生物质快速热解流化床反应器气力进料特性

为探究不同工况下热解流化床反应器的气力进料特性,设计并搭建了流化床反应器气力进料冷态试验装置。生物质原料和床料分别采用落叶松颗粒和石英砂颗粒,通过试验测得了本装置的最小流化速度,研究了流化气速、喷动气速、流量比、初始静床高、石英砂粒径、落叶松粒径对流化床反应器气力进料特性的影响。试验结果表明：流化气速和喷动气速的增加均会提高进料率;流化气使床料流化并为落叶松颗粒提供进料空间,喷动气为落叶松颗粒提供动能,并平衡一部分床层压力;落叶松与石英砂粒径的增加对进料效果不利;流量比在1.9~2.7范围内进料率高且稳定性好。本文构建了生物质、床料与气体的三相流物理及数学模型,开展试验对模型进行验证,结果表明其预测误差为±13%。     

高湿黏性颗粒在聚四氟乙烯微孔膜滤料表面沉积特性的数值模拟

基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)微孔膜滤料扫描电镜(SEM)图像,建立PTFE微孔膜滤料微观结构模型,采用计算流体力学和离散单元法(CFD?DEM)耦合的方法对黏性颗粒在微孔膜滤料表面沉积特性进行模拟,引入液桥力模型,忽略范德华力的作用,统计计算域内颗粒的受力情况,分析了不同表面能条件下3~6 ?m粒径颗粒在微孔膜滤料表面的沉积特性,将模拟结果与黏附效率的经验公式进行对比。结果表明,黏附效率与经验值、颗粒受力与液桥力模型的相对误差均在6%以内,CFD?DEM耦合计算方法可用于模拟不同环境湿度条件下的颗粒沉积;过滤风速、粒径与黏性是影响沉积形态的重要因素,提高过滤风速及增大颗粒粒径与黏性,颗粒更易在滤料表面形成稳定的树突结构,黏附效率及含尘压降增加。环境相对湿度影响两物体间液桥体积,接触力影响颗粒沉积,当增加表面能与液桥体积时,接触力及液桥力均相应增加,根据受力平衡原理,环境相对湿度对颗粒沉积影响很大。     

Contact time of an incident particle hitting a 2D bed of particles

Removal of particles from fouling layers due to an incident particle impact is affected by the fluid fluctuations in industrial applications if the contact time is larger than the fluctuations time scales. The contact time is an important parameter when analysing the influence of the fluid structure interaction on a fouling process. The contact time for a particle hitting a bed of particles is defined as the time it takes for the incident particle to bounce off the bed. The contact time for a particle hitting a bed of particles arranged in a rectangular and a hexagonal array is measured experimentally and calculated numerically based on the discrete element method. The incident particle and the bed particles are of the same size and material. It is found that the contact time is proportional to the number of bed layers in case of a rectangular bed array and independent of the number of bed layers in case of a hexagonal bed of particles. The contact time is inversely proportional to the impact speed. The rebound speed of the incident particle is independent of the number of bed layers in case of a hexagonal arrangement of particles and is exponentially dependent on the number of bed layers in case of a rectangular arrangement. A hexagonal bed of particles acts as a massive particle due to its large co-ordination number compared to a rectangular bed of particles. The force propagation speed in granular matter could be calculated by plotting the path of the force as a function of the contact time and finding the gradient of this graph.     

Experimental studies on pyrolysis of Datong coal with solid heat carrier in a fixed bed

An experimental apparatus was set up for batch simulation of coal pyrolysis with solid heat carrier in a fixed bed. Quartz sand as heat carrier preheated to about 700–800°C was mixed with Datong bituminous coal by an agitator. The thermal history of the coal particle has been followed by a K-type thermocouple. The effects of particle size, pyrolysis time and temperature on the gas yield during pyrolysis of coal with solid heat carrier were examined for different conditions. The experimental results showed that a dominant percentage of the gas product is produced during the first 1–3 min, although gas evolution would last for as long as 10 min. The total gas yield, insensitive to particle size of the heat carrier, depends on carrier temperature and coal particle size under tested conditions. The contact heat transfer of cold and hot particles was analyzed.     

Gas—solid contact in a circulating fluidized bed: The effect of particle size

A recently developed technique for measuring the efficiency of contact between gas and solid phases has been used to investigate the fundamental relationship between particle size and contact efficiency in a circulating fluidized bed. Contact efficiencies have been measured for two grades of sand (140 and 275 μm) and 71 μm FCC catalyst. The measurement technique is based on hot gas as a reacting tracer, with detection by a shrouded rapid-response thermocouple. The rate at which hot gas is thermally equilibrated with the bed is measured and this is interpreted in terms of the degree to which gas and solid come into intimate contact. The results show that, as particles become finer, contact efficiencies improve. However, this improvement is significantly less than the corresponding increase in total gas—solid surface area in the system. Finer particles are likely to form clusters or streamers more readily, and it appears that coarse particles are more surface-efficient in that they expose a greater proportion of external surface to the main gas stream. In other words, the difference in contact efficiency performance between a fine and a coarse powder is reduced by the tendency of the finer powder to aggregate more strongly.     

