多孔碳及其复合材料在超级电容器中的研究进展

多孔碳超级电容器具有比电容高和循坏寿命长等优点,是当前研究和应用最广泛的一类超级电容器材料。综述了多孔碳材料的不同制备方法和多样化的多孔碳材料前驱体,并介绍了掺杂石墨烯、过渡金属氧化物(TMDs)、过渡金属碳化物或氮化物(MXene)及杂原子等手段来改善碳基电极的离子传输能力,对其在电容器中的应用进行了总结。     

钒酸镍/生物质碳复合材料的制备及其作为超级电容器性能的研究

由于钒酸镍(Ni₃V₂O₈)中钒(V)和镍(Ni)元素存在多价态变化,具有化学活性高、理论比电容大,而受到广泛关注。以NH₄VO₃、H₂C₂O₄和Ni(CH₃COO)₂为试剂,蒲棒绒毛为原料,两步水热法制备了钒酸镍/生物质碳复合材料(Ni₃V₂O₈/BC)。结果表明：Ni₃V₂O₈/BC其在三电极体系下电流密度为1.0A/g时,具有较高的比电容为达到953F/g。因此,Ni₃V₂O₈/BC复合材料是作为高性能超级电容器的潜在材料。     

生物质基碳材料的制备及其在超级电容器中的研究进展

生物质基碳材料具有可再生性和灵活的微观结构可调性,作为高效、廉价的超级电容器电极材料受到越来越多的关注,但原生生物质衍生炭存在有低孔隙率、低比表面积和比电容不足等缺点。电极材料的比表面积、孔隙结构和导电性等都会影响超级电容器的储能性能,故如何制造具有高比电容、快速充放电且兼具一定柔性的电极材料成为了目前的研究重点。综述了超级电容器的类别、储能机理以及生物质基碳材料的制备方法和研究现状,分析了高质量负载电极的关键性能评价参数,并对其电化学性能影响因素进行了系统讨论,未来的发展趋势是将不同种类的储能器械集成复合型能源存储器械,以满足各领域需求。复合型的能源存储器械,大大提高了超级电容器的综合性能,因此研发高效、稳定的电能存储技术对于缓解能源短缺、减少环境污染和推动可持续发展具有重要的意义。     

三嗪基氮掺杂碳材料的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用研究

通过三聚氯氰(TCT)与对苯二胺(PPD)反应,成功合成了基于三嗪结构制备的微孔聚合物,然后在700～1000℃的环境下对微孔材料进行煅烧。结果表明,经900℃碳化的N-CTF-900样品的电化学性能最好,当电流密度为1A/g时,比电容为264.2F/g。经过10000次充放电循环,电容保持率达91.0%,展示出良好的循环稳定性和倍率性能,可作为超级电容器的电极材料。此外,随着碳化温度的升高,样品的碳化程度、电导率、孔隙率和微孔体积均增大。     

超级电容器电极用N-掺杂多孔碳材料的研究进展

多孔碳材料作为双电层电容器的主要电极材料,已成功应用于商业化超级电容器。但作为电极材料,纯碳材料表面疏水、内阻较大、电容较低等缺点使其进一步发展受到制约。近年来,随着超级电容器的迅速发展,氮掺杂多孔碳材料作为其电极材料引起研究人员的广泛关注,并采用不同的制备方法成功合成了一系列结构不同、性能优异的氮掺杂碳材料。基于超级电容器氮掺杂多孔碳电极材料的最新研究进展,首先介绍了氮在碳材料中的基本存在形式及对碳电极材料性能的影响,然后重点评述了氮掺杂碳电极材料的制备,最后总结了超级电容器氮掺杂碳材料的发展趋势。     

