Average block error probability in the reverse link of a packetDS/CDMA system under Rayleigh fading channel conditions

Analytic expressions have been derived for the probability density functions of the total signal-to-interference ratio when considering mixed-type interference sources in the reverse link of a DS/CDMA packet radio system with Rayleigh fading. Four different scenarios were studied, and the corresponding expressions are presented for each situation. The users are divided into two groups: those that apply a closed-loop power control and those that only use an open-loop power control. By making use of these expressions, the mean block error probability is derived as a function of the number of total interfering users in each group     

Power Allocation and Control in Multimedia CDMA Wireless Systems

This paper proposes an analysis of outage performance of a Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) wireless system with heterogeneous traffic. Imperfections in closed-loop power control and the activity characteristics of any traffic source in the system are taken into account. For given requirements of signal-to-(noise + interference) ratio and outage probability of every user in the system, the system capacity is derived in terms of the maximum number of users of each class that can be accomodated. The optimization problem is explicitly solved for a system consisting of a single cell and an approach is outlined for solving the optimization problem in a multi-cell system. The analysis is carried out by resorting to various approximations of Multiple Access Interference (MAI), that require different methods for solving the optimization problem and yield different degrees of accuracy. From numerical results it is seen that optimal power allocation is essential to limit the effects of power control imperfections, mainly in the case of non uniform amplitudes of residual power fluctuations. In the second part of the paper, a performance study of fixed step closed-loop power control algorithms is presented. A detailed simulation of the power control loop evidences that fast fading phenomena can not be easily tracked, even at moderate Doppler spread. Statistics of residual power fluctuations are estimated and can be used to support the assumptions in the first part of the paper. Furthermore, second order statistics of the controlled channel are estimated, and second order outage statistics (average rate and duration of outage events) are derived as a quantitative measure of residual channel burstiness.     

A new power control function for multirate DS-CDMA systems

This paper proposes a closed-form power control function for the reverse link of a multirate single chip-rate variable processing gain DS-CDMA system in a mobile radio environment that assumes a Rayleigh fading channel with log-normal shadowing and path loss. A closed-form open-loop power control function based on a newly defined traffic exponent is proposed, and nonlinear programming is used to perform the optimization. In addition, a user model that allows users to dynamically switch traffic rates for different connection applications is implemented. Results obtained using random chip sequences demonstrate improvement in the system capacity with the new power control function compared to the conventional power control function. Furthermore, the proposed function also simplifies the power control processing     

Performance of closed-loop power control in DS-CDMA cellularsystems

In situations where the round-trip delay between the mobile and the base stations is smaller than the correlation time of the channel, power control schemes using feedback from the base station can effectively compensate for the fast fading due to multipath. We study several closed-loop power control (CLPC) algorithms by analysis and detailed simulation. We introduce a new loglinear model for analyzing the received power correlation statistics of a CLPC scheme. The model provides analytical expressions for the temporal correlation of the power controlled channel parameterized by the update rate, loop delay, and vehicle speed. The received power correlation statistics quantify the ability of closed-loop power control to compensate for the time-varying channel. To study more complex update strategies, detailed simulations that estimate the channel bit-error performance are carried out. Simulation results are combined with coding bounds to obtain quasi-analytic estimates of the reverse link capacity in a direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) cellular system. The quasi-analytic approach quantifies the performance improvements due to effective power control in both single-cell and multicell DS-CDMA systems operating over both frequency-nonselective and frequency-selective fading channels. The effect of nonstationary base stations on the system performance is also presented     

Locally optimal-digital redesign of continuous-time systems

The authors present a novel optimal digital redesign technique for finding a dynamic digital control law from the given continuous-time counterpart by minimizing a local quadratic performance index. The quadratic performance index is chosen as the integral of the weighted squared difference between the states of the original closed-loop system and those of the digitally controlled open-loop system at any instant between each sampling period. The developed optimal digital redesign control law enables the states of the digitally controlled open-loop system to match closely those of the original closed-loop system at any instant between each sampling period, and it can easily be implemented using microcomputers with a relatively large sampling period. An illustrative example is presented to demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method     

