面向车身虚拟匹配的非均匀点云数据配准算法

车身点云扫描的质量检测方式为薄板件的虚拟匹配提供了数据基础.针对薄板件虚拟匹配过程的点云数据配准问题,提出了一种考虑车身复杂曲面特征的点云主平面拟合与精确配准流程与方法.首先在曲率化离散方法基础上,提取薄板件数模的非均匀化点云,采用基于主成分分析法的数模与实测点云主平面的构建方法,结合其主向量的旋转重合,通过迭代搜索获得均方根误差最小的最佳初始配准位置.进一步,利用改进的ICP算法对点云进行精确配准.采用车门内板单件的实测案例对提出方法进行验证,实验结果表明本方法较传统ICP算法将配准精度提升50％以上,为车身试制过程的薄板件精度评价与虚拟匹配分析提供了有效的方法基础.     

工件四特征点的粗配准方法研究

工件自动配准在柔性生产装配中至关重要,其中装配工件CAD模型数据和实测点云数据的配准是关键技术之一。针对装配工件和CAD模型的配准问题,提出了一种基于工件四特征点的粗配准算法。获得配准物体CAD模型数据和实测点云数据后,该方法包含四步:点云数据取样,特征四点集提取,特征一致四点集寻找,计算变换一致性矩阵。以正方体为模型的仿真实验结果显示该配准方法正确可行,以维纳斯石膏像作为实验对象进行配准实验,当点云数据为80000点时,点到点的误差均值为0.0622mm。该算法稳定,配准结果可以作为精确配准算法ICP(Iterative Closest Point)等的叠代初值。     

融合激光雷达与无人机的特大钢结构高精度测量

为了实现对特大钢结构的高效率、高精度检测,对地面激光点云整体配准算法以及无人机多视影像生成密集点云算法进行了研究。采用基于几何特征的可迭代整体配准算法不断对观测值进行约束定权和解算,将观测值改正数误差控制在一定阈值范围内,直到完成配准,生成整个网架结构的激光雷达点云模型。以球节点多连杆中心点算法对网架结构中的球结点与柱进行偏心计算,再使用基于视觉运动恢复结构算法以及改进的RANSAC算法生成的影像密集点云,通过配准实现地面激光点云和高分辨率非量测影像数据的融合。以某亚洲最大跨钢结构高精度检测为例,多站激光雷达点云整体的配准精度为5 mm,抽检的21根钢柱里16根柱子的偏差接近或大于35 mm(32.1～68.2 mm,方向均向外),整体钢结构的网架挠度均小于1/250。由此表明,地面激光点云整体配准算法以及高分辨率非量测影像数据密集点云生成算法可行且准确,能够满足特大钢结构的高精度检测要求。     

应用改进迭代最近点方法的三维心脏点云配准

在医学多图谱配准中,为了改善因初始位置差异较大、形状复杂和局部残缺导致的配准效率低和精度差的问题,本文采用了先粗配准再精配准的处理策略,在主成分分析法(PCA)实现粗配准的基础上,提出了基于双向距离比例的迭代最近点(ICP)的精配准算法。精配准算法中,首先采用KD-tree进行最近邻搜索以提高对应点对的搜索速度,然后为每个点提出了双向匹配方法并计算其双向距离和比值,为进一步提高配准精度,引入了一个指数函数判断点对正确匹配概率,最后运用奇异值分解法(SVD)计算最终变换矩阵。为了验证算法的可行性和有效性,分别设计了不同缺损程度的斯坦福点云数据实验和两组CT心脏点云数据配准实验,结果表明本文方法较经典ICP算法的平均误差减少约21%,较TrICP算法减少约13%,在心脏点云数据配准实验中,本文方法较TrICP算法的15.5 s加快到1.77 s。因此本文方法在解决三维心脏点云数据的配准问题中具有良好的效率、精度和稳定性。     

基于简化点云带动的涡轮叶片快速配准技术

针对涡轮叶片密集点云数据与计算机辅助设计模型配准速率慢、耗费时间长的问题,提出基于简化点云带动涡轮叶片快速配准的方法。基于叶片的三维光学扫描数据和计算机辅助设计模型,采用均匀采样法和曲率采样法简化点云模型数据,通过最近点迭代和奇异值分解相结合的配准方法,实现叶片密集点云模型与计算机辅助设计模型的快速配准,并对配准精度和速度进行了统计分析。结果表明,基于均匀采样法简化的点云数据模型带动的配准,在保证配准精度的前提下能有效提高配准效率。     

