电弧增材制造技术及其在TC4钛合金中的应用研究进展

增材制造是于20世纪80年代中期发展起来的一门新兴技术,因能快速精确地制造出形状复杂的结构件而受到广泛关注。电弧增材制造是以电弧为热源,采用逐层堆焊的方式制造出致密的金属构件,具有制造成本低廉、成形效率高的突出特点,在大尺寸、复杂零件的快速成形技术中表现出明显的优势,因而在航空航天、汽车船舶等领域有广阔的应用前景。TC4的化学活性高、热导率低、强度高,具有优异的综合力学性能,是应用最广泛的钛合金。TC4并不适合采用传统的加工方法制备,因此采用电弧增材制造的方法成形TC4结构件。但成形件典型的宏观组织为外延生长的柱状晶,导致其力学性能存在各向异性。本文综述了电弧增材制造的发展历史,结合该技术的特征及国内外研究现状,介绍了电弧增材制造TC4钛合金成形件的组织及性能方面的研究进展。     

高性能金属材料激光增材制造应力变形调控研究现状

随着激光增材制造基础理论研究和设备水平的提升,激光增材制造技术越来越多地应用于大型复杂结构的生产制造。激光增材成形过程中形成的应力会导致成形件变形、开裂,因此应力变形的控制是激光增材制造过程亟待解决的关键问题。本文总结了激光增材制造残余应力形成机制、应力变形测试技术和应力变形调控措施等方面的研究现状,提出了激光增材制造应力变形调控存在的主要问题及以后的研究方向,为高性能金属构件激光增材制造"控形"研究提供指导。     

钢的激光增材制造研究进展及前景展望

激光增材制造是一种兼顾精确成形和高性能需求的一体化制造技术,为钢构件的高质量快速制造提供了新思路、新方法。从目前典型钢构件的激光增材制造成形质量控制、组织特征、力学性能和应用现状4个方面出发,主要综述了不同的能量输入及氧含量对成形致密度的影响,提出了如何降低孔隙率的方法,对比了不同激光增材制造工艺方法下,制备模具钢、不锈钢和超高强钢试件热处理前后的微观组织和力学性能。在此基础上,对钢构件激光增材制造的发展趋势和需要进一步深入研究的问题进行了讨论,指出了激光增材制造修复技术与超声辅助工艺相结合的发展前景。     

核电用316L不锈钢粉末增材制造研究现状

增材制造技术是一种无须模具、近净成形的先进制造工艺。不锈钢是一种在核电行业广泛应用的结构材料。实现不锈钢结构件的增材制造将进一步推动增材制造技术的发展,也可为核行业带来革命性改变。以核电用316L不锈钢为例,系统阐述了不锈钢粉末增材制造研究现状,包括粉末制备工艺现状、增材制造成形工艺现状以及成形件的组织性能研究现状。目前,增材制造用316L不锈钢粉末的制备工艺主要为雾化法,粉末的物化性能受制粉工艺参数的影响。在激光粉末床熔融增材制造技术、电子束选区熔化技术和等离子增材制造技术中,尤以激光粉末床熔融增材制造不锈钢的应用最为广泛。增材制造316L不锈钢的组织与性能存在各向异性,但各向异性可通过增材制造的后处理技术消除。目前增材制造最为常用的后处理技术为热处理。与锻造316L不锈钢相比,经热等静压处理的增材制造316L不锈钢的力学性能与辐照性能更优。目前,核用不锈钢的增材制造技术还处于起始阶段,后续应重点关注增材制造的成形机理及成形材料中子辐照性能等内容。     

激光增材制造不锈钢的凝固组织及调控方法研究进展

激光增材制造技术成形的制件具有自由度大、精度高、质量和性能好等优势,随着该技术的日益发展,其在不锈钢材料领域取得了显著的进展。激光增材制造技术成形不锈钢通常呈现出与传统制备工艺显著不同的非平衡凝固组织,表现出复杂的结构特征,而这些特征决定了合金的性能和应用。介绍了激光熔化沉积和选区激光熔化两种激光增材制造技术,选择典型的316L不锈钢及17-4PH不锈钢,综述了激光增材制造不锈钢凝固组织特征的研究现状,重点关注典型多尺度、层次性的组织结构（包括晶粒、宏观缺陷、熔池组织、胞状亚结构、氧化物夹杂等）。系统分析了激光增材制造不锈钢的组织调控方法,包括调整工艺参数、改变工艺环境及热处理等方式,通过组织调控能够影响晶粒的生长及熔池反应,进一步改善其内部微观组织,如形成间隙固溶体或颗粒夹杂物、细化晶粒及消除孔隙等,同时能促进不同相的析出和转变。通过合理地调控凝固组织,能够显著改善不锈钢的组织及机械性能。最后,对激光增材制造不锈钢的未来发展进行了展望。     

