杂质离子对MgCl2和CO2反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程的影响

通过反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程，将MgCl₂和CO₂制备成碳酸镁和氯化氢气体是盐湖老卤资源化利用的有效途径。系统地研究了老卤中Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺对MgCl₂和CO₂反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程得到的固体产物晶型晶貌的影响。结果表明，Na⁺和K⁺对耦合过程的影响相似，固体产物均为高纯棒状三水碳酸镁（MgCO₃·3H₂O），且Na⁺和K⁺均能选择性吸附在MgCO₃·3H₂O晶体的轴面（101），阻碍该晶面的生长，使得棒状MgCO₃·3H₂O直径变小；Ca²⁺对反应-萃取-醇析耦合过程有不利的影响，由于CaCl2能参与反应，生成球状无定形纳米钙镁碳酸盐，使得三水碳酸镁纯度降低。     

The Zeta-potential of cement: Part II: Effect of pH-value

The Zeta-potential of different types of cement and fly ashes has been measured under various conditions of pH and ionic strength. The results obtained are in full agreement with the modified Stern-Grahame-model of the reactive double layer of cement. The data further indicate that Na⁺ and K⁺ are potential determining ions for cement in an aqueous medium.     

镧离子插层MoS2膜的制备及印染高盐水处理

二维材料具有独特的层状结构、稳定的物理化学性质等特点。近年来,由二维材料层层堆叠构成的二维膜在膜分离领域展示了非同凡响的应用潜力。本文采用成膜中共混方法将La³⁺插入到MoS₂膜层间,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)技术表征了MoS₂片层结构和成分;利用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)技术表征了膜结构与层间距;通过加压过滤装置和渗透装置考察了La³⁺-MoS₂膜的渗透截留性能。实验结果表明,La³⁺插层改性后的MoS₂膜由于层间距增加而显著地提高了纯水通量,La³⁺-MoS₂膜的纯水通量相较于MoS₂膜提高了约18.5倍。La³⁺-MoS₂膜对分子量300～800g/mol染料表现出了基于空间位阻理论的截留作用,对金属离子(Na⁺、K⁺、Mg     

阳离子类型对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响

通过快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM法)和自然扩散法研究了钾、钠、钙、镁四种阳离子类型的氯盐对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响,基于分子动力学模拟,对比分析了K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-五种离子在水溶液中的径向分布函数和均方位移曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰混凝土的氯离子扩散系数主要受阳离子价态的影响,价态越高,扩散系数越大;扩散系数随着氯离子浓度增加先增大后减小,随着粉煤灰掺量增加先减小后增大;阳离子类型影响氯离子扩散性能的原因是离子扩散能力不同,其中各离子水合能力强弱顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Na⁺＞K⁺>Cl^-,自扩散系数大小顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Cl^-＞K⁺>Na⁺。MgCl₂中的Mg²⁺和Cl^-对粉煤灰混凝土都有侵蚀作用,且Mg²⁺会抑制粉煤灰活性的激发。     

Synthesis and properties of Bi0.5(Na1−x−yKxAgy)0.5TiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

Bi_0.5(Na_1−x−yK_xAg_y)_0.5TiO₃ piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic processes. X-ray diffraction patterns show a pure perovskite structure, indicating that the K⁺ and Ag⁺ ions substitute for the Na⁺ ions in Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant and dissipation factor shows all ceramics to experience two phase transitions: from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric and from anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric. The transition temperature from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric and the temperature at which the dielectric constant reaches its maximum value decrease with the increase of K⁺ amount. At room temperature, the ceramics containing 17.5–20 mol% K⁺ and 2 mol% Ag⁺ exhibit high piezoelectric constant (d₃₃ = 180 pC/N) and high electromechanical coupling factor (k_p = 35%).     

中硼硅管制瓶内表面离子迁移特性研究

本文以中硼硅管制瓶为研究对象,ICP-AES为研究手段,通过改变药液浓度、药液pH值、药液储存时间、玻璃瓶规格来探究玻璃瓶内表面Al³⁺、B³⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Na⁺、Si⁴⁺的迁移规律,并通过SEM观察玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀情况。结果显示:随储存时间延长,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度增大,在储存28 d时,K⁺和Na⁺的迁移浓度下降,Al³⁺、B³⁺、Ca²⁺、Si⁴⁺迁移浓度上升,出现脱片现象;玻璃瓶规格越小,离子的迁移浓度越大,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度越大;药液浓度越低,离子的迁移浓度越小,玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度越小;酸性和碱性药液都会增大玻璃瓶内表面受侵蚀程度,且碱性药液对玻璃瓶内表面侵蚀更大。     

Study on the active centers of methane coupling catalysts by means of fluorescence emission of Eu

Eu³⁺ ion was adopted as a probe to detect the probability of entrance of alkali elements into the crystal lattice of MgO, CaO and La₂O₃ by means of its characteristic emission. Based on the experimental data it is concluded that Li⁺ and Na⁺ ions can substitute Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions and only a small amount of K⁺ ion can enter into the lattice of CaO. Whilst Li⁺ ion can not enter into the lattice of lanthana. The conclusion of this investigation is in good agreement with that obtained by Lunsford by ESR studies.     

