Stability — The key to effective high expansion foam,part II

In Part I, the author reviewed the fundamentals of high expansion foam and examined the findings of tests made to evaluate it. In this, the concluding part of the paper, he discusses the effects of automatic sprinklers on high expansion foam. Walter Kidde & Company, Inc. Note: References 1–8, Tables 1 and 2, and Figures 1 and 2 will be found in Part I of the article published inFire Technology, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Feb. 1970), pp. 39–51.     

Fighting fires in oil storage tanks using base injection of foam — Part I

This paper compares the characteristics of protein and fluoroprotein foams for base injected application to fires in oil storage tanks. Part I discusses foam flow and distribution and fuel pickup characteristics. Note: This paper was presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in Washington, DC on May 17, 1977.     

Fire endurance of soldered copper sprinkler systems — Part II

The endurance and utility of soldered copper tube systems used as water conveyors to fire protection sprinkler arrays have been demonstrated using tested engineering scaling principles. Note: The author presented this paper at the 79th Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association, May 1975, Chicago, Illinois. Part I appeared in the August 1977 issue of Fire Technology. Mr. Alvares is currently affiliated with the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California.     

Part I Ignition temperatures and flame spread rates

Part I of this two-part report deals with the effects of oxygen enrichment on ignition temperatures and flame spread rates of materials that might be found in hospital hyperbaric chambers. Part II will be carried in the November issue. Increased use of oxygen-enriched atmospheres in medicine, undersea exploration, and the space program (twice with tragic results) has caused attention to be focused on the effects of oxygen enrichment on the flammability of, materials. Note: This paper is based on research sponsored by the U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, under Appropriation 7560370. Reference to specific brandse is, made for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Bureau of Mines.     

Fighting fires in oil storage tanks using base injection of foam — part II

This paper compares the characteristics of protein and fluoroprotein foams for base injected application to fires in oil storage tanks. Part II discusses the fire tests and their results. Note: This paper was presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in Washington, DC on May 17, 1977.     

Stability — The key to effective high expansion foam,part I

Stability or water content is an essential element in high expansion foam. After reviewing the fundamentals of high expansion foam, the author discusses the findings of tests made to evaluate it. In Part II, which will appear in our next issue, he will discuss the effects of sprinklers on high expansion foam. Note: This is an adaptation of a paper delivered by the author at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the National Fire Protection Association in New York City on May 16, 1969.     

Hydraulics of fire hose nozzles

Experiments indicated that flow rates derived from Pitot-tube measurements are somewhat higher than true values. The author develops equations for determining flow from solid stream and fog nozzles, based on pressure at the base of a nozzle or playpipe. Note: The work reported in this paper was performed under the auspices of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.     

Hydraulic studies of fire hose

Based on a series of experiments using fire hose and nozzles in stock at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, simple pressure loss versus flow equations have been developed. The pressure losses are found to be noticeably lower than those given in fire stream tables currently in use. Note: The work reported on in this paper was performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.     

The effect of humidity,air temperature,and wind speed on fine fuel moisture content

A controlled environmental chamber was used to study the effects of relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed on moisture content of tobosa grass. Prediction equations were developed to show rates of change in fine fuel moisture content and equilibrium fine fuel moisture content for both absorption and desorption. Note: Mr. Britton is a Research Associate at Texas Tech University; Mr. Countryman, a Project Leader, Forest Fire Laboratory, Riverside, California; Dr. Wright, Associate Professor of Range Management, Texas Tech University; and Dr. Walvekar, Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University. Mr. Britton’s current address is Range Science Department, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. Note: This paper is College of Agricultural Sciences, Texas Tech University Contribution No. T-9-111.     

New criteria for wind effects on pedestrians

Experiments concerned with wind effects on pedestrians are described. The experiments consists of three parts. In Part I, walking tests were conducted in a large wind tunnel. In Part II, walking tests were held in a precinct at the base of a high-rise building. Part III again consisted of observation of pedestrians in a precinct at the base of a high-rise building. In Parts I and II, 5 to 10 persons were used as subjects and movie records of their footsteps were analysed. In Part III, movie records taken by video camera of over 2000 pedestrians were analysed as to footstep-irregularity and body-balance.Based on these three-part experiments, the following criteria are proposed for evaluating wind effects on pedestrians:

$\text{u<}\text{m s}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{no effect}\text{5<}\text{u<10}\text{some effect}\text{10<}\text{u<15}\text{serious effect}\text{15<}\text{very serious effect}$

where u is the instantaneous wind speed averaged over 3 s.These criteria are the same as or a little more severe than those proposed by Hunt et al. [6] and considerably more severe than others.     