Flotation behaviour of fine particles with respect to contact angle

The flotation behaviour of methylated quartz particles of different size, but within the size range from 0.2 to 50 μm, and varying contact angle, was probed in a mechanical flotation cell. Results suggest that particles of a given size need to possess a minimum critical contact angle (θ_crit) for flotation to occur. This behaviour is shown not to be solely dependent on fine particles having lower collision efficiency with bubbles, but rather due to a combination of low collision efficiency and particles not having enough kinetic energy at collision with bubbles to form the three phase line of contact and initiate the attachment process. In the particle size range investigated, the critical contact angle increases with a decrease in particle size.     

The production of experimentally labelled aerosols in the sub-micron range

An apparatus for the production of labelled, stable, insoluble particles of ferric oxide in the size range 0·08–0·5 μ is described. The apparatus has a high overall efficiency, and is very suitable for cases when the amount of material to be nebulized is limited.

The characteristics of the particles are examined and the rapid variation of particle density with particle size is studied and explained on a simple semi-empirical theory.     

喷动流化床最大喷动压降的多因素影响与关联

基于截面200 mm×20 mm,高1600 mm,锥角60°的矩形喷动流化床,以二组分混合颗粒、单一组分球形颗粒及非球形颗粒为物料进行最大喷动压降的实验研究.结果表明,最大喷动压降随静止床高、颗粒密度、颗粒球形度及二组分混合颗粒体系中沉积组分分率增加而增大,随流化气速增大而减小;增大颗粒粒径或喷口宽度,呈现先减小后增...     

Discrete particle simulation of solids motion in a gas–solid fluidized bed

The solids motion in a gas–solid fluidized bed was investigated via discrete particle simulation. The motion of individual particles in a uniform particle system and a binary particle system was monitored by the solution of the Newton's second law of motion. The force acting on each particle consists of the contact force between particles and the force exerted by the surrounding fluid. The contact force is modeled by using the analogy of spring, dash-pot and friction slider. The flow field of gas was predicted by the Navier–Stokes equation. The solids distribution is non-uniform in the bed, which is very diluted near the center but high near the wall. It was also found that there is a single solids circulation cell in the fluidized bed with ascending at the center and descending near the wall. This finding agrees with the experimental results obtained by Moslemian. The effects of the operating conditions, such as superficial gas velocity, particle size, and column size on the solids movement, were investigated. In the fluidized bed containing uniform particles better solids mixing was found in the larger bed containing smaller size particles and operated at higher superficial gas velocity. In the system containing binary particles, it was shown that under suitable conditions the particles in a fluidized bed could be made mixable or non-mixable depending on the ratios of particle sizes and densities. Better mixing of binary particles was found in the system containing particles with less different densities and closer sizes. These results were found to follow the mixing and segregation criteria obtained experimentally by Tanaka et al.     

The role of contact stresses and wall friction on fluidization

Fluidization and defluidization experiments, where we increased the gas superficial velocity in small increments and then decreased it, were performed in tubes of different diameters to probe the role of wall friction on pressure drop and bed height. Such experiments, covering the regimes of packed bed, stable bed expansion and bubbling bed, were carried out for several different particles. The compressive yield strength of the particle assemblies at various volume fractions was determined by measuring the height of fully defluidized beds at various mass loading levels. The systematic effect of the tube diameter on pressure drop and bed height hysteresis could be rationalized in terms of a one-dimensional model that accounted for the effect of wall friction and path-dependent contact stresses in the particle phase. Bubbling seemed to set in when the yield stress in the particle assembly could be overcome by the inherent fluctuations. Our experiments, which focused primarily on gas velocities below the minimum bubbling conditions, did not reveal any dramatic change across the Geldart A-B boundary. This is consistent with the original observation by Geldart (Powder Technol. 7 (1973) 285). The distinct difference between beds of group A and B particles in the gently bubbling regime reported by Cody et al. (Powder Technol. 87 (1996) 211) is thus likely to be due to changes in the dynamics of the bubbles, as we observed no striking difference between these beds at gas velocities below minimum bubbling conditions.     

