采用混合自然工质的自复叠制冷系统热力性质分析

对R744／R290、R744／R600a混合自然工质的热力性质进行分析比较,并将它们用于自复叠制冷循环,对系统的循环特性进行分析。经过计算,得出了两种混合工质制冷性质的不同点及环境温度、制冷温度、混合工质中R744浓度对系统性能的影响。为今后R744／R290、R744／R600a的实验研究和实际应用提供了理论依据,减少了实验的工作量。     

自然工质低温复叠式制冷循环的热力学分析与比较

介绍了用于低温环境下采用自然工质CO2、NH3和R2903的复叠式制冷循环，介绍和分析了CO2、R290和NH3的物性特征，并且进行了复叠式制冷循环的热力学理论分析，通过计算得出了不同蒸发温度下的最佳低温循环的冷凝温度和最流量比。通过CO2－NH3，CO2－R290和NH3－NH3复叠式循环的比较，可以看出CO2－NH3、CO2－R290的复叠式制冷循环在低温制冷条件下有明显优势。     

双效复叠吸附式制冷循环的研究

为克服吸附式制冷能量利用效率不高的缺点，采用硅胶－水、分子筛－水分别作为两级循环的工作对以及两级循环中都用分子筛－水为工作对，构造了两种双效复叠式制冷循环．该循环可有效利用第二级循环的吸附热、析出蒸汽的显热，能有效提高热力完善度。建立了计算机模型，对系统和影响性能的一些参数进行了分析讨论。     

双效复叠吸附式制冷循环的研究

为克服吸附式制冷能量利用效率不高的缺点,采用硅胶-水、分子筛-水分别作为两级循环的工作对以及两级循环中都用分子筛-水为工作对,构造了两种双效复叠式制冷循环.该循环可有效利用第二级循环的吸附热、析出蒸汽的显热,能有效提高热力完善度.建立了计算机模型,对系统和影响性能的一些参数进行了分析讨论.     

关于吸收—压缩复叠循环的研究

本文介绍两种吸收─压缩复叠循环──以压缩循环为主体的制冷循环和以吸收循环为主体的热泵循环。通过分析得出以下结论：复叠循环综合了两类循环的特点，比单独的吸收或压缩循环有更高的性能参数，在某些方面特别是节能领域有广阔的应用前景。     

纯R23及其混合工质管内蒸发数值模拟研究

针对自复叠制冷系统中非共沸工质不能完全被分离而有少量高沸点工质混入蒸发器的问题,采用FLU-ENT软件分别对纯R23制冷剂及含有质量分数为8％ R134a的R23混合制冷剂进行了U形蒸发器内的数值模拟.结果 表明:纯R23的管内蒸发速率明显大于含有8％ R134a混合制冷剂的管内蒸发速率;相比于纯制冷剂,混合制冷剂分界...     

用于深度冷冻的自行复叠吸收制冷循环理论研究

提出了一种可利用热能获得深度冷冻的吸收制冷循环，通过对新循环与传统吸收制冷循环最低制冷温度的比较，证明新循环能取得比传统吸收式制冷低得多的蒸发温度。对新循环的不同工况进行了计算和分析，发现新循环的冷凝蒸发器中两股流体热容量是否匹配是决定COP值的关键因素。     

CO2为低温循环工质的复叠式制冷系统的分析比较

通过对NH3/CO2、R290/CO2和R404A/CO2三种复叠式制冷系统的COP、最优低温循环冷凝温度和最佳质量流量比等进行理论分析及性能比较,得出在一定的蒸发温度、冷凝温度和冷凝蒸发器传热温差下,三种复叠式制冷系统的COP都随着低温循环冷凝温度的升高呈现出先增大后减少的趋势,其中NH3/CO2复叠式制冷系统的COP最大;三种复叠式制冷系统的最佳低温循环冷凝温度和最佳质量流量比都随着蒸发温度的升高而升高,其中R404A/CO2复叠式制冷系统的最佳低温循环冷凝温度最高,NH3/CO2复叠式制冷系统的最佳质量流量比最大。     