Outage Perforformance of Power Controlled DS-CDMA Wireless Systems with Heterogeneous Traffic Sources

This paper proposes a performance analysis of a Direct Sequence-Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) wireless system with heterogeneous traffic in terms of second order outage statistics. Imperfections in closed-loop power control are modelled in their first order distribution and autocorrelation function. System capacity and optimal power allocation has been previously derived [7] in the presence of requirements expressed only in terms of signal-to-(noise + interference) ratio and outage probability of every user in the system. Therefore, in this paper the effectiveness of power allocation is evaluated also in terms of average outage rate and average outage duration for the generic user link of each traffic class. This allows to gain insights on the effects of power allocation and feedback control on channel burstiness for each class of users, so that forward error correction and retransmission strategies can be properly tuned. With proper choice of system parameters, the proposed analysis can be applied to both the terrestrial and satellite segments of 3G systems, and integrated scenarios as well. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Optimum Power Assignment for Maximum Throughput in CDMA Personal Communication Systems with Integrated Voice/Data Traffic

A CDMA personal communication system with integrated voice/data traffic is considered, in which the link error performance is controlled according to the voice error rate requirement, and the acceptable data traffic error rate is ensured by ARQ. Optimum power assignment (or allocation) between voice and data users is investigated to maximize the total system throughput. A graphical method (the tangent method) is described to obtain this optimum power allocation. The maximum throughput is expressed as a function of other system parameters. The tangent method is further used to measure the impact of transmission quality on the maximum data throughput. Numerical results and a design example are given for a power controlled wideband IS-95 type wireless personal communication system.     

Effect of Slow Power Control Error on the Reverse Link of OSTBC DS-CDMA in a Cellular System With Nakagami Frequency-Selective MIMO Fading

In this paper, the performance of a multicell orthogonal space-time block-coding direct-sequence code-division-multiple-access system with base station diversity is studied for the reverse link in terms of bit error rate, taking into account the effects of frequency-selective Nakagami-m fading with arbitrary parameters, correlated lognormal shadowing, power control imperfections, selection-based macroscopic diversity, and space-time rake receiver diversity. How the transmitter and receiver antenna configuration setups, the number of rake fingers, and the number of resolvable paths affect the reverse-link capacity of the system is discussed in detail. Analytical results are also given for systems with different processing gains and for propagation environments with different multipath intensity profile distributions     

Capacity estimation for an SIR-based power-controlled CDMA systemsupporting ON-OFF traffic

Capacity estimation in code division multiple access (CDMA) systems is an important issue which is closely related to power control. Many previous studies assumed strength-based power control, which maintains received power at a desired level regardless of changes in the number of active users and in the amount of total other cell interference. However, in signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)-based power control systems, which maintain the received SIR at a desired level, the power level is a function of the above two variables. This study derives the reverse link capacity of an SIR-based power control system supporting ON-OFF traffic in a multiple cell environment. Two different power control systems are compared in terms of capacity in both CBR and ON-OFF traffic environments. The effects of activity factor, the required E_b/I_o, the maximum received power, and propagation parameters are also investigated     

Adaptive Control of Satellite EIRP to Reduce Outage Caused by Fading

The output EIRP or the available bandwidth of a satellite in general limits the amount of traffic which can be handled by SATCOM systems. As the frequency congestion drives future SATCOM systems to higher frequencies, the former constraint will be the more important one because of the severe fades caused by precipitation. Rather than using fixed fade margins, the link power can be dynamically allocated from a common pool of satellite EIRP. By judicious, adaptive allocation of the satellite EIRP among the various users, the traffic supported can be maximized while maintaining the link availability. This paper reports techniques and statistical results of four different ways of allocating the EIRP. By using adaptive centralized control of the terminals transmit power and a variable satellite transmit antenna adaptively controlled by ground commands to compensate for link fades, most efficient use of the satellite EIRP is made. The performance of this technique is derived and compared with others of less complexity and that of a system with fixed satellite antenna and transmit power levels.     