生物质炭的制备及超级电容器性能研究

以废弃荔枝果壳为原料,在惰性气体保护下经高温炭化处理,分别以氢氧化钾和草酸钠为活化剂,制备了荔枝壳碳材料。首先,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、BET比表面积等表征方法分析了所制碳材料的特征光谱,然后在三电极体系[循环伏安法(CV)和恒流充放电试验(GCD)]下测试了材料的电化学性能。结果表明：该材料为储能性能较好的碳材料。当电流密度为0.5A/g时,多孔碳的比电容达到209F/g。该材料具有优异的电化学性能,作为超级电容器的电极材料具有广阔的应用前景。     

甘蔗渣基纳米孔碳在超级电容器中的应用(英文)

以甘蔗渣为原料,采用微波化学活化法制备了一类纳米孔碳,并将其用作离子液体超级电容器的电极材料。采用氮气吸附、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜等手段对制备的纳米孔碳进行系统的结构表征。结果表明,当氯化锌溶液的浓度从20%增大到60%时,所制备的纳米孔碳的孔径从2.5nm增加到7.0nm,这说明纳米孔碳的孔径可以简单地通过控制氯化锌溶液的浓度来调节。通过循环伏安、恒流充放电和电化学阻抗等方法测试纳米孔碳作为离子液体超级电容器电极材料时的电化学性质。研究结果表明,在离子液体中纳米孔碳的电容性能与其孔径紧密相关,纳米孔碳的孔尺寸越大,电容性能越好。     

有机金属盐基介孔碳的制备及其电化学性能研究

以乙二胺四乙酸钙为原料,采用直接碳化法制备介孔碳电极材料。N2吸附测试表明,所制备的碳材料为典型的介孔材料,材料的比表面积随着碳化温度的升高而增加,平均孔径呈现先增加后减小的趋势。电化学测试表明,CaC-700、CaC-800和CaC-900具有优异的电化学电容特性,在较高的输出功率下仍能保持较高的能量密度,说明介孔表面在高功率输出时能够得到较充分的利用。这类介孔碳在对能量密度和功率密度都有较高要求的场合具有良好的应用前景。     

超级电容器电极材料研究进展

介绍了碳材料、过渡金属氧化物材料、导电聚合物及复合材料的研究现状以及各类材料的储能机理和作为超级电容器材料的基本要求,提出了未来超级电容器材料的研究方向。     

生物质碳材料及其研究进展

重点介绍了生物质碳材料各种维度的碳结构,综述了生物质碳材料的制备方法及其优缺点,对生物质碳材料在超级电容器和离子电池两个方向的应用与开发现状进行了归纳,分析了原子掺杂对生物质碳材料结构与性能的改良,并就原子掺杂的种类进行了总结。最后,对生物质碳材料的发展方向与应用前景进行了展望。     

Preparation and electrochemical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes-nickel oxide porous composite for supercapacitors

Porous nickel oxide/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (NiO/MWNTs) composite material was synthesized using sodium dodecyl phenyl sulfate as a soft template and urea as hydrolysis-controlling agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the as-prepared nickel oxide nanoflakes aggregate to form a submicron ball shape with a porous structure, and the MWNTs with entangled and cross-linked morphology are well dispersed in the porous nickel oxide. The composite shows an excellent cycle performance at a high current of 2 A g⁻¹ and keeps a capacitance retention of about 89% over 200 charge/discharge cycles. A specific capacitance approximate to 206 F g⁻¹ has been achieved with NiO/MWNTs (10 wt.%) in 2 M KOH electrolyte. The electrical conductivity and the active sites for redox reaction of nickel oxide are significantly improved due to the connection of nickel nanoflakes by the long entangled MWNTs.     

