多壁碳纳米管纳米流体的大容积沸腾

通过在直径为12 mm的沸腾表面进行的多壁碳纳米管阿拉伯树胶水溶液的大容积沸腾实验,研究其沸腾传热特性。纳米流体的沸腾传热效果弱于阿拉伯树胶水溶液,烧毁点的过热度增加而临界热流密度减小,同时,阿拉伯树胶水溶液的传热效果劣于水。纳米颗粒在沸腾加热表面富集、结垢引起液体密度、沸腾表面上活化核心数目的变化,随传热时间的延长,垢层结构包括毛细孔直径、空隙率、垢层厚度不断发生变化,进而引起蒸汽在毛细孔中的流动阻力不断增加、加热表面和垢层间热阻增加,沸腾表面的活化核心数目减小,阿拉伯树胶在蒸发表面的局部富集、黏度大大增加,最终导致沸腾传热恶化。     

井筒重力热管传热特性的研究

井筒重力热管是利用热管将油藏自身能量即井底热量传递到井筒上部,在无需外加动力条件下实现对井筒近井口流体加热,改善井口流体温度分布,防止近井口结蜡和絮凝,从而降低采油成本。本文利用N-S方程,根据液膜内微元体的质量守恒、动量守恒和热平衡原理,模拟分析重力热管冷凝段冷却温度、加热段加热功率、冷凝段、绝热段长度以及热管内径等参数对热管运行的影响。研究变参数下热管内液膜厚度变化以及冷凝和蒸发换热系数的变化,进而分析得出变参数时重力热管传热特性,为优化重力热管参数和提高热管的换热性能提供了理论依据,从而使重力热管在最佳传热状态下运行,提高其换热效率。     

多壁碳纳米管-乙二醇纳米流体集热性能研究

为研究多壁碳纳米管-乙二醇纳米流体(MWCNTs-EG)的集热能力,采用单层玻璃管作为集热管,对6种不同体积分数、不同颗粒粒径的MWCNTs-EG流体和水进行了闷晒集热实验。测试表明,相同体积分数的MWCNTs-EG流体的集热温度随着颗粒粒径的增大而增大,其瞬时集热量最高可达54.2k J,是水集热量的2.4倍。其中,MWCNTs-EG(30~50nm,0.06vol%)的温升最为明显,最大平均值是53.8℃,温升为22.7℃。此外,MWCNTs-EG的体积分数、颗粒粒径以及其团聚沉降均能影响着纳米流体的集热效果。     

水基纳米流体在铜丝平板热管中的应用

对使用三种水基纳米流体作为工质的铜丝平板热管的传热特性进行了实验研究.使用的纳米流体分别是平均粒径20 nm的Cu纳米颗粒、平均粒径50 nm的Cu纳米颗粒和平均粒径50 nm的CuO纳米颗粒的水基悬浮液(简称水基20 nm Cu、50 nm Cu、50 nm CuO纳米流体),着重分析了纳米流体种类,纳米颗粒质量分数、运行温度或工作压力对热管传热特性的影响.研究结果表明,使用纳米流体作为工质可以显著提高热管的传热特性;在不同运行温度条件下,不同的纳米流体均在质量分数1.0％时具有最佳传热效果;纳米流体是一种适用于铜丝平板热管的新型工质.     

开启式重力热管传热特性的实验研究

对φ38 mm×3 mm,长1 600 mm的开启式碳钢-水重力热管进行了传热性能的实验研究.实验为0.02～0.8 MPa,2.5～9.6 kW.对负压下开启武重力热管的传热性能首次进行了研究,发现负压与正压的传热规律相似,但传热性能较正压差.实验结果表明,开启式热管具有较好的传热特性,性能稳定,可作为高温烟气余热锅炉的传热部件.根据实验数据回归了开启式重力热管沸腾换热系数实验关联式,可用于工程实际.     

