Preparation for Crisis Management: A Proposed Model and Empirical Evidence

This article explores the forces restricting effective crisis management in a crisis ridden industry. Models of crisis preparedness have typically been developed based upon research in US or Western business. This study is based upon the Egyptian industry which, until the 1990s was state owned and heavily state supported. Changes in government policy, combined with external forces, not in the least the loss of markets in the previous Soviet bloc, had plunged the industry into serious crisis. Crisis is a cultural embarrassment to most Egyptian managers and this, combined with the depth of economic difficulties faced by the industry, makes it extraordinarily difficult for any level of crisis preparedness to be achieved. Based on interview and questionnaire data, this article extends existing models of crisis preparedness to better accommodate conditions in crisis prone industries outside the West. New dimensions in the proposed model are the stress on national culture and how this limits the range of managerial responses. This in turn requires the active development of an organisational culture to counteract these limitations.     

Bubbling Up the Good Ideas: A Two‐Mode Network Analysis of an Intra‐Organizational Idea Challenge

Organizations have been experimenting with intraorganizational crowdsourcing (IOC), yet the mechanisms of IOC production remain an underresearched topic. Drawing on a 2‐mode ERGM, we examine structural mechanisms and individual‐level factors that shape the network structure of idea generation and selection yielded by an IOC idea challenge in a global IT corporation. Results show a Matthew effect leading to 1) highly centralized employee participation around a few “superactive” employees who engage with many ideas and 2) highly centralized idea popularity with a few ideas attracting most employee attention. We find support for shared affiliations among employee‐idea clusters in the first half of the participation, which is, however, less likely in the second half. We also find support for geographic homophily.     

面向复杂系统的知识发现过程模型KD(D&K)及其应用

为适应复杂系统的知识发现的需要, 在双库协同机制及其诱导的KDD* 过程模型，双基融合机制及其诱导的KDK*过程模型的基础上，借鉴协同原理，提出了将KDD* 与KDK* 有机地融合在一起的、双库协同机制与双基融合机制协同工作的知识发现过程模型KD(DK)；描述了KD(DK) 的总体流程、动态知识库系统及其特征；并在农业施肥和植保领域的应用过程中得到验证.     

Communication Gaps in Disaster Management: Perceptions by Experts from Governmental and Non‐Governmental Organizations

The complexity of current disasters creates a challenge for crisis communication. This paper aims at identifying gaps in communication in disaster management experienced in practice in order to facilitate learning from those situations. The research was conducted using a qualitative online open‐ended questionnaire. It shows that despite the developments in the discipline, communication as an integral part of decision making in disaster management needs to be further developed. The paper provides a practical‐oriented overview of the communication constraints in complex crisis situations, which has not been provided so far. This research is part of an international project developing performance indicators for a quality measurement system for crisis communication.     

PHM模型的工程化验证方法研究

模型验证技术在故障预测与健康管理(PHM)系统研制中受到高度重视,特别是如何将验证方法在具体的工程应用中体现规范性、系统性、通用性和实用性,已成为亟待解决的技术问题;在分析国内外相关研究现状的基础上,对PHM模型验证方法进行了系统深入的研究,阐述了故障数据获取方法和故障诊断和预测性能指标体系,并以机载诊断模型为例,对PHM模型验证流程作了详细介绍;最后,将此方法应用到了PHM验证平台的设计、开发和具体实现中,充分体现了PHM模型验证方法的工程化特点。     

工业过程稳态模型估计误差的渐近正态性分析:SISO情形

本文研究了在相当弱的条件下工业过程稳态模型估计误差的渐近正态性.参数估计采用简单加权最小二乘法,并利用近似线性模型集.优化过程中正常的系统设定点阶跃变化作为辨识信号.据此证明了系统稳态模型估计误差渐近正态分布的结论.同时,还研究了估计量的收敛速度和对线性近似模型结构的渐近鲁棒性.仿真研究则探讨了在有限样本空间内,影响估计精度的若干因素.     

Public Organizations in an Emergency: The 1995 Hanshin‐Awaji Earthquake and Municipal Government

A magnitude 7.2 earthquake hit one of the major metropolitan areas of Japan at 5:46 am on 17 January 1995. This paper examines the behaviour of public organizations during this event in four municipal governments. Opening and managing shelters, reception of relief goods and cooperation with volunteers are, especially, studied in detail. Some of the programmes implemented by the national government and Hyogo prefectural government are also studied. Based on these studies, characteristics of the organizations' responses during the emergency are analyzed. It is argued that the structure of organizations or the disaster response programmes are formulated or changed by using more stable structures or procedures.     