混合工质R134a/R23替代R22的可行性研究

叙述了基于新型环保型混合制冷剂R134a/R23替代制冷剂R22的问题,以及通过REFPROP7.5,对混合工质R134a/R23从物性和热力学特性进行的理论计算分析,指出,由质量分数为70%的R134a和质量分数为30%的R23组成的混合制冷剂与R22性能最为接近,在变工况运行条件下,其COP值比R22高8%左右,其冷凝压力比同条件下用R22作为循环工质低21%～36%,理论上完全具有替代R22的可能性。     

以R134a为工质的OTEC朗肯循环热力计算软件开发

以海洋温差热能转换(ocean thermal engergy conversion, OTEC)的热力循环为研究对象,为给循环分析提供方便准确的性能计算工具,采用Python程序设计语言,开发了OTEC朗肯循环热力计算软件。软件可以完成简单朗肯循环、再热朗肯循环、抽气回热朗肯循环等3种循环的热力计算,输出结果包括循环最高限制压力、冷凝压力、工质泵功、膨胀机功、蒸发器热负荷、冷凝器热负荷、循环净功以及循环热效率等朗肯循环性能参数。工质热力性质采用R134a的最新国际标准关联式,计算结果足够精确,在蒸发温度24.34℃、冷凝温度8.14℃,泵效率和透平效率均为1.0的工况下,与采用NIST提供的热物性数据进行循环计算结果对比表明,二者完全一致,循环热效率均为5.15%。软件可作为OTEC发电装置的热工设计参考,也可用于R134a工质的-103.15～426.85℃的亚临界朗肯循环、跨临界朗肯循环和超临界循环等领域的应用。     

R245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的材料相容性研究

对于可再生能源和工业余热资源,有机朗肯循环技术(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)被认为是一种高效的能源回收利用技术。其中R245fa因为其自身良好的环保性以及热力性能,被认为是一种具有良好应用前景的ORC工质。对于ORC系统来说,工质的材料相容性是保证系统稳定运行的基础。针对ORC系统实际工况,确定部件、温度、材料等因素的对应关系,提出一套适用于ORC工质材料相容性研究的实验方法,并以R245fa为例开展了实验研究。实验结果表明,在高温条件下,304不锈钢与R245fa的相容性要优于铜材料;同时在橡胶密封材料的选择上,不建议使用氟橡胶,且三元乙丙橡胶的相容性要优于聚四氟乙烯。     

非共沸混合工质应用于复叠式高温热泵系统低温回路的试验研究

为研究不同滑移温度的混合工质应用于复叠式热泵系统低温回路对热泵机组性能的影响,搭建复叠式高温热泵实验台,选用R245fa与R134a/R245fa(质量比分别为9:1、8:2、7:3、6:4)作为高温、低温级循环工质,蒸发器进水温度在20～40℃,冷凝器出水温度在110～130℃的情况下进行试验,并对机组的COP、制热...     

Comparative study of a cascade cycle for simultaneous refrigeration and heating operating with ammonia,R134a,butane, propane,and CO2 as working fluids

In this paper, a cascade system for simultaneous refrigeration and heating is simulated with different working fluids. Ammonia, R134a, butane and propane are evaluated in the low-temperature (LT) cycle and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is used in the high cycle. The effects of the thermodynamic parameters on the cascade system are evaluated with the aim of finding the best working fluid performance and optimum design parameters. Coefficients of performance (COP) and exergetic efficiencies were estimated for each one of the cycles and for the entire system. The behaviour of these parameters is presented as a function of the internal heat exchanger effectiveness and main operating system temperatures. The results showed that the cascade system using butane in the LT cycle increased the COP up to 7.3% in comparison with those obtained with NH₃–CO₂. On the other hand, the cascade systems operating with the mixtures R134a–CO₂ and propane-CO₂ presented similar results reaching COPs up to 5% higher than those obtained with the NH₃–CO₂ system.     

