Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors(Ⅰ) Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow-Reaction Model

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,mass transfer,heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions areknown to exert interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser reactors.In the presentpaper,a three-dimensional turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was devel-oped.The model took into account the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows,inter-phase heat transfer,masstransfer,catalytic cracking reactions and their interrelated influence.The k-V-k_P two-phase turbulence modelwas employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with relatively high particle concentration.Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given.Related numerical algorithm was formed and a nu-merical code was drawn up.Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried out with thepresented model.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors (II) Numerical Simulation on the Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow

Numerical simulation on the flow, heat transfer and cracking reactions in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)riser reactors were carried out employingthe developed turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors given in Part Ⅰ of thepresent paper.Detailed information about the turbulentflow fields in the riser reactor obtained revealed the basic characteristics of the gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows when heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions were co-existing in the riser. Results showed that the distributions of the flow, the turbulence kinetic energy and the catalyst particle concentration arenot uniform in the axial, radial and tangential directions. The most complicated part of the riser reactor is the feed injecting zone. The complicated configuration of the turbulent gas-solid two-phase flows would exert a great influence on the results of interphase heat transfer and cracking reactions.     

Numerical Simulation on Gas-Solid Two-Phase Turbulent Flow in FCC Riser Reactors (I) Turbulent Gas-Solid Flow-Reaction Model

Gas-solid two-phase turbulent flows, mass transfer, heat transfer and catalytic cracking reactions are known to exert interrelated influences in commercial fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) riser reactors.In the present paper, a three-dimensional turbulent gas-solid two-phase flow-reaction model for FCC riser reactors was developed. The model took into account the gas- solid two-phase turbulent flows, inter-phase heat transfer, mass transfer, catalytic cracking reactions and their nterrelated influence. The k-V-kp two-phase turbulence model was employed and modified for the two-phase turbulent flow patterns with relatively high particle concentration. Boundary conditions for the flow-reaction model were given. Related numerical algorithm was formed and a numerical code was drawn up. Numerical modeling for commercial FCC riser reactors could be carried out with the presented model.     

Modeling of a Reverse Flow Reactor for Methanol Synthesis Modeling of a Reverse Flow Reactor for Methanol Synthesis

An accurate one-dimensional, heterogeneous model taking account of axial dispersion and heat transfer to the reactor wall, and heat conduction through the reactor wall for methanol synthesis in a bench scale reactor under periodic reversal of flow direction is presented. Adjustable parameters in this model are the effectiveness factors for each of the three reactions occurring in the synthesis and a factor for the bed to wall heat transfer coefficient correlation. Experimental data were used to evaluate these parameters and reasonable values of these parameters were obtained. The model was found to closely predict the reactor performance under a wide range of operating conditions, such as carbon oxide concentrations, volumetric flow rate, and cyclic period.     

用于污水处理的柔性纤维膜反应器氧传递及动力学研究

A flexible fibre biofilm reactor was developed for treatment of organic wastewaters. The hydrodynamic characteristics and mass transfer coefficients of oxygen were studied and compared with those of the conventional activated sludge processes. Tracer experiments were performed to obtain the residence time distributions of the reactors. The results indicated that both reactors could be treated as mixed flow reactors. The effects of flow rates of water and air on the overall mass transfer coefficient of oxygen were investigated, and the correlations between the mass transfer coefficient and the ratio of flow rates were obtained. Compared to the conventional activated sludge reactor, the mass transfer coefficients in the flexible fibre reactor were similar to but slightly lower, and less sensitive to the variation in the ratio of flow rates. It indicated that the fibre packing in the reactor hindered the oxygen transfer to some extent.     

流向变换强制周期操作合成甲醇反应器的模型化

An accurate one-dimensional,heterogeneous model taking account of axial dispersion and heat transfer to the reactor wall,and heat conduction through the reactor wall for methanol synthesis in a bench scale reactor under periodic reversal of flow direction is presented.Adjustable parameters in this model are the effectiveness factors for each of the three reactions occurring in the synthesis and a factor for the bed to wall heat transfer coefficient correlation.Experimental data were used to evaluate these parameters and reasonable values of these parameters were obtained.The model was found to closely predict the reactor performance under a wide range of parameters were obtained.The model was found to closely predict the reactor preformance under a wide range of operating conditions,such as carbon oxide concentrations,volumetric flow rate,and cyclic period.     