Establishing an Integrated Process Management System (IPMS) in ship management companies

This paper motivates on redesigning the traditional management style of global shipping firms in order to originally establish an Integrated Process Management System (IPMS) on the basis of quality aspects, environmental concerns, and occupational health and safety requirements. The requirements of ISO 9001:2000, ISO 14001:2004, and OHSAS 18001:2007 are comparatively assessed with respect to International Safety Management (ISM) Code clauses via using Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (FAD) while Analytic Network Process (ANP) enables to identify critical managerial processes of shipping business. Consequently, the fundamental structure of IPMS is proposed based on the quantitative outcomes of FAD and ANP approaches. In practice, the IPMS can be adopted into shore-based organizations in accordance with the prior principles of ship management companies.     

Highways,Alleys and By–lanes: Charting the Pathways for Ideas and Innovation in Organizations

The present paper introduces a view of how ideas develop in organizations that goes beyond the traditional focus on either individual or structural conditions for creativity and innovation. An interview study was conducted with key actors in a large Swedish telecom company. A model was then constructed where idea development is viewed as a process of combining and integrating various informal, yet powerful qualities of the organization. The paper argues that successful idea development depends on the capacity of actors and ideas to move on ‘organizational highways, alleys and by–lanes’. A number of suggestions are presented for how to stimulate the processes of creativity and innovation from this perspective.     

A Social Network Perspective of Lead Users and Creativity: An Empirical Study among Children

Generating ideas at the ‘fuzzy front end’ of new product development is risky and has serious consequences for all preceding development stages. One of the currently most prominent techniques in supporting this idea‐generation stage is the lead user approach. Involving lead users in idea generation closely correlates to individual creativity, and both, in turn, to the provision of information in social networks. This study, guided by lead user theory, creativity research and network theory, investigates 16 school‐groups of children examining the relationship between the children's social networks and their resulting creativity and lead userness. In addition, the interplay between lead userness and creativity is discussed and empirically tested. The main result of this study is that children who are positioned as bridging links between different groups in social networks reveal both a high degree of lead userness and a high level of creativity.     

Hybrid Model Predictive Power Management of A Fuel Cell‐Battery Vehicle

This paper considers optimal power management of a fuel cell‐battery hybrid vehicle (FCHV) powertrain having three distinct modal configurations (modes): electric motor propelling/battery discharging, propelling/charging, and generating/charging. Each mode has a distinct set of dynamics and constraints. Using component dynamical/algebraic models appropriate to power flow management, the paper develops a supervisory‐level switched system model as an interconnection of subsystems. Given the model, the paper sets forth a hybrid model predictive control strategy based on a minimization of a performance index (PI) that trades off tracking and fuel economy in each operational mode. Specifically, the PI trades off velocity tracking error, battery state of charge variance, and electric drive and hydrogen fuel usages while penalizing frictional braking to encourage regenerative braking. The optimization is performed using an embedded system model and collocation with matlab 's fmincon to compute mode switches and continuous time controls. The methodology avoids the computational complexity of alternate approaches based on, e.g., mixed integer programming. Projection methods for approximating the switched system solution from the embedded solution are empirically evaluated. To demonstrate the methodology, an example of a FCHV is simulated using three standard velocity driving profiles: a sawtooth profile with a hill climb, the EPA urban dynamic driving schedule, and the New European Driving Cycle. Also, drive cycle fuel usage is compared to that from the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy.     

Creative Leaders: A Decade of Contributions from Creativity and Innovation Management Journal

Articles published in Creativity and Innovation Management volumes 1–9 (1991–2000) have been examined for their contributions to understanding of leadership as a process contributing to creativity and innovation. The study reveals nine overlapping themes, within each of which leadership plays a part in the production of creative insights or innovative productivity. However, for many authors, leadership remains an implicit factor within their models of change. We suggest that leadership, creativity and innovation are knowledge systems which can be more closely integrated for improved theory and practice within communities of practice.     

Structured Methods of New Product Development and Creativity Management: A Teaching Experience

Using structured methods for managing business innovation can be an effective way to improve the ideation process. Teaching structured methods is a potent way to enhance the innovative capabilities of companies and to develop creative products for the marketplace. In this paper, structured models of innovation and product development are reviewed and an approach to them is presented, based on several MSc student projects. The implications for managers, such as the need to train employees in structured methods, and the implications for those who teach innovation management are discussed in detail.     