自然工质两级喷射器组合中间压力分配

建立了两级喷射制冷系统和两级喷射器组合的性能分析模型。以水、氨、R290、R600a为工质,研究了两级喷射器组合中间压力分配比与喷射系数的关系,当第一级和第二级喷射器的喷射系数相近时出现使总喷射系数最大的中间压力最佳分配比。探讨了不同工况下最佳分配比与总压缩比和膨胀比之间的关系。膨胀比一定时,最佳分配比随总压缩比的增大先增大,然后减小,最后又逐渐增大;膨胀比对最佳分配比也有一定影响,但与总压缩比的取值区间相关联。绝热指数是影响最佳分配比的重要因素,对处于相同最佳分配比工况的不同工质,绝热指数越大则所需的总压缩比也越大。提出了两级喷射器组合中各级喷射器结构选择方法。     

以R32和R245fa为工质的重力热管传热特性

对以R32和R245fa为工质的长3m、管内径为40mm、管外径为44mm的重力热管开展了传热性能实验研究。热源为恒温水浴,冷源为固定进口温度和流量的冷水。实验得出了不同热源温度下的热管传热负荷、工质蒸发换热系数和冷凝换热系数,并与经典拟合公式的预测值进行了对比。实验分析对比表明,R32更适宜工作在热源温度为常温到50℃的工况,R245fa更适合工作在50~100℃的热管工况。     

烟气驱动复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统㶲分析

通过构建复叠式非共沸工质有机朗肯循环系统模型,并采用■分析方法,研究了系统■效率随工质摩尔组分的变化规律以及不同摩尔组分下,系统各部件■损失分布情况。研究结果表明:受蒸发器泡点温度与高温级蒸发器夹点位置影响,当高温级循环工质环戊烷摩尔分数为0.8,低温级循环工质异丁烷摩尔分数为0.1时,系统■效率取得最大值48.56%,比采用纯工质时相对提高了3.83%;且采用非共沸工质后,排烟损失、高温级蒸发器■损失、低温级冷凝器■损失均有显著降低。     

An experimental evaluation of R11 as a heat pump working fluid in comparison with some other working fluids

A water to water heat pump specially designed and instrumented for research has been used to determine the actual coefficients of performance of R11 for condensing temperatures in the range 70°C to 104°C. 101 experimental points were obtained and these lie on a smooth curve with a standard deviation of 6.32 per cent. The results are compared with data previously obtained for R12, R22, R12B1 and R114 on the same equipment. R11 with its relatively high critical temperature of 198°C is potentially an attractive working fluid provided that it can be operated in conjunction with a lubricant which does not facilitate thermal breakdown.     

Experimental study on a small‐scale pumpless organic Rankine cycle with R1233zd(E) as working fluid at low temperature heat source

This paper focuses on the novelty pumpless organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and its choice of working fluids. Based on the selection criteria, the refrigerant of R1233zd(E) is firstly chosen and investigated in the pumpless ORC system. In the system, the feed pump is removed, and the refrigerant flows back and forth between two heat exchangers, which act as the evaporator or condenser, respectively. The impacts of the heating water temperature and loads on the system performance are studied to find out the best operating conditions. The low‐grade heat source is simulated by an electric boiler. The temperature of the heat resource ranges from 80°C to 100°C with the interval of 5°C. The temperature of the cooling water inlet is 10°C and is kept constant. The largest average power output is 127 W under the condition of 100°C heating water with nine loads. Because the cycle efficiency with heating steam temperature of 100°C cannot be determined, the highest energy and exergy efficiencies are 3.5% and 17.1%, respectively, for heating water of 95°C with seven loads. The experimental results show that the energy and exergy efficiencies increase with the increase of the heating temperature. The power and current outputs increase when the loads increase under the condition of the constant heating water temperature, whereas the voltage output decreases meanwhile. The generating time increases when the loads increase. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the increasing evaporating pressure and decreasing condensing pressure when the loads increases.     

Regenerative vapor cycle with isobutane as working fluid

One of the methods of generating geothermal power is to use a suitable working fluid which extracts heat from geothermal fluids and generates power in a closed cycle. This paper presents a discussion of an improvement of the basic closed cycle with isobutane as a working fluid. A regenerative heat exchanger is added for heating the cold condensate of isobutane with the highly superheated exhaust. The addition of this heat exchanger can result in a significant reduction in the size of heat rejection equipment. Furthermore, the waste brine of the improved system is at such a high temperature that the waste heat can be economically utilized for desalting water for industrial uses.