铝合金增材制造技术研究进展

铝合金是实现结构轻量化的首选材料,在航空航天、交通运输、船舶舰艇等领域具有广阔的应用前景。铝合金增材制造技术在复杂三维精密结构件的制造方面具有突出的优势和潜力,而且具有高效快速、成形结构可控性高等优点。关于铝合金增材制造技术的迅速发展,本工作从组织与性能、成形精度和质量、成形缺陷控制和数值模拟4个方面,着重介绍了铝合金增材制造的研究现状和最新成果,总结了当前研究存在的不足。在此基础上,对铝合金增材制造技术未来应关注的研究方向给出建议,即实现增材件微观组织控制、阐明增材件应力形成机理、提高增材件的成形精度、研究成形过程中的温度场分布规律等。     

高性能梯度功能材料激光增材制造研究现状及展望EI北大核心CSCD

在高性能梯度功能材料的制造方法中,激光增材制造技术可通过精确控制两种或多种材料粉末的输送和相应的工艺来实现材料组织和性能的梯度分布,为高性能梯度功能材料的制备提供一种更为便捷高效的新途径。本文介绍了高性能梯度功能材料激光增材制造的基本原理及分类,总结了国内外采用激光增材制造技术制备高性能梯度功能材料方面的研究进展,提出了该研究领域在材料选择、工艺优化、过程监控等方面的不足,并对其以后的研究方向,如建立标准体系、深入理论研究及研制新型制造系统等进行展望,为高性能梯度功能材料激光增材制造提供指导。     

增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金组织调控研究现状

增材制造技术可实现复杂钛合金零件的快速成形,制造的Ti-6Al-4V合金具有较高的强度以及优异的高温性能,被广泛应用于航空、医疗等各大领域。综述了金属增材制造的典型工艺,分析了Ti-6Al-4V合金的相变特征,总结了选区激光熔化制造Ti-6Al-4V的力学性能和组织调控方法,着重分析了热处理温度、冷却速率、变质处理以及超声冲击等对合金组织的影响;展望了增材制造Ti-6Al-4V合金的主要发展方向。     

电子束熔丝增材制造研究进展及展望

增材制造技术可以实现复杂三维结构件的快速制造,大幅度提高生产效率、减少材料损耗、降低生产成本.相比于电弧和激光增材制造技术,电子束熔丝增材制造凭借其制造成本低、加工效率高、材料利用率高等特点,逐渐成为增材制造领域的研究热点.从成形精度与缺陷调控、组织与性能特点、成形及其控制机理3个方面综合分析了国内外关于电子束熔丝增材...     

空间大型桁架在轨增材制造技术的研究现状与展望

空间桁架作为航天器结构的理想支撑平台,在深空探测、高分辨率对地观测等空间任务中得到了广泛应用.大型化、轻量化是航天器及其空间附属机构的发展趋势,但受地空运载能力与运载成本的约束,现有常规就地制造技术已无法满足大尺寸、高性能、复杂结构件的太空应用需求.在轨增材制造(在轨3D打印)技术可突破常规就地制造瓶颈,解决空间制备难题,实现低成本在轨建设.在轨增材制造是一种在微/零重力作用、高交变温差、强辐射等极端环境条件下的新型制造技术,由于发展时间较短,技术成熟度较低,诸多基础科学问题与关键技术问题尚待解决.空间大型桁架的在轨增材制造不同于传统地面增材制造,是地面增材制造技术的拓展与延伸.目前,在基础研究方面,国内外已开展了空间微重力环境下的熔融沉积成形增材制造试验,验证了微重力环境下熔融沉积增材制造的可行性.在成形装备方面,中、美、欧等国家或联盟均研制了适用于空间站舱内的熔融沉积增材制造样机,而针对空间大型桁架在轨增材制造的舱外装备,尚处于概念设计向工程样机转化的阶段.在成形工艺方面,受限于装备进展,在轨熔融沉积成形工艺性能研究较少;在模拟微重力环境中增材制造方面,针对大尺寸、长轴径比聚合物及其复合材料熔融沉积成形制件的力学性能各向异性,已通过材料改性、层间粘结热调控等方法得到不同程度的改进.本文系统总结了空间大型桁架在轨增材制造技术的发展现状与研究进展.针对在轨熔融沉积成形增材制造,归纳综述了空间微重力影响、在轨成形装备、成形工艺等关键瓶颈技术的研究现状,探讨了空间大型桁架在轨增材制造面临的挑战与发展趋势,为空间大型结构的在轨构建提供了理论基础与技术参考.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from