Research and Implementation of Task Management Model in Product Development Process Management

The implementation of product development process management (PDPM) is an effective means of developing products with higher quality in shorter lead time. It is argued in this paper that product, data, person and activity are basic factors in PDPM With detailed analysis of these basic factors and their relations in product developmed process, all product development activities are considered as tasks and the management of product development process is regarded as the management of task execution A task decomposition based product development model is proposed with methods of constructing task relation matrix from layer model and constraint model resulted from task decomposition. An algorithm for constructing directed task graph is given and is used in the management of tasks. Finally, the usage and limitation of the proposed PDPM model is given with further work proposed.     

敏捷供需链中业务过程管理系统的模型分析

敏捷供需链是为适应市场激烈竞争而组成的上下游企业间的动态联盟。业务过程的有效管理对于敏捷供需链的优势发挥及其重要。工作流技术是业务过程优化管理的有效方法,但敏捷供需链动态性、分布式的环境对工作流技术的实现机制提出了柔性要求。文章从工作流技术的思想出发,提出了敏捷供需链中业务过程的优化管理体系结构和执行机制,该方案可以有效地适应敏捷供需链的运作。     

Creativity‐Stimulating Leadership: A Critical Incident Study of Leaders' Influence on Creativity in Research Groups

This study examines how group leaders in academic and industrial research settings stimulate creativity in group members. The study uses a modified version of the critical incident technique to collect creative incidents as perceived and reported in interviews with research group members. These incidents were content analysed according to the reported creative situation and the creativity‐stimulating leadership behaviours. Reasons for the importance of the incidents are given (each incident is subdivided into categories and subcategories). The highest ranked categories deal with how leaders provide expertise in research meetings and in supervisory situations, in particular for the advancement of research. Four types of creativity‐stimulating leadership behaviours are also discussed. The study finds few differences between how leaders in universities and industries stimulate creativity.     

Towards an Integrated View of the Ambidextrous Organization: A Second‐Order Factor Model

Within the context of ambidexterity, this paper focuses on the tension between radical and incremental innovation and its main aim is to investigate whether an ambidextrous organization for innovation can be conceptualized in a more integrated way as a second‐order construct reflected by both contextual and structural approaches. Structural equation modelling is employed to analyse data from a survey of 185 firms in Austrian and Italian medium‐ and high‐tech industries. The primary contribution of the paper is that the ambidextrous organization can be meaningfully described by a higher‐order structure made up of structural and contextual solutions. This paper makes an important contribution to ambidexterity thanks to high‐order modelling of the construct of ‘ambidextrous organization’, thus unveiling interesting implications for both academics and managers.     

A Lack of Insight: An Experimental Analysis of R&D Managers’ Decision Making in Innovation Portfolio Management

This study analyses the decision to exploit an innovation project and investigates differences in individuals’ evaluations of project attributes in the context of innovation project portfolio management. A conjoint field experiment was used to collect data on exploitation decisions made by 126 research and development (R&D) managers to test how managers evaluate specific project attributes in the context of innovation project portfolio management. I analyse the relative power and popularity of profitability, strategy, uncertainty and social dimensions of the portfolio while R&D managers exploit an innovation project. Moreover, using social judgement theory, I analyse actual exploitation processes (i.e., the innovation attributes an R&D manager considers while he or she is making an exploitation decision) and self‐reported decision‐making attributes (i.e., managers’ self‐reported data). The data underline that R&D managers value specific project attributes more and others less, and therefore find disparities in innovation project portfolio decision making. Based on this study's results, decision makers are better able to reflect and understand the influence of specific project attributes. Therefore, they should investigate established decision‐making processes which can help them to improve portfolio performance.     

A Work‐In‐Process Literature Review: Incorporating Social Media in Risk and Crisis Communication

This work‐in‐process literature review gives an overview of recent insight in the incorporation of social media in risk and crisis communication. By marrying literature and examples of social media use with best practices in risk and crisis communication, this study demonstrates how communicators can embrace social media tools to better manage a risk or crisis. Best practices in risk and crisis communication are summarized, examples of social media tools used to manage risks and crises are expounded, and recommendations for practitioners are provided to incorporate social media tools in risk and crisis communication.