连铸结晶器保护渣生产及应用技术的发展

本文介绍了连铸结晶器保护渣生产及应用技术的发展现状，其中包括：结晶器保护渣的最佳选择；结晶器保护渣的性能选择；结晶器保护渣的成分和类型选择；结晶器保护渣中炭的选择。同时概述了结晶器保护渣的应用情况，并提出几点建议。     

连铸结晶器保护渣研究进展及趋势

论文针对连铸保护渣的发展现状,从保护渣在结晶器内的行为出发,分析了保护渣在结晶器内的热历程,建立了保护渣在结晶器钢液面的初始状态到出结晶器各历经环节与保护渣性能的关系,以此综述分析了保护渣成分、结构和性能基础研究趋势,为系统认识保护渣这种功能材料的性能特征,和进一步的理论研究提供借鉴作用。     

高速连铸用保护渣

概述了高速连铸的特点及其对结晶器保护渣的要求，给出了高速连铸用结晶器保护渣的理化性能及所应具有的成分；总结了高拉速结晶器用保护渣的研究现状。     

连铸结晶器保护渣物化性能的研究进展

连铸结晶器保护渣可减少铸坯粘结和改善结晶器内的传热状况,保证钢种的顺利生产,提高铸坯质量。从保护渣的熔化性能、润滑性能和结晶性能3个方面综述了近年来国内外关于保护渣物化性能的研究现状,分析了连铸生产中保护渣各项物化性能的研究成果和发展水平,指出了结晶器保护渣进一步的研究方向,即保护渣的润滑与传热、吸收夹杂与润滑等的矛盾对保护渣性能的要求。     

高速连铸用结晶器保护渣

概述了高速铸的特点及其对结晶器保护渣的要求,给出了高速连铸用结晶器保护渣的理化性能及所应具有原成分;总结顾高拉速结晶器用保护渣的研究现状。     

结晶器与铸坯间保护渣传热性能的研究现状

概述了铸坯与结晶器间的保护渣传热,总结了国内外近年来关于保护渣传热检测方法和传热计算的研究现状,并指出现有保护渣传热性能检测方法为一维传热原理,可以反映保护渣的基本传热性能并作为选择保护渣的依据.认为目前的研究只对保护渣的渣膜结构进行了简单的处理或忽略了结晶器弯月面区域的保护渣传热,需进一步加强铸坯与结晶器间保护渣的传...     

硼对连铸结晶器保护渣性能的影响

含硼钢连铸过程中,结晶器热流量呈下降的趋势,多炉连浇后热流量偏低。生产中经常出现前两炉浇铸顺利,浇铸到第三或第四炉时容易出现粘结、冷齿和漏钢现象。结合硼对连铸结晶器保护渣的影响和结晶器热流量与保护渣理化性能的关系分析,初步认为这与含硼钢中35 ppm左右的硼在浇铸过程中富集至保护渣中造成的影响有关。归纳分析了含硼钢结晶器保护渣性能的改善方向:一是提高结晶器保护渣的传热性能来提高结晶器的热流量;二是提高结晶器保护渣对硼富集的饱和度上限。保护渣定性改进措施为:提高粘度、降低熔点、降低F-含量。     

高速连铸用保护渣技术

概述了高速连铸的特点及对结晶器保护渣的要求，论述了高速连铸保护渣必须保证的理化性能。总结了高拉速结晶器用保护渣的研究现状，提出了今后对高速连铸保护渣研制的工作建议。     

高速连铸用保护渣技术

概述了高速连铸的特点及对结晶器保护渣的要求,论述了高速连铸保护渣必须保证的理化性能,总结了高拉速结晶器用保护渣的研究现状,提出了今后对高速连铸保护渣研制的工作建议。     

高速连铸用结晶器保护渣的研究

结晶器保护渣在很大程度上决定了钢连铸工艺的稳定性。已采用高温X射线衍射以及保护渣X射线衍射和显微技术研究了致使结晶器保护渣熔化和结晶器渣凝固的工艺。研究发现,在加热期间,某种保护渣在熔化发生前显示出独特的相态关系顺序。在冷却和凝固过程中,会形成一种或多种晶相。在对Corus薄板坯连铸机上获得的渣圈和渣膜进行分析后也证实了这种高温性能方面的发现。最后,本文将结晶器保护渣的详细性能加之一些计算与薄板坯连铸机的工厂数据进行比较。本次研究结果不仅能使我们更好地了解薄板坯连铸机结晶器保护渣的功能,而且还能用于当前或更高铸速的结晶器保护渣的设计指导之中。     