层次优化的颅骨点云配准

颅骨配准是颅面复原的重要步骤之一,其配准精度和效率对复原结果有着重要的影响。为了提高颅骨点云模型的配准精度和效率,本文提出了一种层次优化的颅骨点云配准方法。将颅骨配准分为粗配准和细配准两个过程。首先对颅骨点云模型进行去噪、简化和归一化等预处理;然后对颅骨点云模型提取特征点并计算其特征序列,根据特征序列进行约束寻找初始对应点对,并采用k-means算法剔除误匹配点,实现颅骨粗配准;最后通过加入几何特征约束的改进迭代最近点(ICP)算法实现颅骨细配准,从而达到颅骨精确配准的目的。本文分别对粗配准、细配准和先粗再细完整配准过程进行实验,结果表明:粗配准过程,与未优化的粗配准算法相比,本文优化后的粗配准算法的配准精度提高了约35%,算法耗时增加了约6%;细配准过程,与ICP算法相比,本文改进ICP算法的配准精度和收敛速度分别提高了约20%和43%,算法耗时减少了约47%;先粗再细的完整配准过程,本文算法的配准精度和收敛速度都要优于其他两种方法。证明了本文方法是一种有效的颅骨点云配准算法,可以实现颅骨点云的精确配准。     

涡轮叶片密集点云数据与CAD模型配准方法

针对密集点云数据与CAD模型的配准问题,提出了一种基于简化模型曲率计算的配准方法。该方法通过计算简化模型和CAD模型各点的曲率提取出两模型上某一对应的特征面,根据特征面求出三组对应点对并计算坐标变换矩阵;把得到的变换矩阵应用于简化前的原始点云模型实现模型的预配准;最后通过奇异值分解和最近点迭代相结合的算法实现精确配准。实例表明,该方法实现了密集点云数据与CAD模型的配准,并在保证配准精度的前提下提高了配准的速度,从而验证了方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于点云几何信息改进的自动配准方法CSCD

针对工业流水线上激光扫描工件获得的点云数据的配准问题,提出了一种基于点云数据几何特征改进的点云自动配准新算法。新算法首先根据点云数据中法向量的变化规律选取特征点,作为初始的匹配点集;然后运用一种根据点对间距离约束优化的随机抽样一致(RANSAC)算法对数据初始匹配;并运用k-d tree加速改进的最近点迭代(ICP)算法进行精确匹配;并运用四元数法求得配准参数。分别对提出的新算法、PCA改进算法和经典ICP算法进行了实验,并对实验结果进行了对比。对比结果表明新算法能够实现配准,并显著提高了配准的速度和精度,表明了新算法的有效性,对实际应用具有一定的现实意义。     

大型自由曲面零件的机器人视觉快速定位方法

针对大型自由曲面零件缺少规则特征导致定位成本高、效率低且精度难以保证的问题,提出一种机器人视觉快速定位方法.设计了自适应分辨率的超体素聚类算法,对不同模型点云进行均匀分割;提出以分块质心点的曲率、夹角以及快速点特征直方图(FPFH)描述子为依据,快速识别出完整CAD模型点云与局部测量数据的重叠区域并求解粗配准矩阵.改进了分支定界(BNB)嵌套迭代最近点(ICP)算法,提出基于关键点的快速精配准方法.以冲压件为对象进行实验验证,结果表明本方法节省了30％以上的配准时间,并显著提高了配准精度,能够解决大型自由曲面零件的定位难题.     

颅骨点云模型的优化配准

由于颅骨的三维点云数据模型复杂且不同人的颅骨差异较小,对其配准精度要求较高。为了提高颅骨点云模型的配准精度和收敛速度,提出了一种先粗配准再细配准的配准方法。首先,对颅骨点云数据模型进行去噪、简化和归一化等预处理;然后,通过区域划分、区域配准和求解组合系数以及求解刚体变换等步骤实现区域层次上的颅骨粗配准;最后,通过引入动态迭代系数来改进基于旋转角约束的迭代最近点算法,并采用该改进的ICP算法实现颅骨的细配准,从而达到精确配准的目的。实验结果表明:与ICP算法相比,改进的ICP算法的配准精度和收敛速度分别提高了约30%和50%。证明该种先粗配准再细配准的颅骨点云模型配准方法是一种精度高、速度快的有效颅骨配准算法。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.