13．用逐次加料和连续流两种上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理填埋渗出液

目前,收集和处理填埋渗出液是填埋场运行中一个最迫切的事情。可供选择的方案中的一个是用好氧或厌氧生物学工艺处理填埋渗出液。但厌氧处理方法更适宜于高浓填埋渗出液,因为它运行成本较低,产生有用的沼气,并产生无病原体的固体残余物,后者可用来做土地覆盖材料。关于填埋渗出液厌氧处理的报告很多,但探讨用逐次投料反应器的方式运行的高速率上流式厌氧污泥床反应器应用于处理填埋渗出液的报告却不多。     

膜生物反应器处理及回用高浓度含氨氮废水

采用缺氧好氧预处理工艺的膜生物反应器（MBR）＋RO处理回用高浓度含氯氮废水。工艺切实可行，运行费用低，对化学需氧量（COD）的去除率达到90％以上，对氯氮的去除率达到80％以上，出水采用RO进行深度处理，成本更经济合理。     

HUSB作为城市污水一级处理构筑物的探讨

本文仅以常温、低温厌氧反应器的典型代表HUSB反应器为例,介绍其工艺原理,通过进水浓度、水温、水力停留时间等因素对有机物去除率影响,讨论其作为城市污水一级处理构筑物的适用性。     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液在高负荷下的连续运行性能研究

为解决常规厌氧工艺在处理垃圾渗滤液的运行过程中存在微生物流失和出水水质较差等问题,考察了浸没式平板厌氧膜生物反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的运行性能。以垃圾填埋场新鲜渗滤液为研究对象,在中温(37±1)℃条件下进行连续厌氧消化试验,容积负荷为9.5 kg_COD/(m³·d),反应器运行67 d。实验表明,在水力停留时间为10 d的条件下,甲烷产率为217 mL/g_COD,化学需氧量(COD)平均去除率达88.7%,出水总挥发性脂肪酸为230 mg/L,pH稳定在7.83～8.19,系统具有良好的稳定性。膜通量设定为5 L/(m²·h)时,实验结束时未发生明显的膜污染,跨膜压差由2.6 kPa增长至4.1 kPa,系统运行良好。实验结果表明在处理垃圾渗滤液时,厌氧膜生物反应器可以在高负荷条件下稳定运行,膜在连续运行下的抗污染能力较好。     

缺氧—好氧复合式MBR处理城镇生活污水的研究

采用缺氧-好氧复合式MBR工艺处理城镇生活污水,投加组合填料,结果表明,实验对COD、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率分别为92%、93.18%、78.59%、74.68%。在进水水质正常的条件下,出水各项指标均能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）的一级A标准。     

气浮-厌氧-接触氧化工艺处理油田联合站剩余污水

介绍了该工艺的运行原理以及工艺特点,并介绍了该工艺在冀东油田柳一联的运行情况,以及运行经验。     

一体式MBR中好氧颗粒污泥的形成及对膜污染的影响

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥在一体式膜生物反应器中培养好氧颗粒污泥,通过3个培养阶段污泥生长情况的考察,研究了颗粒粒径和SOUR的变化以及二者对膜污染的影响.     

厌氧膜生物反应器处理有机垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率与膜过滤性能研究

考察厌氧膜生物反应器(An MBR)在依次改变膜过滤通量[7 L/(m²·h)、6 L/(m²·h)、5 L/(m²·h)、4 L/(m²·h)]运行下处理实际有机垃圾渗滤液的膜过滤性能,分析了膜污染后污染物阻力分布状况。在水力停留时间(HRT)为10 d、固体停留时间(SRT)为100 d、有机负荷(OLR)为5～6 g-COD/(L·d)的条件下运行104 d。实验结果显示,化学需氧量(COD)的去除率可以达到90%～93%,过滤通量增加后压缩泥饼层使COD去除率有所提高。在初始通量为6 L/(m²·h)下实现了较好的过滤性能,增加通量至7 L/(m²·h)后不可逆污染会快速形成,即使通量再降低至5 L/(m²·h),甚至4 L/(m²·h)后,膜过滤性能仍较差。通过膜清洗测定过滤阻力分布,结果显示泥饼层阻力占总阻力的52%,是造成膜污染的主要因素。降低运行通量对不可逆污染恢复效果差,需及时进行化学清洗,可通...     