Mould Powder Development for Continuous Casting of Steel

Mould powders significantly determine the stability of the continuous casting process of steel at all casting speeds. The main functions of mould powders are to provide strand lubrication and to control the mould heat transfer in the horizontal direction between the steel shell and the copper mould. The composition, properties and operational performance of mould powders were investigated in detail with a focus on high-speed thin slab casting and conventional slab casting. Various advanced characterisation methods were applied, completed with experiments at laboratory scale and full-scale plant trials. It was found that melting of mould powder at the meniscus and crystallisation of the slag film are key processes during continuous casting. Both powder melting and slag crystallisation are primarily based on the composition of the mould powder and the mould slag. Additionally, the operational parameters during continuous casting will affect these processes as well. Results of the work are used for a further and more fundamental understanding of the mould powder functions and to guide mould powder design for various steel grades.     

A short history of mould powders

The success of the continuous casting process owes much to the performance of the mould powder. Mould powders have been used for more than 50 years and our knowledge of how they work and perform has increased steadily over this time. The performance of the mould powder should always be judged by how it affects the steel shell. Since this is frequently due to the nature of the slag film formed between the shell and the mould, the performance of the mould powder can also be judged by the nature of the slag film formed. However, other factors (such as the depth of the molten pool) must also be taken into account since they affect the formation of defects. Our current state of knowledge on how mould powders work is summarised.     

The Influence of Carbonaceous Material on the Melting Behaviour of Mould Powder

The melting behaviour of mould powder during continuous casting is an important consideration with respect to caster performance, production rate and steel quality. In this experimental study the effect of different carbonaceous materials on the melting characteristics of mould powders was evaluated. Using X‐ray diffraction, different types of carbon were quantitatively characterized in terms of their internal structure and reactivity experiments were conducted to investigate potential relationships between the structural morphology of carbons and their reactivity. High temperature microscopy and drip test experiments were then used to investigate the melting behaviour of mould powders containing different carbonaceous materials. From the results obtained, correlations were established between the structural factors, chemical reactivity and melting behaviour.     

Continuous casting mould powder evaluation

Abstract

A continuous casting mould powder must satisfy various requirements including thermal insulation, chemical insulation, inclusion absorption, lubrication, and promotion of uniform heat transfer from the solidifying steel strand to the copper mould. The relative importance of these properties varies according to the type of steel cast, the prevailing casting conditions, and the end steel requirements. Development of mould powders at Corus UK Ltd involves plant based trials of different powders whose properties influence the above characteristics of which heat transfer is a major consideration. Particular use is made of mould thermal monitoring which, although primarily designed for sticker breakout detection, is now finding increasing use as an investigative tool in mould slag assessment. Both static and dynamic plant data are now available relating mould slag heat transfer performance to casting conditions and this paper describes some recent investigative work carried out by the Aluminium & Steel Casting Department of Teesside Technology Centre, Corus UK Ltd. The study shows that using a combination of plant based observation and laboratory analysis, a greater depth in understanding of mould powder performance can be realised, yielding important information for future powder development.     

Tools and techniques for use in development of mould powders

Abstract

The tools and techniques used within Corus UK to improve mould powder performance and product quality are reviewed. Mould thermal monitoring, which allows real time assessment of heat transfer, is a critical tool in the development of mould powders. Thermal analysis, viscosity measurements, flux–mould plate interactions, steel velocity profiles in the mould and slag film properties also play a part in continuing studies. Case studies of improvements in process performance achieved using these methods are presented.     

Mould Powder Requirements for High‐speed Casting

Mould powders play an important role in the stability of the continuous casting process of steel. The main functions of mould slag (i.e. molten powder) are to provide sufficient lubrication and to control the heat transfer between the developing steel shell and the mould. Sufficient lubrication requires an undisturbed melting of mould powders and uniform infiltration of mould slag. Based on the casting practice in IJmuiden, it is found that these demands become even more important for the applied high casting speeds in thin slab casting at 5 to 6 m/min. At Corus RD&T, mould powders were characterised by X‐ray diffraction and subsequent fully quantitative Rietveld analysis. Additionally, the melting of mould powders has been studied in‐situ using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction, to gain crucial knowledge about melting relations. Slag rims obtained from the thin slab caster mould were characterised using extended microscopic techniques in order to describe the mechanisms of rim formation and growth. Finally, slag films obtained after casting were characterised. As a result, not only the melting process of mould powder, but also the mechanism of formation and growth of slag rims is much better understood. This knowledge will be applied to define the demands on the composition and properties of mould powder for even higher casting speeds.     