Numerical Study of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Stirred Tanks with Rushton Impeller (Ⅰ) Formulation and Simulation of Flow Field

Three-dimensional solid-liquid flow is mathematically formulated by means of the "two-fluid" approach and the two-phase k-ε-Ap turbulence model. The turbulent fluctuation correlations appearing in the Reynolds time averaged governing equations are fully incorporated. The solid-liquid flow field and solid concentration distribution in baffled stirred tanks with a standard Rushton impeller are numerically simulated using an improved "inner-outer" iterative procedure. The flow pattern is identified via the velocity vector plots and a recirculation loop with higher solid concentration is observed in the central vicinity beneath the impeller. Comparison of     

一串上升气泡周围流体的湍动特性(英文)

The turbulence behavior of gas-liquid two-phase flow plays an important role in heat transfer and mass transfer in many chemical processes. In this work, a 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate the turbulent characteristic of fluid induced by a chain of bubbles rising in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The instantaneous flow field, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and TKE dissipation rate were measured. The results demonstrated that the TKE profiles were almost symmetrical along the column center and showed higher values in the central region of the column. The TKE was enhanced with the increase of gas flow and decrease of liquid viscosity. The maximum TKE dissipation rate appeared on both sides of the bubble chain, and increased with the increase of gas flow rate or liquid viscosity. These results provide an understanding for gas-liquid mass transfer in non-Newtonian fluids.     

基于精细自由基反应机理的丙烷裂解炉炉管CFD模拟(英文)

In the radiant section of cracking furnace, the thermal cracking process is highly coupled with turbulent flow, heat transfer and mass transfer. In this paper, a three-dimensional simulation of propane pyrolysis reactor tube is performed based on a detailed kinetic radical cracking scheme, combined with a comprehensive rigorous computational fluid dynamics（CFD） model. The eddy-dissipation-concept（EDC） model is introduced to deal with turbulence-chemistry interaction of cracking gas, especially for the multi-step radical kinetics. Considering the high aspect ratio and severe gradient phenomenon, numerical strategies such as grid resolution and refinement, stepping method and relaxation technique at different levels are employed to accelerate convergence. Large scale of radial nonuniformity in the vicinity of the tube wall is investigated. Spatial distributions of each radical reaction rate are first studied, and made it possible to identify the dominant elementary reactions. Additionally, a series of operating conditions including the feedstock feed rate, wall temperature profile and heat flux profile towards the reactor tubes are investigated. The obtained results can be used as scientific guide for further technical retrofit and operation optimization aiming at high conversion and selectivity of pyrolysis process.     

A Numerical Sirnulation of Gas-Particle Two-Phase Flow in a Suspension Bed Using DifFusion Flux Model

A mathematical modei of two-dimensional turbulent gas-particle twophase flow based on the modified diffusion flux modei (DFM) and a numerical simulation method to analyze the gas-particle flow structures are developed. The modified diffusion flux modei, in which the acceleration due to various forces is taken into account for the calculation of the diffusion velocity of particles, is applicable to the analysis of multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow. In order to verify its accuracy and efficiency, the numerical simulation by DFM is compared with experimental studies and the prediction by k-ε-kp two-fluid modei, which shows a reasonable agreement. It is confirmed that the modified diffusion flux modei is suitable for simulating the multi-dimensional gas-particle two-phase flow.     

PARTICLE FLOW PATTERNS IN THE RISER AND DOWNER OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

This paper presents an experimental study on the flow patterns of FCC particles in a 140 mm ID Circulating Fluidized Bed with concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid suspension. Based on the distribution of local particle velocity and particle concentration measured by a Fiber-Optical Probe Laser Doppler Velocimeter and a Fiber Optical Probe System respectively, the different flow patterns of local particls concentration, local particle velocity, local particle fluctuating velocity and sectionally average particle velocity in concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid system have been investigated. It is found that the particle flow in the concurrent downflow is much more uniform radially than that in the concurrent upflow riser. The investigation of flow patterns in different flow systems is of significance to the development of a new gas-solid reactor.     