高稳定性半导体激光器功率控制电路设计和测试北大核心CSCD

有些飞行器的表面安装有基于半导体激光器模块的激光信标系统,用于发出指定功率的稳定光束来配合地面光电系统对激光信标的捕获、识别和跟踪。针对该激光信标系统在宽温度范围下的高功率稳定性需求,设计了两种半导体激光器模块功率控制电路,分别对激光输出功率进行闭环控制和开环控制,采用国产和进口的激光器分别测试了两种控制电路在高低温下的功率控制效果,测试结果表明定电压开环控制电路的控制效果优于定功率闭环控制电路。     

利用闭环功控和PRB三段式分配组合下的5G干扰优化

5G建网初期基站默认配置开环功控+两端式分配方案，但此方案随着5G商用推广后用户数的逐步增加，小区间干扰会越来越大，影响用户使用感知度。本研究提出使用闭环功控+PRB三段式资源分配方式，即相邻小区通过PCI模三不同，分配的PRB起始位置不同，降低相邻小区干扰，提升用户感知。采用闭环功控+PRB三段式策略对于前台验证的小包、中包以及大包性能验证均有明显提升，适合借鉴推广。     

Some optimal traffic regulation schemes for ATM networks: a Markovdecision approach

Some new traffic regulation schemes are defined in terms of a relief-spacing (or spacing of the allowance for cell delivery to the network) function. The class of open-loop traffic regulators (TR's) is defined in terms of relief-spacing functions which depend on some user-state; this class may be viewed as an extension of the Spacer-Controller defined in terms of some constant (user-state independent) relief-function. The optimal open-loop TR's are derived by formulating proper optimization problems and applying a Markov decision approach. Numerical results illustrate the improved performance of the optimal open-loop TR over that of the (constant relief-spacing) Spacer-Controller. Finally, the class of closed-loop TR's is defined in terms of relief-spacing functions which depend on both some user- and some network-state information and its optimal element is derived. The improved performance under the optimal closed-loop TR over that of the optimal open-loop TR is illustrated and their difference determines the performance gain if feedback information can become available on time     

Effects of Nakagami-Fading Parameters and Power Control Error on Performance of DS-CDMA Cellular Systems with Adaptive Beamforming

It is well known that power control error (PCE) is a critical issue in CDMA cellular systems. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) of a direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) receiver with imperfect power control, adaptive beamforming, and voice activity is derived in frequency-selective Nakagami fading channels. We discuss the effects of PCE, Nakagami-m fading parameter, and channel’s multipath intensity profile as average signal strength and rate of average power decay and their effects on the BER performance of DS-CDMA cellular systems. In this paper, the RAKE receiver consists of three stages. In the first stage, with conjugate gradient adaptive beamforming algorithm, the desired users’ signal in an arbitrary path is passed and the inter-path interference is canceled in other paths in each RAKE finger. Also in this stage, the multiple access interference (MAI) from other users is reduced. Thus, the matched filter (MF) can be used for the MAI reduction in each RAKE finger in the second stage. In the third stage, the output signals from the MFs are combined according to the conventional maximal ratio combining principle and then are fed into the decision circuit for the desired user. How the Nakagami fading parameters, power control imperfections, or the number of resolvable paths affect the reverse link capacity of the system is discussed in detail. Analytical and simulation results are also given for systems with different processing gains and number of BSs in the cell-selection process with various Nakagami fading parameters.     

Open-loop power control error in a land mobile satellite system

In order to combat large scale shadowing and distance losses in a land mobile satellite system, an adaptive power control (APC) scheme is essential. Such a scheme, implemented on the uplink ensures that all users' signals arrive at the base station with equal average power as they move within the satellite spot beam-an important requirement in a CDMA system. Because of the lengthy round-trip delay on a satellite link, closed-loop power control systems are only of marginal benefit. Therefore, an open-loop APC scheme is proposed to counteract the effects of shadowing and distance loss. A fairly general channel model, consisting of log-normal shadowing and Rician fading, is assumed. This can be applied to a specific two-state land mobile satellite channel model, involving shadowed intervals with Rayleigh fading and unshadowed intervals with Rician fading. It is found that the power control error can be approximated by a log-normally distributed random variable. To quantify the performance of the APC, the standard deviation of the power control error in decibels is analyzed as a function of the specular power-to-scatter power ratio, the measurement time and the vehicle velocity. To illustrate the usefulness of the results, we analyze the effect of the power control error on the system capacity of a CDMA mobile satellite link     