工业有机废水深度处理系统技术研究

本文研究了“萃取+共沸-水蒸汽精馏+改性活性污泥法+芬顿氧化”的系统新技术,使用萃取剂萃取废水中不能形成共沸的有机物,再加入共沸剂,通入水蒸汽,使有机物与水形成共沸气体而逸出,经冷凝分离出有机物;通过添加特异性菌种和改变营养条件等,使活性污泥细菌种群中的目标菌变成为优势菌,实现去除目的污染物的预期;采用芬顿氧化等去除菌类等剩余物,使工业有机废水获得深度处理而回收利用,实现零排放。     

污泥处理有望成为环保投资新主题

<正>继2013年9月大气污染防治计划出台之后2014年上半年我国将出台水污染防治行动计划(《清洁水行动计划》),计划除明确各细分领域的污染物减排指标及具体任务外,最大的亮点是明确污泥处理将作为水污染防治重点任务之一,未来将加快推进全国污水处理厂的污泥处理设施同步建设,以弥合当前全国污泥处理率不足10%的落后现状。我国污水处理产业长期"重水而轻泥",污泥处理能力、技术和投入严重滞后于水处理产业。根据相     

Enhancing wastewater degradation and biogas production by intermittent operation of UASB reactors

The present work establishes intermittent operation of UASB reactors as a novel form of enhancing the anaerobic degradation of complex wastewaters and its conversion to usable biogas. Results show that the average methane production rate is 25% higher with the intermittent operation than with the continuous mode, meaning that it could produce 25% more electricity or heat. The methanization efficiency obtained in intermittent UASB reactors is around 20% higher than in the continuous systems, confirming a higher biological degradation of the substrates. It has been suggested that intermittent operation causes a forced adaptation of the biomass towards the degradation of complex substrates and results from morphological analyses of the biomass developed in intermittent and continuous UASB reactors showed marked differences between them. In order to gain a deeper knowledge on how microbial populations are affected by these operational parameters, a strategy involving the amplification, cloning, and analysis of the nucleotide sequences of genes encoding the 16S ribosomal RNA was undertaken and is described in this work. This strategy allowed the identification of a total of 49 different sequences. Results from the molecular characterization of the microbial populations are consistent with the higher methanization efficiency of the intermittent mode of operation.     

Hydrogen production from sulfate- and ferrous-enriched wastewater

The quantitative relationship between sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and hydrogen (H₂) production from sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and ferrous [Fe(II)] enriched wastewater was investigated. Both Fe(II) (0–11,600 mg/L) and SO₄²⁻ (0–20,000 mg/L) improved the H₂ production efficiency from wastewater. The H₂ yields were increased up to 1.9 mol H₂/mol glucose in 580–1750 mg Fe(II)/L and 1000–3000 mg SO₄²⁻/L enriched wastewater at pH 5.8–6.2. Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) analyses revealed that the specific sulfate reducing activities (SSRA) were increased from 0.08 and 0.06 to 0.16 and 0.21 g TS/g SRB h in response to variations in sulfate concentration from 300–20,000 mg/L at pH 5.8 and 6.2, respectively. H₂ production was not influenced by low SSRA (≤0.1 g TS/g SRB h), which was independent of pH variation. The results demonstrated that the SSRA and Fe(II) concentration can significantly influence on the biological H₂ production from SO₄²⁻ and Fe(II) containing wastewater.     

从废水中回收能源--微生物燃料电池和发酵生物制氢技术

利用微生物在废水处理的同时获得能量主要有3种方式,分别是厌氧产沼气,发酵生物制氢和微生物燃料电池技术.利用厌氧微生物处理污水,在去除COD的同时获得沼气是比较成熟的技术,而后两种的研究开展较晚,仍处于实验室研究阶段.但微生物燃料电池和发酵生物制氢技术发展迅速,而且可以有机结合.文中对两者的基本原理和最新研究进展进行了介绍,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

Energy balance and greenhouse gas emissions of biodiesel production from oil derived from wastewater and wastewater sludge

It has been recognized that oils derived from microorganism and wastewater sludge are comparable replacements of traditional biodiesel production feedstock, which is energy intensive and costly. Energy balance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are essential factors to assess the feasibility of the production. This study evaluated the energy balance and GHG emissions of biodiesel production from microbial and wastewater sludge oil. The results show that energy balance and GHG emissions of biodiesel produced from microbial oil are significantly impacted by the cultivation methods and carbon source. For phototrophic microorganism (microalgae), open pond system gives 3.6 GJ higher energy gain than photo bioreactor system in per tonne biodiesel produced. For heterotrophic microorganisms, the energy balance depends on the type of carbon source. Three carbon sources including starch, cellulose, and starch industry wastewater (SIW) used in this study showed that utilization of SIW as carbon source provided the most favorable energy balance. When oil extracted from municipal sludge is used for biodiesel production, the energy gain is up to 29.7 GJ per tonne biodiesel produced, which is higher than the energy gain per tonne of biodiesel produced from SIW cultivated microbes. GHG emissions study shows that biodiesel production from microbes or sludge oil is a net carbon dioxide capture process except when starch is used as raw material for microbial oil production, and the highest capture is around 40 tonnes carbon dioxide per tonne of biodiesel produced.     