A MODEL FOR BED-TO-SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BEDS

Experiments on bed-to-surface heat transfer in the axial and radial directions were carried out in a cold flowmodel of the circulating fluidized bed of 244mm i.d.and with FCC catalysts(d_p=83.4μm)as the fluidized particles.A simplified gas-solid flow model comprising of the cluster-particulate phases upflowing cocurrentlywas proposed.By taking into account the alternative contacts of cluster and particulate phases with the immersedsurface,a composite heat transfer model was developed.The model gave good predictions as compared withthe experimental results of this work and those of others.     

催化裂化提升管反应器中颗粒聚团裂化反应的数值模拟

Behavior of catalytic cracking reactions of particle cluster in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser reactors was numerically analyzed using a four-lump mathematical model. Effects of the cluster porosity, inlet gas velocity and temperature, and coke deposition on cracking reactions of the cluster were investigated. Distributions of temperature, gases, and gasoline from both catalyst particle cluster and an isolated catalyst particle are presented. The reaction rates from vacuum gas oil (VGO) to gasoline, gas and coke of individual particle in the cluster are higher than those of the isolated particle, but it reverses for the reaction rates from gasoline to gas and coke. Less gasoline is produced by particle clustering. Simulated results show that the produced mass fluxes of gas and gasoline increase with the operating temperature and molar concentration of VGO, and decrease due to the formation of coke.     

Experimental and Numerical Study of Gas-Liquid Flow in a Sectionalized External-Loop Airlift Reactor

The external loop airlift reactor(EL-ALR) is widely used for gas-liquid reactions. It's advantage of good heat and mass transfer rates compared to conventional bubble column reactors. In the case of fermentation application where a medium is highly viscous and coalescing in nature, internal in riser helps in the improvement of the interfacial area as well as in the reduction of liquid-phase back mixing. The computational fluid dynamic(CFD) as a tool is used to design and scale-up of sectionalized external loop airlift reactor. The present work deals with computational fluid dynamics(CFD) techniques and experimental measurement of a gas hold-up, liquid circulation velocity, liquid axial velocity, Sauter mean bubble diameter over a broad range of superficial gas velocity 0.0024≤U_G≤0.0168 m·s~(-1). The correlation has been made for bubble size distribution with specific power consumption for different plate configurations. The effects of an internal on different mass transfer models have been completed to assess their suitability.The predicted local mass transfer coefficient has been found higher in the sectionalized external loop airlift reactor than the conventional EL-ALR.     

INSIGHT INTO DISTILLATION/ABSORPTION COLUMNS AND FCC RISERS USING GAMMA SCANNING TECHNIQUE

This paper presents the application of gamma ray scanning technique to distillation/absorption columns and FCC risers.The flow regime transition.clear liquid height,froth height.crestliquid height over the exit weir on a V-1 type valve tray and downcomer hydraulics were investigatedusing the scanning device previously developed.The solid distribution and coke deposition were experi-mentally simulated in a FCC riser simulator by employing a three dimensional scanning device devel-oped for the present investigation.The success of this investigation should shed a light forquantifying two-phase contact phenomena in various gas liquid and gas solid two phase flow system.     

Effect of wall temperature modulation on the heat transfer characteristics of droplet-train flow inside a rectangular microchannel

The numerical studies of water–oil two-phase slug flow inside a two-dimensional vertical microchannel subjected to modulated wall temperature boundary conditions have been discussed in the present paper. Many researchers have contributed their efforts in exploring the characteristics of Taylor flows inside microchannel under constant wall heat flux or isothermal wall conditions. However, there is no study available in the literature which discusses the impact of modulated thermal wall boundary conditions on the heat transfer behavior of slug flows inside microchannels. Hence, to bridge this gap, an effort has been made to understand the heat transfer characteristics of the flow under sinusoidal wall temperature conditions. Initially, a single phase flow and heat transfer study was performed in microchannels, and the results of the fully developed velocity profile and heat transfer rate were validated with benchmark analytical results. Then an optimal selection of the combination of sinusoidal thermal wall boundary conditions has been made for the two-phase slug flow study. Later, the effects of amplitude(0 b ε b 0.03) and frequency(0 b ω b 750π rad·s~(-1)) of the sinusoidal wall temperature profile on the heat transfer have been studied using the optimal combination of the wall boundary conditions. The results of the numerical study using modulated temperature conditions on channel walls showed a significant improvement in the heat transfer over liquid-only flow by approximately 50% as well as over two-phase flow without wall temperature modulation. The non-dimensional temperature contours obtained for different cases of temperature modulation clearly explain the root cause of such improvement in the heat transfer. Besides,the results based on the hydrodynamics of the flow have also been reported in terms of variation of droplet shapes and film thickness. The influence of Capillary number on the film thickness as well as heat transfer rates has also been discussed. In addition, the measured film thickness has also been compared with that calculated using standard empirical and analytical models available in the literature. The heat transfer rate obtained from the numerical study for the case of unmodulated wall temperature was found to be in a close match with a phenomenological model to evaluate slug flow heat transfer having a mean absolute deviation of 7.56%.     

