Zur Geschichte der Eisengewinnung mit Holzkohle und Steinkohlenkoks

Iron, which gave the impulse to the age of machines and industry, still represents the most important and mostly utilized raw material. Concerning this, a large amount of literature exists but not much about its history within human culture. For that reason, we try to demonstrate the importance of this metal for technical purposes and the life of mankind by reviewing the centuries from prehistory up to modern times. With regard to the production of iron the substitution of charcoal by coal coke was of very great importance, and the life-work of the family Darby essentially participated in this invention. Their pioneering minds and creative energy helped the iron industry to a remarkable rise, which eventually introduced the Industrial Revolution.      

Die Geschichte der Vakuumtechnik

History of vacuum technology With the article “history of vacuum technology” the author presents insights from the philosophical picture of the world 2500 years ago and the thesis of the existence of vacuum through the for 1900 years believed antithesis by Aristoteles, that nature does not allow the existence of vacuum and finally the experimental proof by von Guericke, the founder of vacuum technology, that vacuum exists. The article also highlights some genius scientist's, engineer's and inventor's achievements and milestones. Their scientific models, equations of kinetic gas theories and dynamics as well as experimental results and inventions led to the well appreciated conveniences of mobility, communication, medicine and research of today.     

Die Geschichte der Gasentladungsphysik

The History of Gas Discharge Physics Observation and study of the impressive polar lights marks the beginning of the gas discharge physics. Even though a remarkable progress was reached by the improvement of gas discharge tubes. The first constructed tube goes back to the Englishman Hauksbee. After that the German glassblower Heinrich Geißler developed more innovative discharge tubes by reducing the gas pressure and by using electrodes of aluminium. The Geißler tubes enabled a lot of scientists such as Plücker, Hittorf and Tesla to study the properties of glow discharges in more detail. At the same time Sir William Crookes developed similar tubes, which found a use in the laboratories of English physicists. Ultimately there were more seminal insights which led to the development of plasma physics as a seperate field and as foundation for many industrial applications.     

Geschichte der Gefriertrocknung bis 1910

History of freeze drying until 1910 Freeze drying or lyophilization is not an invention of the 20. or 19. century as many may believe. Central asian tribes probably knew the sublimation drying at atmospheric pressure before more than 10.000 years. The knowledge of the process migrated even through the american continent and is still in use for producing pemmikan or the south american “cuno” potatoes. Regarding the achievable vacuum below 1 hPa, it would have been possible, to realize modern vacuum freeze drying since 1782. With his cryophorus, Wollaston demonstrated the first sublimation of water vapour. The first lyophilisation of today’s definition was proceeded by Richarrd Altmann, professor for anatomy at the Leipzig university in 1890.     

Vortragstagung der Arbeitsgruppe Geschichte der Chemie der Gesellschaft Österreichischer Chemiker

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Geschichte des Krankenhauses in Polen und Deutschland

Ohne Zusammenfassung