木材的燃烧性能研究--锥形量热计法

采用锥形量热计(Cone Calorimeter)对多种木材在阻燃处理前后的燃烧性能进行测试，并分析木材在阻燃处理前后燃烧性能的变化规律。试验表明，经阻燃处理的材料其热释放速率显著降低，推迟了燃烧波峰出现的时间，因而可以安全应用于建筑室内。而普通的木材由于热释放速率大而具有很大的火灾危险性。研究还发现普通木材燃烧都会形成两个波峰。锥形量热计能精确测量材料的热释放速率、烟密度等数值，对于研究材料的燃烧性能和正确使用具有重大的现实意义。     

木质地板阻燃性能的研究

试验对强化地板和实木复合地板进行阻燃处理,采用锥形量热仪对处理前后地板的燃烧性能进行测试,分析地板在阻燃处理前后燃烧性能的变化规律。测试结果表明,阻燃处理后地板有效燃烧热有所下降,但下降幅度不大;热释放速率和质量损失率显著下降;抑烟性能不理想,燃烧时烟释放量增加。     

两种常见壁纸燃烧性能的实验研究

壁纸的燃烧性能对室内火灾的发展蔓延及火灾危害都有重要的影响,本文使用小比例火灾实验设备——锥形量热仪,对市场上两种常见壁纸(普通PVC壁纸BZA和高级阻燃壁纸BZB)的燃烧性能进行实验研究。实验结果表明,两种壁纸在一定的热辐射强度下都可发生有焰燃烧,普通PVC壁纸与高级阻燃壁纸相比,其点燃时间短、热释放速率峰值大、发烟量高,具有更大的火灾危险性。     

一种PVC复合板燃烧性能的锥形量热计实验研究

本文使用锥形量热计对一种表面粘贴阻燃PVC的仿橡木人造密度板(商品名为"白橡板")的燃烧性能进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,这种PVC人造板具有相对较好的火灾安全性能。     

基于锥形量热的建筑材料耐火性能研究

利用锥形量热仪对建筑材料的耐火性能进行评价研究.纤维板5组平行实验耐火时间的相对标准偏差RSD为1.5％,表明测试数据具有较高的精密度,试验方法稳定可靠;瓷砖、胶合板、杨木、泡桐木、松木、钢板、石膏板的耐火时间分别为147、216、262、278、289、312、566 s,不同材料耐火性能与材料结构、化学组成、密度等...     

典型包装材料燃烧性能的实验研究

使用锥形量热仪对典型包装材料——内衬聚苯乙烯(PS)泡沫塑料和外包装硬纸板的燃烧性能进行了实验研究,测得了不同热辐射强度下包装材料样品的燃烧性能参数。实验结果表明,包装材料受热辐射时很容易被点燃,燃烧时放出大量的热和有毒烟气。     

室内装修材料燃烧特性的对比研究

本文通过运用锥形量热仪横向比较了室内装修材料的点燃时间、热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率、发烟量等燃烧特性，并分析其在火灾发生时的危险性，综合实验结果证实，地板和地毯材料的火灾危险性较大。同时提出室内装修材料的研究方向，指出要完善室内装修设计、施工的规范及标准。     

常见地板燃烧特性研究与分析

选取目前市场上常用的11种地板作为研究对象,采用锥形量热仪研究了引燃时间、热释放速率、火灾性能指数、总热释放量、有效燃烧热、CO生成量等燃烧特性参数。试验结果及分析表明：11种地板火灾安全性从高到低依次为：栗木、番龙眼、槐木、柞木、白橡木、榆木、刨花板、中密度纤维板、高密度纤维板、枫桦木、楠竹;试样燃烧为4个阶段：一次猛烈燃烧阶段,一次燃烧衰减阶段,二次猛烈燃烧阶段,二次燃烧衰减阶段;11种试样的有效燃烧热数值较为接近,基本在12 MJ/kg左右,且在试验过程中的CO生成量稳定在17×10^-6左右。     

有机复合材料的火灾危险性研究

选用一些常见的有机复合材料，利用锥形量热仪对它们的燃烧特性进行测试，并引入热敏指数和窒息敏感指数对试验结果进行分析。     

不同饰面对木质人造板的燃烧性能影响研究

利用锥形量热仪对3 mm纸面板、3 mm浸渍胶膜饰面板和4 mm素板进行小尺寸燃烧性能实验研究,选取35 kW/m2和50 kW/m2热辐射强度模拟小、中规模火灾,对火灾中样品的热释放速率、质量损失速率、CO产生率等燃烧参数进行了分析。研究发现,饰面材料对木质人造板的影响主要体现在火灾初期,对引燃时间影响最大。当样品比较薄时,饰面材料的不同会影响木质人造板热释放速率峰值和平均值,以及烟气产生量等燃烧参数。     

基于CONE的超高温耐火电缆火灾危险性分析

利用锥形量热仪对超高温耐火电缆在不同辐射功率下的点燃时间（TTI）、热释放速率（HRR）、质量损失速率（MLR）和燃烧残余物进行了研究。研究表明,随着辐射功率增加,耐火电缆的TTI逐渐缩短,HRR和MLR逐渐增大,火灾危险性逐渐增加。超高温耐火电缆在35 kW/m2和50 kW/m2辐射功率下火灾性能指数相比于25 kW/m2分别增加了44.4%和176.5%,火灾增长指数分别增加了30.4%和83.0%。结合理论分析可以得出,耐火电缆的临界辐射功率为3.61 kW/m2、零辐射平均热释放速率为36.5 kW/m2,表现出较低的火灾危险性。     