韶钢板坯连铸结晶器保护渣的选择和应用

连铸结晶器保护渣对铸坯表达质量具有显著影响。通过对保护渣的作用，物理、化学性能及影响因素的分析，提出了适合我厂板坯连铸机的保护渣的各种性能指标。     

Mould heat transfer and continuously cast billet quality with mould flux lubrication Part 2 Quality issues

Abstract

With many billet producers adopting mould powder lubrication, there is a need to clarify the gains in quality that can be achieved with this practice. Over the past three decades considerable research has been conducted to establish the relationship between mould behaviour and defect formation for billets continuously cast with oil lubrication, but little has been done to compare oil cast billets with powder cast billets. In this study, conducted at a Canadian minimill, four faces of a copper mould were instrumented with thermocouples and mould temperatures and billet quality were monitored with mould powder lubrication during casting of 208 × 208 mm billets. In the first part of this two part series (in Ironmaking & Steelmaking No. 1 2000), the results of the mould heat transfer analysis and the influence of variables were presented, together with a comparison between oil and powder lubrication. In the present paper, Part 2, billet quality is examined in detail. The difference in turbulence at the meniscus between oil and powder lubrication is established, and the need to tune mould level sensors when switching to mould powders is demonstrated. Previous work has shown that mould level fluctuations have a strong influence on defects such as offsquareness and transverse depressions, both of which are markedly reduced when casting with mould powders. The inherent stability of the meniscus is improved when employing mould powder lubrication and a submerged entry nozzle. Furthermore, the significant reduction in mould heat transfer at the meniscus, when mould powders are employed, particularly for medium carbon steels has been shown to correlate well with the observed reduction in offsquareness. The paper also elucidates the reasons for the reduction, and in most cases, elimination of transverse depressions in B–Ti grades when casting with mould powders. The mechanism of longitudinal depression formation and subsurface cracking observed in many of the powder cast, medium carbon billets has also been established.     

Challenge to control mould heat transfer during thin slab casting

Abstract

At the thin slab caster of Tata Steel, IJmuiden, mild cooling mould powders were introduced with the aim to control the mould heat transfer during casting. These mild cooling mould powders are characterised by specific values of basicity, solidification point and chemical composition. Application of these mould powders resulted in a redistribution of mould heat transfer during casting, i.e. a reduced and more stable mould heat transfer in the critical upper part of the mould and an increased mould heat transfer in the lower part of the mould. The average mould heat transfer and hence the shell thickness at mould exit are comparable to the standard powder. The application of mild cooling mould powders also resulted in improved solidification behaviour of the steel shell. A thinner chill zone with smaller thickness variations was observed. Furthermore, it was found that the mould taper required optimisation to match the changes in shrinkage behaviour to ensure uniform solidification. The use of mild cooling powders was observed to give an increase in mould friction. Mould thermal monitoring indicated that the solid slag films fractured (sheeting) in the upper part of the mould. However, no operational problems were reported, which indicate that the first 200 mm under the steel meniscus is essential for initial solidification and for the formation of a homogeneous steel shell. All these findings can be understood by considering the crystallisation properties of the mould slag, which include the cooling rate. Mild cooling has been shown to provide uniform heat transfer and adequate lubrication for high speed thin slab casting.     

F-free mould powders for low carbon steel slab casting – technological parameters and industrial trials

The choice of the mould powder for slab casting is a difficult task because mould powders have many important functions during the continuous casting of steel. CaF₂ is a key ingredient in conventional mould slags since it reduces the viscosity, the liquidus temperature and the break temperature. Fluorine in mould powders is undesirable from the environmental and health points of view due to the following reasons: (i) evolves easily from slags, producing health-injurious gaseous substances, such as hydrofluoric acid; (ii) creates problems for storage and utilisation of solid waste and (iii) causes machinery corrosion. Aim of the present work is to describe the development of a new F-free mould powder for low carbon steel slab casting replacing CaF₂ with B₂O₃. Laboratory tests and industrial trials were performed considering the technological parameters viscosity, break temperature and crystallisation tendency. From laboratory tests it was concluded that important technological parameters are similar when comparing the F-bearing mould powder (reference) and the new F-free B-bearing mould powder for low carbon steel slab casting: viscosity at 1300°C, break temperature, and crystallisation tendency. It was observed during industrial trials that a significant decrease of the submerged entry nozzle erosion was observed. The results were similar when comparing the F-bearing and the F-free performance: slag pool thickness measurements, melting behaviour, Al₂O₃ absorption, mould powder consumption and slabs superficial quality.