四氧化三铁纳米流体强化热管换热的实验研究

通过实验研究四氧化三铁（Fe3O4）纳米流体重力热管的传热性能。在不同输入功率、不同充液率、不同纳米流体质量浓度的工况下测试热管的外壁温度,再理论计算其等效对流传热系数、热阻。结果表明：当充液率为50%,输入功率为40W时,水基液重力热管和纳米流体重力热管都有最高的等效对流传热系数,并且纳米流体质量浓度为1%时,重力热管具有最高的等效对流传热系数5455.4 W.m-2.K-1,较水基液重力热管最多可增大79.1%。四氧化三铁纳米流体运用于重力热管可以有效减小其热阻、强化其传热性能。     

重力热管流动与传热特性的数值研究

采用计算流体力学(CFD)软件,在流体体积(VOF)模型中引入Boussinesq近似模型,以水为工质对不同加热功率下的重力热管进行了数值模拟,将实验、理论与数值结果三者结合对其内部流动与传热过程进行了分析.结果表明:CFD模拟得到的壁温与实验壁温吻合较好,可以用CFD可视化定性分析加热功率对重力热管传热特性的影响;在10~80 W范围内,随着加热功率的增大,蒸发段对流传热系数先增大后减小,冷凝段对流传热系数一直增大;当加热功率超过一定值时,蒸发段传热性能恶化,CFD可视化结果显示液池干涸,达到传热极限.     

纳米流体对内燃机冷却系统强化传热的数值模拟研究

将Cu-水纳米流体应用到内燃机冷却系统中,并利用大型通用CFD软件STAR-CD针对不同浓度纳米流体的内燃机冷却系统进行三维数值模拟计算.通过计算可以得到传热工质的流场、压力场及壁面换热系数的空间分布.结果表明,以Cu-水纳米流体作为传热工质可以显著提高内燃机的散热性能,且散热量随着纳米粒子浓度的增大而增大.同时,纳米粒子的加入也引起了内燃机冷却系统泵功的增加,但是与散热量的显著提高相比是可以接受的.     

重力热管内部相变及传热传质过程的数值模拟

重力热管内部包含复杂的两相流动以及相变传热过程,传统理论分析及实验手段不能直观给出其内部流动、相变、热质传递的详细信息。采用VOF(volume of fluid)多相流模型对重力热管内气液两相流动及传热进行模拟,捕捉到蒸发段气泡产生、合并、长大、上升,以及冷凝段壁面附近液滴形成、合并、下滑、汇集到液池的全过程,得到的壁温分布与实验测量值对比体现良好一致性,表明数值模拟的正确性。同时,以热阻、传热量和热效率为评价标准,研究不同充液率和倾斜角度下对重力热管运行性能的影响。结果表明:在所研究的参数范围内,随着充液率的增加,热阻逐渐减小,冷凝段传热量逐渐增大。且工质初始充注量充满蒸发段时热管性能较好;倾角对热阻的影响不明显,冷凝段传热量和热效率均随倾角增加而增长。     

自激振荡流热管内Cu-水纳米流体的传热特性

对工质为Cu-水纳米流体的自激振荡流热管在不同激光加热功率下的热传输特性进行了实验研究,并对工质为蒸馏水的自激振荡流热管的传热性能进行了比较.通过对不同的充液率、Cu纳米颗粒份额的Cu-水纳米流体自激振荡流热管实验结果分析发现:自激振荡流热管内Cu-水纳米流体的热传输具有一定的特殊性,在一定条件下纳米流体可以起到强化传热的作用,但决定纳米流体自激振荡流热管热传输性能的参数应是充液率.     

Unexpected sharp peak in thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes water-based nanofluids

We report here the thermal conductivity measurement of carbon nanotubes water-based nanofluids stabilized by sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate as a function of volume fraction and temperature. For the first time, we further show the existence of a sharp peak in thermal conductivity at very small volume fraction below theoretical percolation threshold which is temperature independent. This preliminary study evidences the potential of promising and useful nanofluid for practical applications in cooling and energy systems and heat exchangers, as viscosity penalty is obviously vanished at this concentration.     