多孔碳化聚苯胺/碳纳米管的制备及性能研究

具有较高电化学性能的一种新型多孔碳化的聚苯胺包覆碳纳米管电极材料被成功的制备,它是先通过原位聚合形成聚苯胺包覆碳纳米管复合材料,然后在氩气条件下850℃碳化制得的。该电极材料在0.5A.g-1电流密度下和1mol/L H2SO4电解液中拥有209F.g-1的比电容,远高于相同条件下碳纳米管的比电容20F.g-1。这应该归因于该电极材料比表面积的提高和来自碳化聚苯胺层中氮原子掺杂诱导的赝电容效应,同时也说明了该材料在超级电容器应用中是一种比较有希望的电极材料。     

Preparation and electrochemical characteristics of mesoporous carbon spheres for supercapacitors

Mesoporous carbon spheres serving as electrode materials for supercapacitors were synthesized by a facile polymerization-induced colloid aggregation method using melamines as a carbon precursor and commercial colloidal silica as a silica source for hard template. After the carbonization of as-formed resins-template composites at 1000 °C and the removal of the silica template by hydrofluoric acid, the resulting mesoporous carbon spheres with a diameter size of ∼5 μm, specific surface area (up to 1280 m²/g) and uniform pore size as large as 30 nm could be obtained. Due to the enriched nitrogen content and the large pore size of the mesoporous carbon spheres affecting the surface wettability, resistance, and ion diffusion process in the pores, the mesoporous carbon spheres showed a high specific capacitance of 196 F/g in 5 mol/l H₂SO₄ electrolytes at a discharge current density of 1 A/g.     

Preparation and characterization of aligned carbon nanotube-ruthenium oxide nanocomposites for supercapacitors

A novel type of ruthenium oxide (RuO(2))-modified multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nanocomposite electrode (RuO(2)/MWNT) for supercapacitors has been prepared. The nanocomposites were formed by depositing Ru by magnetic-sputtering in an Ar/O(2) atmosphere onto MWNTs, which were synthesized on Ta plates by chemical vapor deposition. Cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and electrochemical impedance measurements were applied to investigate the performance of the RuO(2)/MWNT nanocomposite electrodes. The capacitance of the MWNT electrodes in 1.0 M H(2)SO(4) is significantly increased from 0.35 to 16.94 mF cm(-2) by modification with RuO(2). The RuO(2) film on the surface of the nanotubes is composed of small crystal grains with tilted bundle-like microstructures, as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrate a promising route to prepare RuO(2)/MWNT-based double-layer supercapacitors.     

聚吡咯/硝酸活化碳气凝胶复合材料在超级电容器中的应用

用溶胶-凝胶法制备出碳气凝胶,对其进行硝酸活化,与聚吡咯复合(化学氧化聚合法)及先活化后复合,探究活化、复合对碳气凝胶性能的影响。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜表征材料的成分和形貌,通过循环伏安法、恒流充放电、交流阻抗及循环性测试等考察材料的电化学性能。结果表明,最佳处理方式为先活化后复合。比电容量大大提高,约为纯碳气凝胶的3倍,扫描速率为5mV/s时,比电容量达311F/g;1000次循环后比电容稳定在较高数值;导电性也得到提高。     

超级电容器电极材料

本文综述了碳基材料、金属氧化物及水合物材料和导电聚合物材料作为超级电容器电极材料的最新研究进展。     

Nanoporous structure characteristics of carbon materials for supercapacitors. Limited evaporation technique

The nanoporous structures of activated carbons and carbide derived carbons are investigated via the adsorption limited-evaporation method. Electrochemical properties of these structures used in the models of supercapacitors are analyzed. It has been found that porous structure parameters correlate with the specific characteristics of supercapacitors based on the mentioned materials.     

Preparation of sponge-like activated carbon via carbonization of super absorbent polymer (SAP) as electrode materials for supercapacitors

Sponge-like activated carbon with hierarchical pores and 3-dimensional (3D) connected skeletons has been fabricated by direct carbonization of super absorbent polymer followed by KOH activation. The pore size and shape of the porous carbon could be modulated by variation of carbonization temperature, which significantly affected the electrochemical performance. Specifically, the porous carbon obtained at an activation temperature of 700°C shows excellent capacitive performance in 1M KOH aqueous electrolyte: a high specific capacitance of 243 F/g at a current density of 1A/g, and a high capacitance retention of 95% after 5000 cycles.