Cross-layer quality-driven adaptation for scheduling heterogeneous multimedia over 3G satellite networks

Wireless networks are experiencing a paradigm shift from focusing on the traditional data transfer to accommodating the rapidly increasing multimedia traffic. Hence, their scheduling algorithms have to concern not only network-oriented quality-of-service (QoS) profiles, but also application-oriented QoS targets. This is particularly challenging for satellite multimedia networks that lack fast closed-loop power control and reliable feedbacks. In this paper, we present a cross-layer packet scheduling scheme, namely Hybrid Queuing and Reception Adaptation (HQRA), which performs joint adaptations by considering the traffic information and QoS targets from the applications, the queuing dynamics induced from the network, as well as the end-to-end performance and channel variations from respective users. By jointly optimizing multiple performance criteria at different layers, the scheme enjoys quality-driven, channel-dependant, and network-aware features. HQRA can well accommodate return link diversity and the imperfect feedbacks, whilst ensuring robustness in highly heterogeneous and dynamic satellite environments. We evaluate its performance over diverse network and media configurations in comparison with the state-of-the-art solutions. We observe noticeable performance gains on application-oriented QoS, bandwidth utilization, and objective video quality, together with favorable fairness and scalability measures.     

非理想功率控制下VSG-CDMA系统的容量分析

该文研究分析了非理想功率控制下,多种类型用户并存时VSGCDMA系统的容量问题。文中根据小区内干扰Iin和他区干扰Iother导出了用户接入许可条件,该条件对用户均匀分布和非均匀分布情况均适用。在此基础上文中推导了链路失败概率的计算公式,并导出了他区用户的干扰分布。     

Analysis of DS-CDMA system supporting heterogeneous traffic with decorrelating detector

Single-cell and multiple-cell direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems supporting heterogeneous traffic are investigated when decorrelating detector is used at receiver. Theoretical analyses and numerical examples are presented to study the effect of imperfect power control on the system performance of the reverse link. As to the forward link, the system performance is analyzed and the power allocation problem at base stations is formulated as a constrained optimization problem. Two algorithms, namely, the optimal algorithm and the unit transmission power allocation (UTXPA) algorithm, are proposed to solve this optimization problem. Computer simulations are presented to compare the performance of the proposed algorithms.     

Capacity of Generalized UTRA FDD Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity Modes

Transmit diversity techniques have received a lot of attention recently, and open-loop and closed-loop downlink transmit diversity modes for two transmit antennae have been included into universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) frequency division duplex (FDD) specification. Closed-loop modes provide larger system capacity than open-loop modes, but they need additional side information of the downlink channel in the transmitter. In FDD systems this requires a separate feedback channel. Quantization of channel state information (CSI) in closed-loop transmit diversity schemes decreases the performance when compared to a closed-loop system where the transmitter has access to complete CSI. In this paper, we analyze the effect of quantization of CSI and deduce approximate capacity formulae for closed-loop transmit diversity schemes that are generalizations of the closed-loop schemes included in UTRA FDD specification. Moreover, we calculate approximation error and show by simulations that our approximation is tight for flat Rayleigh fading environments with and without fast transmit power control.     

Interference Mitigation Using Uplink Power Control for Two-Tier Femtocell Networks

This paper proposes two interference mitigation strategies that adjust the maximum transmit power of femtocell users to suppress the cross-tier interference at a macrocell base station (BS). The open-loop and the closed-loop control suppress the cross-tier interference less than a fixed threshold and an adaptive threshold based on the noise and interference (NI) level at the macrocell BS, respectively. Simulation results show that both schemes effectively compensate the uplink throughput degradation of the macrocell BS due to the cross-tier interference and that the closed-loop control provides better femtocell throughput than the open-loop control at a minimal cost of macrocell throughput.