Plasmon transmissivity and reflectivity of narrow grooves in a silver film

Surface plasmon (SP) reflectivity and transmissivity of narrow grooves in silver films are studied. The SP source is the probe of a scanning near-field optical microscope. Locally detected leakage radiation from the SP provides detailed information on the paths of SP propagation, in particular the influence of perturbations. Global detection provides representative average data on the SP properties of a given metal film and its structures. A groove of 200 nm width, for instance, reflects/transmits about 15%/80% of 'blue–green' SP radiation at normal incidence.     

压缩机曲轴机械喷丸耐磨性能研究

为了研究机械喷丸对压缩机曲轴耐磨性能的影响,利用表面机械喷丸技术对压缩机曲轴用Q T600-3球墨铸铁进行表面强化处理。研究未处理及机械喷丸处理压缩机曲轴材料表面显微硬度,分析机械喷丸前后压缩机曲轴球墨铸铁材料的摩擦磨损性能的不同,对机械喷丸处理前后球墨铸铁材料表面显微硬度进行初步分析,利用SEM扫描电镜对曲轴处理部位进行分析。实验结果表明：经过表面机械喷丸处理后,Q T600-3压缩机曲轴用球墨铸铁表面硬度值显著提高,磨损性能大幅改善;强化层优异的耐摩擦能力及强韧性很好地提高了曲轴的力学性能,扫描电镜分析发现机械喷丸处理试样断口形貌较为平整,强化层与基体清晰可见。     

喷丸强化因素对钛合金固体粒子冲蚀抗力的影响

探讨了喷丸强化(SP)因素(残余压应力引入、表面粗糙度增大和表面加工硬化等)对Ti6Al4V钛合金固体粒子冲蚀(SPE)行为的影响和作用机制,为充分发挥SP改进航空发动机零部件服役性能的潜力提供依据。结果表明:Ti6Al4V合金表面直接喷丸处理,其SPE抗力无明显改变;SP处理后进行表面抛光,Ti6Al4V合金SPE抗力明显增加。SP造成的表面粗糙度增大导致了钛合金在大小冲击攻角下的SPE抗力的下降;SP引入的表面残余压应力对提高钛合金在90°大攻角下的SPE抗力起了重要作用,原因是SP残余压应力增加了裂纹闭合力和抑制了疲劳裂纹早期扩展;SP引起的表面加工硬化作用对提高钛合金在30°小攻角下的SPE抗力有重要贡献,这归于加工硬化提高了材料表面在小攻角下的微犁削抗力。     

SP88 — The painkiller in validation

The process of establishing a pharmaceutical plant requires a well controlled engineering process, where the requirements to be met are clearly spelt out — and the design and the actual plant is tested against these requirements. In the context of batch processes — with the added complexity of time variance and some degree of flexibility — this becomes anything but trivial.

The approach described in this paper is an attempt to combine a consistent engineering approach for pharmaceutical plants with the models presented by SP88. The SP88 batch control standard provides an excellent platform for structuring this problem - not only from a control perspective, but from the perspective of the multi-disciplinary, complete specification and test of a plant. The following life-cycle models and terminology are therefore in no way control-specific, but cover the complete installation - including mechanical equipment and installations and manual functions.     

辐射光谱测温法测量误差实验研究

针对辐射光谱测温法测量误差问题,利用黑体炉搭建了标准辐射测温实验平台,选用200~1 100nm波段光谱仪对标准高温源进行辐射光谱测量。讨论了高温源辐射光谱特征,并基于辐射光谱测温法获得了温度测量值,该值与标准参考值的相对偏差小于4%,同时分析了测量重复性引起的标准不确定度分量,为辐射测温法应用提供参考。     

Effect of Wheel Load on Wheel Vibration and Sound Radiation

The current researches of wheel vibration and sound radiation mainly focus on the low noise damped wheel. Compared with the traditional research, the relationship between the sound and wheel/rail contact is difficulty and worth studying. However, there are few studies on the effect of wheel load on wheel vibration and sound radiation. In this paper, laboratory test carried out in a semi-anechoic room investigates the effect of wheel load on wheel natural frequencies, damping ratios, wheel vibration and its sound radiation. The laboratory test results show that the vibration of the wheel and total sound radiation decrease significantly with the increase of the wheel load from 0 t to 1 t. The sound energy level of the wheel decreases by 3.7 d B. When the wheel load exceeds 1 t, the attenuation trend of the vibration and sound radiation of the wheel becomes slow. And the increase of the wheel load causes the growth of the wheel natural frequencies and the mode damping ratios. Based on the finite element method(FEM) and boundary element method(BEM), a rolling noise prediction model is developed to calculate the influence of wheel load on the wheel vibration and sound radiation. In the calculation, the used wheel/rail excitation is the measured wheel/rail roughness. The calculated results show that the sound power level of the wheel decreases by about 0.4 dB when the wheel load increases by 0.5 t. The sound radiation of the wheel decreases slowly with wheel load increase, and this conclusion is verified by the field test. This research systematically studies the effect of wheel load on wheel vibration and sound radiation, gives the relationship between the sound and wheel/rail contact and analyzes the reasons, therefore, it provides a reference for further research.     