活性硅醇基聚氨酯水分散体的合成及其防腐性能

水玻璃作为一种廉价的矿物质,经提纯可得到活性硅醇,以其作为内交联剂可应用于聚氨酯的合成中。对不同活性硅醇添加量合成的聚氨酯水分散体粒径及其涂膜的吸水率、接触角、动电位极化曲线、热重和扫描电镜作了测试分析,结果表明当活性硅醇添加量为30%时,水分散体平均粒径最小,为28.83nm;随着活性硅醇添加量的增加,涂膜吸水率增大,接触角反而减小;动电位极化曲线拟合结果表明,当活性硅醇添加量为70%时,涂膜腐蚀电流密度最小且极化电阻最大;红外光谱和扫描电镜分别可以确定水分散体结构中含有Si-O-Si、Si-O-C的基团以及涂膜中含有二氧化硅粒子,说明活性硅醇在体系中不仅参与主链反应,还以无机粒子的形态存在于其中;热重分析表明活性硅醇的引入显著提高了涂膜的热稳定性。     

气固流化床中颗粒的夹带和扬析特性

在内径0.5 m、总高6 m的流化床中对玻璃珠和白刚玉颗粒的夹带和扬析现象进行了实验研究,两种颗粒通过筛分配比得到不同粒径分布的实验物料,以0.25~0.76 m/s的速度分批进行流态化试验,考察了表观气速、床层物料粒径分布以及颗粒粒径对颗粒夹带和扬析速率的影响,得到了颗粒的扬析速率常数(Ki*)。实验结果表明,夹带量和扬析速率常数随着表观气速呈指数增加;扬析速率常数随着颗粒粒径减小先增加,达到一个临界粒径(dcrit)后,扬析速率常数会随着粒径减小趋于平缓或降低。提出了一组经验关联式,分别用于预测临界粒径两侧颗粒的扬析速率常数,关联式能很好地预测本工作实验条件下的数据,误差在30%以内,并且关联式能够对文献中的实验数据进行较好的预测,可以用于流化床装置的放大。     

撞击气流床气化炉内雾化过程中颗粒运动特性

基于实验室规模的撞击气流床气化炉,以水煤浆为原料进行气化实验,采用高温内窥镜及工业相机组成的可视化成像系统,在操作条件下,对水煤浆雾化过程进行拍摄。运用图像处理算法来识别和检测所得图像中的颗粒信息,利用颗粒示踪算法对颗粒进行轨迹测算。对颗粒的平均粒径、速度及角度进行统计分析。结果表明,喷嘴出口射流区内平均粒径主要集中在325～375 μm,相较于原煤颗粒较大;大部分颗粒速度集中在1～2 m·s^-1且运动过程中速度变化不大;大部分颗粒运动方向不随时间而变化,呈简单直线运动;颗粒轨迹呈现以喷嘴为起始点的扇形射线。     

Aerosol filtration: An analysis using the method of volume averaging

The process of filtration of non-charged, submicron particles is analyzed using the method of volume averaging. The particle continuity equation is represented in terms of the first correction to the Smoluchowski equation, and this equation takes into account particle inertia effects for small Stokes numbers. Use of this equation to describe the filtration process leads to a cellular efficiency that contains a minimum in the efficiency as a function of the particle size, and this allows us to identify the most penetrating particle size. Comparison of the theory with results from Brownian dynamics indicates that the first correction to the Smoluchowski equation gives reasonable results in terms of both the cellular efficiency and the most penetrating particle size. However, the results for larger particles clearly indicate the need to extend the Smoluchowski equation to include higher-order corrections. Comparison of the theory with laboratory experiments, in the absence of adjustable parameters, is encouraging.     

狭缝式矩型喷动床中多粒度颗粒体系的最小喷动速度

在150 mm×50 mm×1100 mm的矩形喷动床中,采用宽度为2, 4, 6 mm 的3种狭缝式气体分布板,研究了单一粒度组成和多粒度组成玻璃珠的最小喷动速度. 实验证明,矩形喷动床的最小喷动速度与物料的粒度和组成有关. 给出了最小喷动速度与颗粒粒径和粒度组成的关联式,作出了多粒度组成颗粒体系最小喷动速度的相图.     

Experimental investigation of particle contact time at the wall of gas fluidized beds

The contact time of particles at the walls of gas fluidized beds has been studied using a radioactive particle tracking technique to monitor the position of a radioactive tracer. The solids used were sand or FCC particles fluidized by air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure at various superficial velocities, covering both bubbling and turbulent regimes of fluidization. Based on the analysis of tracer positions, the motion of individual particles near the walls of the fluidized bed was studied. The contact time, contact distance and contact frequency of the particles at the wall were evaluated from these experimental data. It was found that in a bed of sand particles, the mean wall contact time of the fluidized bed of sand particles decreases by increasing the gas velocity in the bubbling and increases in the turbulent fluidization. In other words, the particle-wall contact time is minimum at the onset of turbulent fluidization in the bed of sand particles. However, the mean wall contact time is almost constant in both regimes of fluidization in the bed of FCC particles. All the existing models in the literature predict a decreasing contact time when the gas velocity in the bed is increased. It was also shown that the contact distance increases monotonously by increasing the gas velocity in the bed of sand particles, while it is almost constant for the bed of FCC particles. Contact frequency has a trend similar to that of the contact time for both sand and FCC particles.     