Thermal performance of screen mesh wick heat pipes using water-based copper nanofluids

Fairly stable surfactant free copper–distilled water nanofluids are prepared using prolonged sonication and homogenization. Thermal conductivity of the prepared nanofluid displays a maximum enhancement of ～15% for 0.5 wt% of Cu loading in distilled water at 30 °C. The wall temperature distributions and the thermal resistances between the evaporator and the condenser sections of a commercial screen mesh wick heat pipe containing nanofluids are investigated for three different angular position of the heat pipe. The results are compared with those for the same heat pipe with water as the working fluid. The wall temperatures of the heat pipes decrease along the test section from the evaporator section to the condenser section and increase with input power. The average evaporator wall temperatures of the heat pipe with nanofluids are much lower than those of the heat pipe with distilled water. The thermal resistance of the heat pipe using both distilled water and nanofluids is high at low heat loads and reduces rapidly to a minimum value as the applied heat load is increased. The thermal resistance of the vertically mounted heat pipe with 0.5 wt% of Cu–distilled water nanofluid is reduced by ～27%. The observed enhanced thermal performance is explained in light of the deposited Cu layer on the screen mesh wick in the evaporator section of the heat pipe.     

Numerical investigation of heat transfer enhancement using carbon nanotube-based non-Newtonian nanofluids

In this study convective heat transfer of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based nanofluids in a straight tube under constant wall heat flux condition is numerically investigated. To achieve this goal Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the finite volume technique with considering CNT-based nanofluids as non-Newtonian fluids of shear-thinning character using the non-Newtonian power law model. The objectives of this research are to provide detailed information of non-Newtonian behavior of CNT nanofluids, comparison of the numerical simulation predictions to the experimental measurements and investigation of non-Newtonian effects on the local heat transfer of the CNT nanofluid and compare the thermal performance of the CNT nanofluids and conventional fluids. As a result the heat transfer coefficient is dominated by the wall region due to non-Newtonian behavior of CNT nanofluid. The results reported in this paper illustrate that the numerical simulation can be one of the most powerful and beneficial tools for the CNT nanofluids optimization and performance analysis.     

Numerical study of transient buoyancy-driven convective heat transfer of water-based nanofluids in a bottom-heated isosceles triangular enclosure

A numerical study of transient buoyancy-driven convective heat transfer of water-based nanofluids inside a bottom-heated horizontal isosceles triangular cylinder is presented. Nano-sized copper oxide (CuO) particles suspended in water with two different volume fractions are considered. The thermophysical properties of water in the presence of nanoparticles are predicted using existing models, in which the effects of the Brownian motion of nanoparticles are taken into account. It is shown that pitchfork bifurcation appears for relatively high Grashof numbers and the critical Grashof number is found to be 5.60 × 10⁴. The predicted development of convective flow of nanofluids is presented by means of the average Nusselt number over the bottom. Additionally, the flow development time towards a steady/quasi-steady state and the time-averaged Nusselt number are scaled with Grashof number. It is also shown that at constant Grashof numbers the time-averaged Nusselt number is lowered as more nanoparticles are added to the base liquid and will be overestimated if the Brownian motion effects are not considered.     

Numerical evaluation of the heat transfer in a shell and corrugated coil tube heat exchanger with three various water-based nanofluids

In this paper, turbulence heat transfer and nanofluid flow in a shell and corrugated coil tube heat exchanger are evaluated numerically. The three-dimensional numerical simulations have been done by finite volume method using a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. The spatial discretization of mass, momentum, turbulence dissipation rate, and turbulence kinetic energy equations has been achieved by a second-order upwind scheme. A SIMPLE algorithm has been used for velocity–pressure coupling. To calculate gradients, Green-Gauss cell-based method has been utilized. The cross-section of the coil tube is lobe shaped. First, the impact of corrugated tube cross-section type and then, the impact of utilizing different types of nanofluid on thermal performance are investigated. The outcomes indicate that at high Reynolds number, utilizing a five-lobe cross-section causes augmentation in Nusselt number and pressure drop by about 4.8% and 3.7%, respectively. However, the three-lobe type shows the highest thermal performance. Moreover, water/CuO has the most thermal performance. As the volume concentration of the nanofluid increases, the thermal performance declines.     