釜外和釜内螺旋半圆管夹套内流体流动与换热性特性

The physical models of the outer and inner half coil jackets were simplified to two types of coiled ducts.The mathematic models of incompressible fluid at the condition of laminar flow and heat transfer in the two types of jackets for cooling process reactor were set up and solved by the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equa-tions consistent (SIMPLEC) algorithm based on a control volume method.The flow and temperature fields were given and the effects of Dean and Prandtl numbers on flow and heat transfer were studied.The results show that flow in the inner half coil jacket is found to exhibit transition of secondary flow pattern from two vortices to four vortices when the Dean number increases,but that in the outer half coil jacket is not found.The critical Dean num-ber is about 96.The inner half coil jacket has stronger heat transfer ability than the outer half coil jacket and this superiority is more evident with larger Prandtl number.However,as the Dean number is greater than 105,the flow resistance enhances more severely in the inner jacket than the outer jacket.For both jackets,the centers of the heated wall are the poorest for heat transfer.     

乙烯裂解炉中温度的分布

Abstract A good understanding of the detailed temperature distribution in the furnace plays an important role in the implementation of operation optimization and design improvement of ethylene pyrolyzer. Numerical simulation of the turbulent flow, combustion and heat transfer was carried out to investigate the temperature distribution in industrial furnace. Inhomogeneities of the flue-gas temperature distribution were observed in X, Y, and Z direction of the furnace from the simulated results. Along the height of the furnace, the average flue-gas temperature increased initially and decreased afterward, and reached its peak at the height of 5m. The reactor tube skin temperature varied not only along the height of the furnace, but also around the circumference of the tube. The heat flux profiles from the furnace towards the reactor tubes followed the shape of the average flue-gas temperature profile. The heat flux of the inlet tubes was constantly higher than that of the outlet tubes at the same height in the furnace.     

INTERNAL THERMOSYPHON REBOILER

A very serious problem of instability that arises in the vertical thermosyphon reboilers can be solved by a newly developed equipment called internal thermosyphon reboiler. Experiments were carried out in both quartz tube and copper tube with the same geometrical dimensions. The former allowed better visual observation and the latter gave more quantitative informations. Water, sulfuric acid, triethanol-amine, heavy oil, ethanol-water, methanol-ethanol, ethanol-propanol and some other mixtures were used as working media. Particles of polypropene with density very close to water were used as the tracer in water system for investigating the flow characteristics. Rate of circulation, flow patterns, rate of heat transfer and fouling in this equipment were studied. A flow model and a design method were proposed. The results calculated could predict the characteristics of two-phase flow and heat transfer inside this boiling equipment.     

Experimental Simulation on Chemical-looping Combustion of Cold Model

The pressure profiles, gas velocities, solid circulation rate, solids flux, residence time distribution of gas and particles in chemical-looping combustion reactors and gas leakage were studied in a cold flow model unit. And these parameters in both air and fuel reactors were measured in the experimental stage. The experimental results show that gas fluidization velocity in the air reactor is 1.8 m/s, gas fluidization velocity in the fuel reactor 0.5 m/s, and the bed materials inventory of the two reactors between 1.2 to 3.15 kg. The first cold flow model results show that the solid circulation rates are sufficient. The appropriate operating conditions are optimized and the summary of final changes is made the on cold model. The proposed design solutions are currently being verified in a cold flow model simulating the actual reactor (hot) system. This paper presents an overview of the research performed on a cold flow model and highlights the current status of the technology.