output currents of PWM DC-DCconverter

The design, analysis and trade-offs of a novel method to sense the inductor and DC output currents of PWM converters are presented. By sensing and adding appropriately the currents in the transistor, rectifier and capacitors of a converter using current transformers, the waveforms of inductor and DC output currents can be reconstructed accurately while maintaining isolation. This method offers high bandwidth, clean waveform, practically zero power dissipation and simple circuit. The technique is applicable to all PWM converters in both continuous and discontinuous modes, and is most suitable for the implementation of current mode control schemes like hysteretic, PWM conductance control, and output current feedforward. This approach has been experimentally verified at a wide range of current levels, duty cycles, and switching frequencies up to 1.4 MHz