柴达木盆地南翼山背斜构造区卤水自然蒸发实验

柴达木盆地南翼山背斜构造区卤水属高钙、低镁的氯化钙型卤水,微量元素硼、锂、锶、碘等含量相对较高,具有较高的综合利用价值。选取南翼山背斜构造区约3 000 m处深层卤水在自然状态下蒸发结晶,分析各种离子在固、液相中的分布规律、盐类结晶规律、结晶形态及微量离子的富集规律。结果表明:在室外自然状态下蒸发时,析出的盐中发现了不常见的异性结构的石盐、钾石盐和疑似K（NH₄）Mg₂Cl₆·12H₂O的类光卤石;石盐阶段和钾石盐阶段析盐规律符合Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^-—H₂O 相图,钾石盐、光卤石、南极石阶段符合K⁺,Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺//Cl^- —H₂O体系25 ℃简干图;微量离子中,Li ⁺、Br^-、I^-一直富集,其他离子在蒸发后期有不同程度的析出,三氧化二硼可以富集至18.77 g/L,Li⁺最高可以富集至6.520 g/L。蒸发所得的钾混盐是提钾优质原料,实验结果可以为后期综合利用提供参考。     

Preparation of carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove metals from water

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of cheap carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge pyrolysis to remove Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ from saline water. Four model solutions of NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ that simulated seawater composition were used. The model solutions were 456.54 mmol_c L⁻¹ NaCl, 9.72 mmol_c L⁻¹ KCl, 19.96 mmol_c L⁻¹ CaCl₂ and 111.09 mmol_c L⁻¹ MgCl₂. Two carbon adsorbents, one with chemical activation, were prepared by a new method and evaluated for ion adsorption. The results indicated that carbon adsorbent without chemical activation was the most effective in removing ions from different solutions and the removal of metals followed the sequence: Na⁺ (76.78−69.66) >K⁺ (66.0−57.80) >Mg²⁺ (44.84−42.85) >Ca²⁺ (35.12−12.38). Results showed that it is to possible prepare carbon-based adsorbents from sewage sludge following inexpensive and environmentally acceptable methods.     

四元体系Na+,K+//Br-,SO42——H2O373K相平衡

采用等温溶解平衡法研究了四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O在373 K条件下的相平衡关系,测定了平衡溶液的溶解度和密度,并根据实验数据绘制相应的相图、水图和密度图。研究发现:交互四元体系Na⁺,K⁺//Br^-,SO₄^2--H₂O在373 K温度下,有复盐钾芒硝Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄生成,相图由3个共饱和点、7条单变量曲线和5个结晶区组成。其中,5个结晶区分别对应单盐:K₂SO₄,KBr,NaBr,Na₂SO₄和复盐Na₂SO₄·3K₂SO₄(Gla)。     

Volume phase transition of polyelectrolyte gels in dimethyl sulfoxide/ tetrahydrofuran mixtures

Copolymer gels were prepared from 2-(acrylamido)-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA, comonomer) and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (BIS). The mole fraction of AMPS were 0.2674 and 0.4318, respectively, with the same BIS mole fraction of 0.013. These gels with counterions H⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺ were swollen at 25°C in mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). A volume phase transition was observed at the THF volume fraction of about 0.58, indicating that the volume phase transition in a polyelectrolyte gel occurs when the medium polarity decreases sufficiently for ion-pair formation. On changing the counterion, the fraction of DMSO in the solvent mixture which is required to initiate swelling decreases in the order Na⁺, H⁺, and K⁺, the same as for counterion condensation in identical gels.     

鸭湖构造深部卤水自然蒸发实验研究

通过自然蒸发实验,对鸭湖背斜构造深部卤水进行了研究,得到了该卤水在自然蒸发过程中各元素富集规律及析盐规律。受高含量钙影响,卤水蒸发路线在K⁺,Na⁺,Mg²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O(25℃)介稳相图中偏移比较明显,可与Na⁺,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺∥Cl^--H₂O(25℃,对NaCl饱和)介稳相图相结合对实验数据进行分析。卤水自然蒸发过程中矿物析出顺序为：石膏→石盐→光卤石→南极石→溢晶石;光卤石产量较小并且质量不高;锂最终浓缩至质量浓度约为2.9 g/L时,硼、锶、溴、碘、铷、铯等微量元素均有析出。实验数据和结论为针对该类型卤水进行更深入的综合开发利用研究提供了依据,如前期除钙后梯度提取硼酸、碳酸锂、溴素等产品。     