高速机构梁类弹性构件声辐射分析与计算

以四连杆机构的弹性连杆为研究对象，采用运动弹性动力学分析，求取振体表面法向速度；对其运动过程中的声辐射功率及结构模态声辐射效率进行了预测，为梁类高速运动弹性构件的声辐射控制提供了理论依据。     

A Dosimeter for On-line Dose Rate Monitoring Based on a Natural Diamond Detector

The structure and principle of operation of a dosimeter for on-line dose rate monitoring (DOM) are considered. The DOM provides real-time measurements of the absorbed -ray and electron dose rates, monitors relative distributions of radiation fields in radiotherapy facilities, and controls the radiation characteristics of radiotherapeutic equipment during its adjustment, certification, and service. The dosimeter can measure the dose absorbed in a certain period of time. Compared to conventional dosimeters based on air ionization chambers and silicon semiconductor detectors, the DOM has a number of advantages: dose-rate measurement linearity, energy independence of radiation detection in the range of 0.8–20 MeV for -rays and 8–20 MeV for electrons, high sensitivity compared to air ionization chambers, high radiation and thermal stability, and the small size of the device. The detecting element of the dosimeter is manufactured from a tissue equivalent to a biological material. The operating ranges of dose rate measurements are 10^–3–10 Gy/min and 10^–2–10² Gy/min. The DOM measurement error is <2%. Radiation therapy is the dosimeter field of application.     

Comparison of methods for quantifying dental wear caused by erosion and abrasion

Various methods have been applied to evaluate the effect of erosion and abrasion. So, the aim of this study was to check the applicability of stylus profilometry (SP), surface hardness (SH) and focus‐variation 3D microscopy (FVM) to the analysis of human enamel and dentin subjected to erosion/abrasion. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 10): G1‐enamel/erosion, G2‐enamel/erosion plus abrasion, G3‐dentin/erosion, and G4‐dentin/erosion plus abrasion. The specimens were selected by their surface hardness, and they were subjected to cycles of demineralization (Coca‐Cola®‐60 s) and remineralization (artificial saliva‐60 min). For groups G2 and G4, the remineralization procedures were followed by toothbrushing (150 strokes). The above cycle was repeated 3×/day during 5 days. The samples were assessed using SH, SP, and FVM. For each substrate, the groups were compared using an unpaired t‐test, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated (α = 5%). For enamel, both profilometry technique showed greater surface loss when the erosion and abrasion processes were combined (P <0.05). The correlation analysis did not reveal any relationships among SH, SP, and FVM to G2 and G4. There were significant correlation coefficients (–0.70 and –0.67) for the comparisons between the FVM and SH methods in enamel and dentin, respectively, in G1 and G3. Choosing the ideal technique for the analysis of erosion depends on the type of dental substrate. SP was not sufficiently sensitive to measure the effects on dentin of erosion or erosion/abrasion. However, SP, FVM and SH were adequate for the detection of tissue loss and demineralization in enamel. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Assessing interoperability of access equipment for broadband networks

The wide diffusion of services on telecommunication broadband networks led to the production of low-cost access equipment, called residential gateways, to interface different networks of the private customers. The users of such equipment are often identified as Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) customers. They need to connect their own network to the Service Provider (SP) network. This paper deals with the problem of ensuring residential gateway interoperability with different SOHO customers and SP networks, also when the manufacturer’s and SP’s test benches are different. In particular, a remote testing system is proposed enabling the manufacturer to test its equipment inside the SP network. The proposed solution consists of a remote testing board to be connected to the gateway under test within the SP laboratory and managed by the manufacturer. The solution has been implemented and validated for the Gateway ADapter/Gateway ADapter Mixed (GAD/GADM), which are produced by Telsey Telecommunications.     