波纹管式余热回收蓄热装置强化传热特性模拟

为了强化应用于烟气余热回收,设计了一种利用波纹管作为烟气流通管道、相变材料作为储热介质的传储热结构,并利用gambit建立了蓄热单元二维模型,通过Fluent分别模拟了波纹管和光管储热单元的蓄放热过程,分析强化传热效果。模拟分析了不同波纹高度和波纹间距尺寸参数对蓄热单元充放热过程的影响,为结构尺寸的优化设计提供参考。     

Buoyancy-driven heat transfer of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in a rectangular cavity

In this paper, thermal characteristics of natural convection in a rectangular cavity heated from below with water-based nanofluids containing alumina (Al₂O₃ nanofluids) are theoretically investigated with Jang and Choi’s model for predicting the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids and various models for the effective viscosity. To validate theoretical results, we compare theoretical results with experimental results presented by Putra et al. It is shown that the experimental results are put between a theoretical line derived from Jang and Choi’s model and Einstein’s model and a theoretical line from Jang and Choi’s model and Pak and Cho’s correlation. In addition, the effects of the volume fraction, the size of nanoparticles, and the average temperature of nanofluids on natural convective instability and heat transfer characteristics of water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids in a rectangular cavity heated from below are theoretically presented. Based on the results, this paper shows that water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids is more stable than base fluid in a rectangular cavity heated from below as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases, the size of nanoparticles decreases, or the average temperature of nanofluids increases. Finally, we theoretically show that the ratio of heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids to that of base fluid is decreased as the size of nanoparticles increases, or the average temperature of nanofluids is decreased.     

Critical review of heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids

Researches in heat transfer have been carried out over the previous several decades, leading to the development of the currently used heat transfer enhancement techniques. The use of additives is a technique applied to enhance the heat transfer performance of base fluids. Recently, as an innovative material, nanometer-sized particles have been used in suspension in conventional heat transfer fluids. The fluids with these solid-particle suspended in them are called ‘nanofluids’. The suspended metallic or nonmetallic nanoparticles change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the base fluid. The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments in research on the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids for the purpose of suggesting some possible reasons why the suspended nanoparticles can enhance the heat transfer of conventional fluids and to provide a guide line or perspective for future research.     

Thermal resistance of screen mesh wick heat pipes using the water-based Al2O3 nanofluids

In the present study, the effect of nanofluids on the thermal performance of heat pipes is experimentally investigated by testing circular screen mesh wick heat pipes using water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids with the volume fraction of 1.0 and 3.0 Vol.%. The wall temperature distributions and the thermal resistances between the evaporator and the adiabatic sections are measured and compared with those for the heat pipe using DI water. The averaged evaporator wall temperatures of the heat pipes using the water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids are much lower than those of the heat pipe using DI water. The thermal resistance of the heat pipe using the water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids with the volume fraction of 3.0 Vol.% is significantly reduced by about 40% at the evaporator-adiabatic section. Also, the experimentally results implicitly show that the water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids as the working fluid instead of DI water can enhance the maximum heat transport rate of the heat pipe. Based on the two clear evidences, we conclude that the major reason which can not only improve the maximum heat transport rate but also significantly reduce the thermal resistance of the heat pipe using nanofluids is not the enhancement of the effective thermal conductivity which most of previous researchers presented. Especially, we experimentally first observe the thin porous coating layer formed by nanoparticles suspended in nanofluids at wick structures. Based on the observation, it is first shown that the primary mechanism on the enhancement of the thermal performance for the heat pipe is the coating layer formed by nanoparticles at the evaporator section because the layer can not only extend the evaporation surface with high heat transfer performance but also improve the surface wettability and capillary wicking performance.     

Flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of water-based Al2O3 nanofluids in fully developed laminar flow regime

We have measured the pressure drop and convective heat transfer coefficient of water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluids flowing through a uniformly heated circular tube in the fully developed laminar flow regime. The experimental results show that the data for nanofluid friction factor show a good agreement with analytical predictions from the Darcy’s equation for single-phase flow. However, the convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids increases by up to 8% at a concentration of 0.3 vol% compared with that of pure water and this enhancement cannot be predicted by the Shah equation. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient enhancement exceeds, by a large margin, the thermal conductivity enhancement. Therefore, we have discussed the various effects of thermal conductivities under static and dynamic conditions, energy transfer by nanoparticle dispersion, nanoparticle migration due to viscosity gradient, non-uniform shear rate, Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis on the remarkable enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids. Based on scale analysis and numerical solutions, we have shown, for the first time, the flattening of velocity profile, induced from large gradients in bulk properties such as nanoparticle concentration, thermal conductivity and viscosity. We propose that this flattening of velocity profile is a possible mechanism for the convective heat transfer coefficient enhancement exceeding the thermal conductivity enhancement.