Transport of K in PVC matrix membranes containing valinomycin

We report impedance measurements on PVC matrix membranes which contain KBPh₄ with varying proportions of valinomycin. In agreement with our earlier measurements the value of the bulk membrane resistance (R_b) is much larger in the presence of valinomycin, indicating that the mobility of K⁺ is greatly reduced by the valinomycin. R_b shows a linear variation with valinomycin/K⁺ ratio between 0 and 1, but it is invariant at higher valinomycin/K⁺ ratios. Thus there is no evidence for a special transport mechanism for K⁺ in these membranes.     

木屑生物炭的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附特性研究

以松木（SM）和楠木（NM）木屑为原料,分别在300、450、600℃下制备了6种木屑生物炭,通过扫描电镜、孔径与比表面积分析仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪和热重分析仪对生物炭的理化性质进行了表征,并探讨了金属离子（Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺）和pH值对生物炭吸附Pb²⁺的影响,同时研究了其吸附动力学。研究结果表明：在相同制备条件下,随着热解温度升高,生物炭的比表面积和孔容积增大,其最可几孔径呈下降趋势,楠木生物炭的比表面积（23.2~311.4 m²/g）均大于松木生物炭（17.6~210.6 m²/g）;FT-IR分析表明,热解温度的升高使生物炭芳香化程度增强,有助于生物炭与Pb²⁺形成稳定的结构。楠木生物炭对Pb²⁺吸附量（46.92~77.12 mg/g）高于松木生物炭（34.90~62.79 mg/g）;溶液中的Na⁺和K⁺不利于生物炭对Pb²⁺的吸附,Ca²⁺有利于Pb²⁺的去除。生物炭对Pb²⁺的吸附均符合准二级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散模型分析表明吸附受多种因素共同影响。     

盐湖卤水碳酸锂提取工艺过程研究

青藏高原的盐湖卤水锂储量丰富,通过盐田蒸发浓缩,去除卤水中的绝大部分Na+、K+、SO42-、Cl-、Mg2+,可以使镁锂比降到8～12,锂离子质量分数也可达到0.5%以上。以蒸发浓缩后的富锂卤水为原料,选用碳酸钠和氢氧化钠为沉淀剂分两步沉淀除镁,之后用碳酸钠为沉淀剂提锂,通过对此工艺过程中的各个阶段进行实验,最终可以得到纯度和收率较高的粗级碳酸锂产品。     

An experimental study of electroreduction of CO2 to HCOOH on SnO2/C in presence of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) and anions (HCO3-, Cl-, Br- and I-)

It is well-known that the electrolytes can influence the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ERCO₂) in aqueous media. In this work, we explore the effects of alkali metal cations and anions (Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-) on the current density and product selectivity for the ERCO₂ into formic acid (HCOOH) on the SnO₂/carbon paper (SnO₂/C) electrode. Results of the ERCO₂ experiments show that for the cations, the promotion effects on current density and faradaic efficiencies (FEs) are in the order of Li⁺ < Na⁺ < K⁺ < Cs⁺ < Rb⁺. For the anions, the current density values are in the order of NaHCO₃ < NaCl < NaBr < NaI and KHCO₃ < KCl ≈ KI < KBr, respectively, and that on the FEs for the formation of the HCOOH (FE_HCOOH) is HCO₃^- < Cl^- < Br^- < I^-. Based on this result, the effects of alkali metal cations and anions on ERCO₂ are discussed.     

The kinetic analysis of optimization and selective transportation of Cu(Ⅱ) ions with TNOA as carrier by MDLM system

This study covers the transportation of Cu(Ⅱ) ions by multi-dropped liquid membrane(MDLM) system and tri-noctylamine(TNOA) as carrier in kerosene. Batch experiments are held to obtain optimum conditions for the transportation of Cu(Ⅱ) ions such as volume of donor, organic, and acceptor phase 100 ml, p H of donor phase9.00, temperature 298.15 K, concentration of H_2SO_4 in acceptor phase 1.00 mol·L~(-1), concentration of TNOA in organic phase 5.00 × 10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)and rate of peristaltic pump 50 ml·min~(-1). Optimum circumstances of this extraction are as follows: p H of donor phase is 9.00, concentration of TNOA is 5.00 × 10~(-3)mol·L~(-1),1.00 mol·L~(-1)H_2SO_4 as acceptor phase, and flux rate is 50 ml·min~(-1). Cu(Ⅱ) ion transportation is consecutive first order irreversible reaction. Activation energy is found as 5.22 kcal·mol-1(21.82 k J·mol~(-1), this process is called as diffusion controlled system. Selective transportation of Cu(Ⅱ) ions with alkaline, alkaline earth, and different heavy metal ions at optimum conditions of single Cu(Ⅱ) extraction was conducted. According to the selective transportation Cu(Ⅱ) ions with alkaline and alkaline earth metal ions, Na~+, K~+, and Ba~(2+)ions are not detected in the acceptor phase, but 12.00% of Ca~(2+)ions is transported from donor phase to acceptor phase. At the end of the simultaneous extraction of Zn(Ⅱ), Fe(ⅡI), and Mo(VI) with Cu(Ⅱ) ions, 2.20% of Mo(VI), 0.80% of Fe(Ⅲ) and 3.60% of Zn(Ⅱ) are detected in the acceptor phase.     