氟化镁窗口氘灯真空辐射衰减特性研究

对氟化镁材料窗口、紫外-真空紫外波段辐射传递标准光源氘灯的真空辐射衰减机理进行了分析。在此基础上，研制了液氮制冷屏装置来抑制氘灯衰减。建立了氘灯真空辐射特性测试研究系统，利用该系统对液氮制冷屏装置的有效性进行了考察。测试结果表明，在160-300nm波段，氘灯平均衰减率可由原来的7%/h下降为1%/h。液氮制冷屏装置能十分有效的抑制氟化镁窗口氘灯在真空环境下的辐射衰减。     

Reynolds number dependence of an orifice plate

One of the most important process parameters in power plants is the flow rate that is measured in the secondary or feedwater circuit. To improve our understanding of the behaviour of flow instruments for this use, a work package within the European research project JRP “Metrology for improved power plant efficiency” concerning “Flow” was initiated. It comes under the direction of SP, Technical Research Institute of Sweden. Many power plants have to operate below their licensed rating because of the measurement uncertainty of the flow in the feedwater circuit. For that reason – in the field of traceable flow measurement – four European NMIs (PTB, SP, DTI, BEV) investigated four flow sensors based on different measuring principles. The aim is to find a method to extrapolate low temperature calibrations to high temperatures in order to measure feedwater flow with an uncertainty in the range of 0.3%–0.5%. This paper describes the work undertaken at SP on investigations of an orifice plate.     

Development of a Synthetic Skin Simulant Platform for the Investigation of Dermal Blistering Mechanics

Excessive frictional loading to the skin often results in the formation of blisters, due to the transmission of shear loading to the interfaces between dermal cell strata. The consequences of blistering range from mild discomfort to serious infection. In some patients, such as those disposed to epidermolysis bullosa or neuropathic diabetes, blisters can severely degrade life quality. Investigation of environmental and application parameters that affect blister formation has occurred primarily as a qualitative, observational pursuit on human subjects, which has often led to confounding of data and lack of repeatability. The authors have developed a Synthetic Skin Simulant Platform (3SP) that reproduces the mechanical behavior of human skin when exposed to tribological loading. The platform is an assembled construct of bonded elastomeric layers that act as surrogates for the epidermis, basement membrane, dermis, and subdermal structure. Epidermal (top layer) materials are typically silicone or polyurethane films with a friction coefficient akin to human skin, while sublayers display mechanical properties similar to their anatomical analogs. Blistering is evident optically by examining the separation voids formed after applying shear loads to the epidermal layer. The 3SP has been used in a two-axis pin-on-flat tribometer with a stainless steel indenter to study the normal load and friction coefficients encountered at the onset of frictional blistering. The 3SP allows for modulation of friction coefficient, interfacial adhesion strength, and subdermal stiffness for investigation of blistering damage to various anatomical sites. Experimental results have been compared to human test data and have shown that the 3SP provides the potential to make significant advances with respect to skin tribology research.     

Influence of gaseous components and pressures on hydrogen embrittlement of natural gas pipeline

Hydrogen usually penetrates metals through defects such as dislocations, vacancies, and crystalline imperfections and causes embrittlement, leading to cleavage fracture and intergranular fracture. Synthetic natural gas produced by coal gasification, biogas, and landfill gas inevitably contain hydrogen. Therefore, hydrogen embrittlement of pipeline materials should be considered when they are mixed with conventional natural gas and supplied to customers. To analyze hydrogen embrittlement of base metals and girth weld metals of API 5L X70 and X65 gas pipelines, a specimen was treated in 100 % hydrogen environment at 10 MPa to determine the hydrogen concentration in it. Small punch (SP) tests were performed under various gaseous components and pressures. When SP tests were performed at very low speed, hydrogen embrittlement could be observed. Specimens became very susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement with increasing hydrogen partial pressure in the hydrogen/methane gas mixture, and the SP energy also decreased dramatically.     

Plant regeneration after long-term callus culture in clones of Asparagus officinalis L.