Emerging technologies for hydrogen production from wastewater

Wastewater treatment is essential to shield the environment. The production of H₂ is substantial for prospering its applications in diversified sectors; hence the study of wastewater treatment for H₂ production is accomplished. Various technologies have been developed and studied considering the potential of wastewater to generate hydrogen-rich gas. These technologies have different mechanisms, diversified setups, and processes. Perhaps these technologies are proven to be exceptional exposures for hydrogen production. Fortunately, a valuable contribution to the environment and the H₂ economy is that some technological processes have been promoted to synthesize H₂ from lab scale to pilot scale. Contemplating such comprehensive exposure to H₂ synthesis from wastewater, the critical information of eight emerging technologies, including their mechanism and reaction parameters influencing the process, pros, cons, and future developmental scopes, are described in this review by classifying them into three different classes, namely light-dependent technologies, light-independent technologies, and other technologies.     

Fermentative biohydrogen production from starch-containing textile wastewater

The present study deals with the biohydrogen production from starch-containing wastewater collected from the textile industry in Taiwan. The effects of inoculums collected from different sources (sewage sludge, soil and cow dung), substrate concentrations (5–25 g COD/L) and pH (4.0–8.0) on hydrogen production from wastewater were investigated.     

Anaerobic hydrogen and methane production from low-strength beverage wastewater

In this study, the low-strength effluent from an equalization tank of the wastewater treatment plant in a beverage factory was used for the production of hydrogen and methane. The COD concentration of this low-strength wastewater was 2.9 ± 2.0 g COD/L. In a two-phase anaerobic fermentation system, the hydrogen-producing bioreactor was operated at HRT 8 h, while the methane-producing reactor operated at HRT 24 h. The maximum MPR, methane yield (MY), methane content and COD removal were 72 ± 31 mL/L-d, 58 ± 12 mL/g COD, 92 ± 2% and 78%, respectively. Energy efficiency in this study was calculated as follows, the maximum heating value was 2.2 × 10⁸ kcal/y. The annual carbon-emission reduction was 8.8 × 10⁴ kg CO₂/y, 5.2 × 10⁴ kg CO₂/y, 7.2 × 10⁴ kg CO₂/y when energy-equivalent coal, natural gas or fuel was used, respectively.     

Phototrophic hydrogen production from acetate and butyrate in wastewater

Phototrophic hydrogen production was conducted using individual substrates, acetate and butyrate, which are the main products of dark fermentation. Effects of initial pH (ranging 5.0–10.0) and individual substrate concentrations (acetate ranging from 800 to 4100 mg/l, and butyrate ranging from 1000 to 5100 mg/l) on phototrophic hydrogen production were evaluated. The maximum hydrogen yields were 2.5 mol-H₂/mol-acetate at an initial pH of 8.0 treating 800 mg/l of acetate, 3.7 mol-H₂/mol-butyrate at an initial pH of 9.0 treating 1000 mg/l of butyrate. Analyses of DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) profiles of 16S rDNA fragments and FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) images show that both phototrophic hydrogen-producing sludges comprised only one predominant species resembling Rhodobacter capsulatus with over 80% relative abundance.     

Techno-economic evaluation of biohydrogen production from wastewater and agricultural waste

The world is facing serious climate change caused in part by human consumption of fossil fuel. Therefore, developing a clean and environmentally friendly energy resource is necessary given the depletion of fossil fuels, the preservation of the earth's ecosystem and self-preservation of human life. Biological hydrogen production, using dark fermentation is being developed as a promising alternative and renewable energy source, using biomass feedstock. In this study, beverage wastewater and agricultural waste were examined as substrates for dark fermentation to produce clean biohydrogen energy.     

Hydrogen production from alcohol wastewater by an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor under thermophilic operation: Nitrogen and phosphorous uptakes and transformation

The objective of this study was to investigate hydrogen production from alcohol wastewater using an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) under thermophilic operation and at a constant pH of 5.5. Under the optimum COD loading rate of 68 kg/m³d, the produced gas contained 43% H₂ without methane and the system provided a hydrogen yield and specific hydrogen production rate of 130 ml H₂/g COD removed and 2100 ml H₂/l d, respectively, which were much higher than those obtained under the mesophilic operation. Under thermophilic operation, both nitrogen and phosphate uptakes were minimal at the optimum COD loading rate for hydrogen production and most nitrogen uptake was derived from organic nitrogen. Under the thermophilic operation for hydrogen production, the nutrient requirement in terms of COD:N:P was found to be 100:6:0.5, which was much higher than that for the methenogenic step for methane production under both thermophilic and mesophilic operations and for the acidogenic step for hydrogen production under mesophilic operation.