CARBON COMBUSTION RATES AND TEMPERATURES IN SHALLOW FLUIDIZED BEDS

The mechanism of combustion of carbon in shallow fluidized beds at temperatures 750-1000°C is studied by measuring burning rates and temperatures of spherical carbon particles ranging from 2 mm to 12 mm diameter directly in an experimental fluidized bed. Among variables investigated were inert particle size, superficial fluidizing velocity, temperature, the influence of neighbouring active particles and oxygen concentration in the fluidizing gas.

Under the experimental conditions explored, combustion was mainly kinetically controlled, so that with carbon particles larger than about 4 mm, burning rates are significantly higher than those predicted by combustion models which assume combustion to be controlled by the rate at which oxygen diffuses through a stagnant particulate phase surrounding the burning particle. The higher burning rate seems to arise because the greater mobility of particles in the bed causes the restriction to oxygen flow to the carbon surface offered by the particulate phase to be reduced and has important consequences for combustor design.

Measured carbon particle temperatures were influenced considerably by bed operating conditions ranging from 15 to 215°C higher than bed temperature.

Measured burning rates of carbon particles were found to be reduced significantly when other active particles were present in the bed. This sensitivity of burning rate to changes in active particle concentration in the bed was shown to be increasingly important once the concentration of carbon in the bed exceeded about 1%

Increasing the bed inert particle size, superficial fluidizing velocity, oxygen concentration in the fluidizing gas and bed temperature resulted in higher burning rates. The implication of these findings on combustor design are discussed.     

开孔形式对盘环形挡板汽提器特性影响的模拟分析

采用CFD方法对安置盘环挡板的汽提器进行了模拟计算,对比了盘环挡板上有无开孔情况下的颗粒流动分布。结果表明,在盘环挡板上进行开孔可有效减少“气垫”区域,使气体与颗粒更顺利地穿透挡板进行高效接触。此外,通过对比不同开孔形式下的催化剂颗粒流动与气泡分布特性,可以发现均匀开孔时,随着开孔尺寸的增加,气相流动阻力下降,可以携带颗粒更加均匀地穿过盘环挡板,使得挡板以下的“气垫”区域减小,颗粒在汽提器内分布更加均匀,有利于汽提蒸汽与催化剂颗粒之间的接触。但是,随着开孔尺寸增加,汽提器内气泡的平均尺寸有所增加,气泡数量减小,气泡所占的总体积及气泡所能提供的相界面积有所减少。对比均匀开孔与非均匀开孔的颗粒流动与气泡特性,结果表明,在盘形挡板顶部附近开孔12mm,其他区域均匀开孔9mm的非均匀开孔形式在确保催化剂颗粒流动的均匀性分布、汽提蒸汽与催化剂颗粒之间的接触效果的同时,容易产生更小的气泡,可以提供更高的气固相界面积,更加有利于汽提器性能的改善,因此是比较优选的开孔方式。本文关于挡板开孔形式影响的模拟分析对设计高性能的汽提器内构件具有重要意义。     

Effect of cohesive powders on pressure fluctuation characteristics of a binary gas-solid fluidized bed

The effect of cohesive particles on the pressure fluctuations was experimentally investigated in a binary gas-solid fluidized bed. The pressure fluctuation signals were measured by differential pressure sensors under conditions of various weight percentages of cohesive particles. The cohesive particles increased the fixed bed pressure drop per unit height and decreased the minimum fluidization velocity. The Wen & Yu equation well predicts the minimum fluidization velocity of the binary system. The addition of cohesive particles slightly decreased the bubble size in bubbling flow regime when the cohesive particles and the coarse particles mixed well, while the bubble size greatly decreased when the cohesive particles agglomerated on the bed surface. The time series of pressure fluctuations was analyzed by using the methods of time domain, frequency domain and wavelet transformation. The normalized standard deviation of pressure fluctuations decreased with increasing weight percentages of cohesive particles. A wide bandwidth frequency of 0 to 1Hz got narrower with a single peak around 0.6Hz with an increase in proportion of the cohesive particles. The meso-energy and micro-energy of pressure fluctuations were decreasing with increasing cohesive particles proportions, which indicated that adding cohesive particles could reduce the energy dissipation of bubble and particle fluctuations.