Static and dynamic numerical analysis studies of hemispheres and spherical caps. Part II: Results and strength predictions

Shell-like structures are prevalent in nature. However, because of their slenderness they are prone to buckling, and to such an extent that this is often the dominant consideration in their design.Early attempts to determine buckling pressures were unsatisfactory. Although initial geometric distortions are now recognised as the cause of this, little comprehensive work has been conducted on doubly-curved shells, particularly hemispheres, subjected to external pressure and having asymmetric initial shapes. This paper presents the results of such a study, in two parts.In Part I, which was presented in the previous issue of Thin-Walled Structures, the background research on doubly-curved shells was briefly reviewed. The kinematic, equilibrium and constitutive equations used in the work were stated. The adopted numerical procedure which can generate static or dynamic solutions was described along with the results of convergence studies.In this Part, the effect of various initial shapes and their location is described: the critical combination is identified. The parameters selected to nondimensionalise the results are indicated, followed by those of the study which primarily involve initial deformation magnitude and shell slenderness. Two strength formulations which conveniently represent the results of the study are presented.     

Model experiment of hazardous forest fire whirl

The fluid dynamical scaling laws of forest fires are derived by dimensional analysis and a scale model is constructed to investigate a forest fire which seriously injured several fire fighters. The result of the small-scale experiment indicate that a fire whirl could be generated in such a fire. Note: Mr. Richard I. Emori is with the Mechanical Engineering Department, Seikei University, 3-Kichijoji Kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan. Mr. Kozo Saito is a Research Associate with the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.     

General behaviour and effect of rigid and non-rigid end post in stainless steel plate girders loaded in shear. Part II: Extended numerical study and design proposal

After the deep analysis and evaluation of the experimental and numerical results obtained during the described experimental campaign [Estrada I, Real E, Mirambell E. General behaviour and effect of rigid and non-rigid end post in stainless steel plate girders loaded in shear. Part I: Experimental study. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 2005 [submitted for publication]], an extended numerical analysis in code ABAQUS [Hibbit, Karlsson and Sorensen Inc., ABAQUS/Standard, Version 6.3. User’s manual. Rhode Island (USA); 2002] has been carried out dealing with the evaluation of the postbuckling strength in stainless steel plate girders. Finally, a proposal of design expressions for predicting their ultimate shear capacity is made since current design specifications dealing with shear resistance included in Eurocode 3, Part 1-4 [European Committee for Standardisation. ENV 1993-1-4. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. Part 1.4: General rules—supplementary rules for stainless steel. Brussels; 1996] have been demonstrated to be overly conservative.Taking special attention of the material non-linearity and the rigid or non-rigid condition of the end post, specimens covering a wide range of slenderness and aspect ratios (a/d from 0.5 to 3.0) have been numerically tested. Austenitic and Duplex stainless steel grades, which are the most commonly used in construction, have been evaluated during the whole analysis development.Finally, a new design proposal based on the Rotated Stress Field model developed by Höglund [Höglund T. Shear buckling resistance of steel and aluminium plate girders. Thin-Walled Structures 1998;29(1-4):13-30], adequately adapted to the particular features of stainless steel is presented in order to reach a more optimum use of this relatively modern resistant material in construction.     

Pool fires under atmosphere and ventilation in steady-state burning (part II)

Two pool fire tests for solvent burning were made to obtain the burning rate and the mass loss rate from burning pans under atmosphere and ventilation in a cell. From the data, burning parameters for the Spalding's modified model reported in Part I were determined in steady-state pool burning.Part I of this paper was published in the May 1987 issue ofFire Technology. Reference: Gunji Nishio and Satoru Machida, Pool Fires under Atmosphere and Ventilation in Steady-State Burning, Part II,Fire Technology, Vol. 23, No. 3, August 1987, pp. 186–197.     

Investigations of plate-type windborne debris—Part II: Computed trajectories

In Part I, trajectories of plates, carried by strong winds, were studied experimentally by wind-tunnel and full-scale tests. The application is to windborne debris occurring in severe windstorms such as hurricanes. In this paper (Part II), a numerical model of square plate trajectories is described and compared with experimental data from Tachikawa, and that described in Part I. Generally, good to excellent agreement is found; lift forces induced by the Magnus effect were found to be significant in determining trajectories.     

Interactions in binary halon mixtures used as fire suppressants

Tests were conducted using different ratios of the Halons 1301 and 1211 to determine their effectiveness in extinquishing fires when used in combination. The author discusses the test method and the test results. Note: This work was supported by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware. The testing was conducted by the author while employed at the Factory Mutual Research Corp., Norwood, Massachusetts.     