Callus growth and plant regeneration from long-term callus cultures were studied in two elite clones of Asparagus officinalis cv. Argenteuil, to establish a suitable protocol for a prospective in vitro selection program. Callus initiation and growth was evaluated on MS medium with 3% sucrose, 0.9% agar, 1 mg x l(-1) kinetin, and three levels of 2,4-D. The highest callus relative growth was obtained on medium with 1.5 mg x l(-1) 2,4-D and 1 mg x l(-1) kinetin. Shoot primordia (SP) induction from > 18-months-old calluses was evaluated on several media; the highest percentage of SP induction (89%) and average number of SP per callus (8.6) were obtained with clone "265" on MS medium with 5 mg x l(-1) 2iP, 1 mg x l(-1) IAA, 3% sucrose and 0.9% agar. The highest percentage of root induction (100%) was achieved with clone '265' on MS medium with 0.1 mg x l(-1) kinetin, 0.1 mg x l(-1) NAA, 1.32 mg x l(-1) ancymidol, 7% glucose and 0.8% agar. Important medium x genotype interactions were detected, pointing to the need of adjusting this and other in vitro protocols for specific asparagus genotypes.     

Effects of the transparent cathode on the performance of a relativistic magnetron with axial radiation

Experimental investigation of the transparent cathode used in a relativistic magnetron with axial radiation is reported in this paper. The transparent cathode is composed of six separate stalks with the diameter of 6 mm. Under the working condition of 549 kV and ～0.38 T, the relativistic magnetron with the transparent cathode experimentally produces a 550 MW microwave. The radiation mode is TE(11) at the frequency of 2.35 GHz. The total efficiency is 16.7%. The variations of the relative positions between the separate stalks and the anode blocks can perform the maximum difference of 4 ns in microwave duration. Compared with the conventional solid cathode, the transparent cathode provides faster startup time of 12 ns, relatively wider pulse duration of 35% and relatively higher efficiency of 10.6%.     

Immunohistochemical characterization of TH13‐L2 spinal ganglia neurons in sheep (Ovis aries)

Spinal ganglia (SG) neurons are commonly classified according to various specific features. The most widespread classification based on morphological and ultrastructural features subdivides SG neurons into light and small dark neurons. Using immunohistochemical, histochemical and lectin methods, it is possible to further subdivide the small dark neurons into two subpopulations: peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons. The majority of studies on SG neurons were carried out on mice and rats; there are few or no studies on large mammals. In this study, some of the widely used neuronal markers, neurofilament 200 kDa (NF200), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and isolectin B4 (IB4), were employed to characterize neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)‐immunoreactivity (‐IR) in sheep (Ovis aries) SG (Th13‐L2) neurons. The majority of the SG neurons were IB4‐labeled (79 ± 10%), followed by NF200‐ (45 ± 4%), NOS‐ (44 ± 10%), SP‐ (42 ± 5%) and CGRP‐IR (35 ± 7%) neurons. The triple staining experiments showed that a higher percentage (75 ± 16%) of NOS‐IR neurons bound both IB4 and CGRP, or both IB4 and SP (49 ± 6%). The IB4 marker showed an unexpected staining pattern; in fact, IB4‐labeled neurons largely colocalized with NF200, usually considered a marker of light SG neurons, and with CGRP and SP. For this reason, IB4 cannot be employed in sheep to differentiate between light and dark neurons, or between peptidergic and nonpeptidergic neurons. These results suggest the importance of being cautious when comparing data among different species. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

轴流风机扰流体对气动声辐射特性影响的研究

根据轴流叶轮空间扰流体影响轴流风机气动特性的现状,通过试验研究了轴流叶轮上游扰流体、下流障碍物及叶尖外环对轴流风机气动声辐射特性的影响,分析了其声辐射规律,为有效地控制和合理地设计低噪声轴流风机提供了科学依据。     

基于波长积分双色法的小视场快速温度场测量

激光退火技术有热预算低、瞬间温度高的特点,其温度场特性是材料电学性能的重要表征参数.准确实时测量瞬态小温度场对整体退火工艺过程的把控具有重要的参考价值.辐射测温法通过收集样品辐射光谱中特定波段的能量来实现温度的非接触在线测量,具有响应快、测温范围宽等特点.提出了一种基于InGaAs红外光电二极管的双色辐射测温系统设计方...     

Immunolocalization of substance P and NK‐1 receptor in hofbauer cells in human normal placenta

Substance P (SP) after binding to the neurokinin‐1 (NK‐1) receptor regulates many biological functions. Both SP and the NK‐1 receptor are expressed in human normal placenta cells, monocytes, and macrophages. However, to our knowledge, the presence of both SP and the NK‐1 receptor in macrophages of the placenta, the Hofbauer cells, is unknown. We demonstrate by immunohistochemistry in human normal placenta samples the presence of both SP and NK‐1 receptors in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of Hofbauer cells. The findings suggest a functional role of the SP/NK‐1 receptor system in the physiology and pathophysiology of Hofbauer cells in the human placenta. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:1310‐1313, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.