Organic coatings characterization by KIDS

Potassium Ionization of Desorbed Species (K⁺IDS) with mass spectrometric detection is an extremely useful tool for the characterization of high performance organic coatings. K⁺IDS uses a commercial rapid heating probe to desorb intact molecules which are then ionized by potassium cation attachment. Based upon the molecular ions, which appear as [M]K⁺, coatings components can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. In this work K⁺IDS was selected as a method of soft ionization (i.e. producing molecular ions) because of its simplicity, wide applicability, low cost and compatibility with the quadrupole mass spectrometer. This presentation reports the application of K⁺IDS to polymer additives (UV stabilizers and antioxidants), catalysts (organotin), reactive diluents (vernonia oil and aliphatic epoxides) and polyurethane precursors (polyesters and isocyanates).     

High-gravity-assisted green synthesis of rare-earth doped calcium molybdate colloidal nanophosphors

In this work, we report an innovative route for the synthesis of rare-earth doped calcium molybdate (CaMoO₄) nanophosphors by using high gravity rotating packed bed (RPB) technology and paraffin liquid as the solvent. The significant intensified mass transfer and micromixing of reactants in the RPB reactor are benefiting for homogeneous doping of rare-earth ions in the host materials, leading to nanophosphors with high quantum efficiency. The use of liquid paraffin as the solvent eliminates the safety risks associated with volatile organic compounds, increasing the potential for clean production of nanophosphors. Under excitation of deep ultraviolet (DUV) light, the CaMoO₄:Na⁺, Eu³⁺ nanophosphors exhibit red emission at peak wavelength of 615 nm and quantum yield of up to 35.01%. The CaMoO₄:Na⁺,Tb³⁺ nanophosphors exhibit green emission at peak wavelength of 543 nm with quantum yield of up to 30.66%. The morphologies of the nanophosphors are tunable from nanofibers through nanorods to nanodots and the possible mechanism of controlling the formation of different nanostructures is proposed on the basis of experimental results and theoretical analysis of mesoscience. These nanophosphors are highly dispersible in organic solvents and utilized for fabricating fabrication of flexible, freestanding luminescent films based on silicone resin. We also demonstrate the red LEDs consisting of the hybrid films of CaMoO₄:Na⁺,Eu³⁺ nanoparticles as color-converting phosphors and DUV LEDs as illuminators, offering strong potential for future nanophosphors-basedsolid-state lighting systems.     

基于二苯并-18-冠-6基体改性的K+选择性离子交换膜的制备及性能研究

基于18-冠-6醚环腔体可与K⁺形成1∶1型稳定的络合物,通过掺杂的方式将4,4'-二氨基-二苯并-18-冠-6（A18C6）引入离子交换膜基材料中并成膜,然后利用1,3,5-苯三甲酰氯（TMC）对A18C6分子进行交联固定,制得一系列改性阳离子交换膜。通过改变A18C6的含量和TMC的反应时间来调控阳离子交换膜的基体结构,系统考察了改性膜在K⁺/Mg²⁺、K⁺/Na⁺ 和K⁺/Li⁺的二元体系中对K⁺的电渗析选择性。研究结果表明,在电流密度为5.0 mA·cm^-2的条件下,最优膜M-A18C6-10%-T30在K⁺/Mg²⁺和K⁺/Li⁺体系中对K⁺的选择性（P_{\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{2}+}}^{{\mathrm{K}}^{+}}=\mathrm{6.96},P_{\mathrm{L}{\mathrm{i}}^{+}}^{{\mathrm{K}}^{+}}=\mathrm{3.73}）高于商业的单价选择性阳离子交换膜CIMS（P_{\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{2}+}}^{{\mathrm{K}}^{+}}=\mathrm{5.36}）。A18C6的掺杂引入不仅提高了膜基体的致密性（孔径筛分效应）,也为K⁺在膜基体中的传输提供了新的离子传输通道（离子-偶极作用）。