Nonlinear finite element method models for ultimate strength analysis of steel stiffened-plate structures under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure actions—Part II: Stiffened panels

The present paper (Part II) is a sequel to the previous paper (Part I) [Paik JK, Seo JK. Nonlinear finite element method models for ultimate strength analysis of steel stiffened-plate structures under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure actions—Part I: Plate elements. Thin-Walled Struct 2008, this issue, doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.08.005.] on the application of nonlinear finite element methods for ultimate strength analysis of steel stiffened-plate structures under combined biaxial compression and lateral pressure actions. In contrast to Part I dealing with plate elements, the present paper (Part II) treats stiffened panels surrounded by strong support members such as longitudinal girders and transverse frames. In similar to Part I, some important factors of influence such as structural dimensions, initial imperfections, loading types and computational techniques in association with ultimate limit states are studied. Some useful insights in terms of nonlinear finite element method modeling are developed using ANSYS code together with the ALPS/ULSAP semi-analytical method, the latter being for the purpose of a comparison.     

Simulation des dichteabhängigen Stofftransportes im Grundwasser und Verifizierung am Beispiel der Saltpool-Experimente

Kurzfassung Die Saltpool-Experimente von OSWALD (1998) und OSWALD & KINZELBACH (2004), im Jahre 1998 an der ETH Zürich ausgeführt, sind exzellente Benchmark-Tests für numerische Simulationsprogramme der dichtevariablen Strömung. Zahlreiche Autoren haben Ergebnisse dazu veröffentlicht. Die kritischen Probleme hierbei sind sowohl die zu dicke Übergangszone von hoher Konzentration an der Sohle der Versuchsbox zum Süßwasser am Top der Box in der Injektionsphase und in der Ruhephase als auch die extrem langen Rechenzeiten.Die Untersuchungen von HÄFNER & BOY (2003a) wurden fortgeführt mit dem erweiterten Code MODCALIF-MST (MODular Flow and CALIbration with Front Limitation algorithm—Multi Species and Temperature). Insbesondere werden Methoden zur Rechenzeitbeschleunigung diskutiert und verifiziert. Durch Nutzung eines algebraischen Multigrid- Gleichungslösers konnte die Rechenzeit um den Faktor 4 verringert werden. Zur Prüfung der Leistungsfähigkeit von MODCALIF-MST wurden die Saltpool Experimente, case 1 und case 2, nachsimuliert und Gitterkonvergenzstudien sowie eine Modellkalibrierung durchgeführt.

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Simulation of density-dependent solute transport in groundwater and verification with saltpool experiments

Abstract The Saltpool experiments by OSWALD (1998) and OSWALD & KINZELBACH (2004), carried out in 1998 at the ETH Zurich, are an excellent benchmark test for numerical simulation programmes of the variable-density flow. Numerous authors published results on this subject. Here, critical problems are the thick transition zones from high concentration at the bottom to fresh water at the top of the box in the injection phase and the rest phase (phases 1–2) as well as the extremely long computing time.We have continued the investigations by HÄFNER & BOY (2003a) with the extended code MODCALIF-MST (MODular Flow and CALIbration with Front Limitation algorithm—Multi Species and Temperature) in double porosity porous media. Especially, the methods for code acceleration are discussed and verified. By incorporating the algebraic multigrid package as linear equation solver, computing times could be reduced by a factor of about 4. Simulations, a grid convergence study and a model calibration were carried out for the experiments case 1 and case 2 with MODCALIF.

     

A model for everyday experience of the built environment: the embodied perception of architecture

Architecture's daily impact on its users is the result of neither concentration nor focused attention. Preoccupied with everyday tasks, most people do not stop to observe the architectural object as a work of art. In this paper I investigate the content that may be present when architecture is experienced in the state Walter Benjamin calls 'distraction'. Using a phenomenological model of attention and my applied research, I propose a plausible model for the Lived Experience of the Built Environment (LEBEN). I further consider the possible components of the everyday experience of architecture and the urban surroundings, and suggest an integrative structure for it. Part I explains the need for the research and presents its objectives. Part II discusses the phenomenological model of attention and awareness. Parts III and IV present the LEBEN model, briefly describing its sources in the literature, and applied research, based on a workshop that examined multi-subjective perspectives. I note the research assumptions, methodology and the challenges facing such an investigation, eg, whether it is possible to study a phenomenon that exists beyond the realm of focal attention. Part V introduces the core-themes and categories distilled from my research (edge, depth, change, atmosphere and affordances) and positions them in the LEBEN model.     

Calculation of performance of fire retardant ceiling systems— Part I

A set of equations describes the thermal behavior of a composite system consisting of a noncombustible ceiling board suspended below a concrete slab floor. In Part II, to be published later, the equations are tested by applying them to predict the fire-retardant performance of practical systems. Armstrong Cork Company