基于锥形量热仪的锂离子电池电解液火灾危险性研究

频发的电动汽车着火事故引起了对离子电池火灾危险性与燃烧特性的关注。以锥形量热仪对常用的几种锂离子电池电解液溶剂的燃烧特性进行了,探讨了不同溶质对其燃烧特性的影响。借助火灾危险综合指数（IFHI）和闪燃特性指数对锂离子电池电解液的火灾危险性进行了评估,发现含LiPF6 溶剂热危险性从大到小依次为：LiPF6 +DMC、LiPF6 +DEC、LiPF6 +EMC、LiPF6 +EC;通过闪燃特性进行评价发现,中等火灾危险等级的有：LiPF6+EC;超高等火灾危险等级的有：LiPF6+DEC、LiPF6+DMC、LiPF6+EMC。     

基于正庚烷油池火验证大尺度量热装置

针对大尺度量热计装置,在隧道量热计内开展试验对正庚烷油池火热释放速率、热释放总量进行校正。利用冷流场校正了解排烟管道气体流量的稳定性及均匀性,分别针对不同油盘个数、排列方式条件下进行正庚烷油池火校正试验。结果表明：在冷流场校正试验中,排烟管道内的烟气体积流量维持在27.9 m3/s;通过对实测热值与理论热值的误差比较分析,7组试验中有6组试验的实测热值与理论热值之间的误差低于10%。     

Characterization of thermal properties and analysis of combustion behavior of PMMA in a cone calorimeter

This paper deals with the thermal degradation of a black poly(methyl)methacrylate (PMMA) in a cone calorimeter (CC) in air with a piloted ignition. The influence of several heat fluxes (11 kW m⁻² and 12 kW m⁻², and ten values from 15 to 60 kW m⁻² in steps of 5 kW m⁻²) on PMMA sample degradation and the decomposition chemistry has been studied. Thus, thermal properties have been deduced and calculated from ignition time and mass loss rate (MLR) curves. During our experiments, among compounds quantified simultaneously by a Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) or gas analyzer, five main species (CO₂, CO, H₂O, NO and O₂) have been encountered, regardless of the external heat flux considered. The main product concentrations allow calculation of the corresponding emission yields. Thus, mass balances of C and H atoms contained in these exhaust gases were able to be compared with those included in the initial PMMA sample. Using the standard oxygen consumption method, heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR) and effective heat of combustion (EHC) have been calculated for each irradiance level. Therefore, these different results (thermal properties, emission yields, HRR, THR and EHC) are in quite good accordance (same order of magnitude) with those found in previous studies.     

锥形量热计研究木材临界辐射能流和点燃温度

锥形量热计不但可以直接测量出材料的某些燃烧特性数据（如热释放速率、质量损失率、点燃时间等），而且可以根据所测得的数据间接得出材料的其它燃烧特性数据。笔者介绍了一种从锥形量热计测得的数据推导临界辐射能流和点燃温度的方法。     

Convection heat transfer in the cone calorimeter

Estimates of the convection heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in the cone calorimeter are obtained from a near-steady-state analysis of the temperature histories of horizontal coated steel plates. Corrections are applied to the derived HTC values to account for changes of the surface emissivity as a function of temperature. Furthermore, estimates are obtained of the additional heat losses through the sides of the sample holder and the insulation layer on which the test sample rests. The derived HTC values are analysed and correlations presented in the form of Nu=f(Ra) as well as h=f(T), where Nu is the plate Nusselt number, Ra is the plate Rayleigh number, h is the HTC and T is the plate temperature.     

火灾危险源辨识在性能化防火设计中的应用

危险源辨识是性能化防火设计中所有量化分析的基础,也是性能化防火设计的重要环节.通过设定火灾场景、计算热释放速率和危险度分析,对某超市进行火灾危险源辨识,从而为消防性能化设计工作的开展提供了依据.     

Characterization of aerosols emissions from the combustion of dead shrub twigs and leaves using a cone calorimeter

This work is a contribution to the understanding of wildfire smoke emissions. It focuses on the characterization of aerosols emitted by the combustion of dead shrub leaves and twigs with different thickness (range of 0.75–20 mm). The experiments were carried out at bench scale with a cone calorimeter for the burning of Cistus monspeliensis leaves and twigs. Auto-ignition of the samples was obtained by heating their surface with a radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m². The smoke and aerosols emitted before ignition during pre-heating were analysed separately from the smoke and aerosols emitted during the flaming phase. Heat release rate (HRR) was also measured and we observed two different behaviours depending on the diameter of the twigs. Fuel samples with diameter smaller than 4 mm exhibit a single peak HRR whereas two peaks were observed for the twigs with larger diameters. The smoke production rate (SPR) was also measured and it showed that smoke was mainly emitted during the pre-heating phase. We also obtained a strong correlation between HRR and SPR during the flaming phase but no smoke was emitted during the glowing phase. Emission factors of aerosols were calculated depending on these combustion phases (pre-ignition and flaming) and for the range of thickness of the samples. The observations of the aerosols were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of organic carbon (OC) aerosols, emitted during the pre-ignition phase, were analysed using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Some carcinogenic compounds were identified. The sizes of OC and black carbon (BC) aerosols emitted were measured with an optical device. Most of the BC were PM_0.3, which corresponds to the alveolar fraction of particles.     

汽车门板材料燃烧特性及火灾危险性研究

使用锥形量热仪研究汽车典型门板材料（聚丙烯蜂窝板填料/包覆层组合件）在15、25、35、45 kW/m2热辐射功率条件下的点燃时间、热释放速率及热释放总量等特性参数。引入火灾性能指数、火灾增长指数,利用Petrella评价体系分析各组合件的火灾危险性。结果表明,PP-PVC较难被点燃,具有高火灾性能指数和低火灾增长指数,PP-PVC组合件火灾危险性较低。