Microstructural control and mechanical properties of dual-phase TiAl alloys

This paper summarizes our recent work on the effects of microstructural features on the mechanical properties of TiAl alloys prepared by powder and ingot metallurgy. TiAl alloys based on Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb (at%) were alloyed with small amounts of Ta, W, and B additions for control of alloy phases and microstructure. The alloys were processed by hot extrusion above and below T, followed by short- and long-term heat treatments at temperatures to 1350 °C in vacuum. The microstructural features in the lamellar structures were characterized by metallography, SEM and TEM, and the mechanical properties were determined by tensile tests at temperatures to 1000 °C. The tensile elongation at room temperature is mainly controlled by the colony size, showing an increase in ductility with decreasing colony size. The yield strength, on the other hand, is sensitive to the interlamellar spacing. Hall-Petch relationships hold well for both yield strength and tensile elongation at room and elevated temperatures. TiAl alloys with refined colony size and ultrafine lamellar structures possess excellent mechanical properties for structural applications at elevated temperatures.     

A COMPONENT-SPECIFIC ALLOY DESIGN OF TiAl INTERMETALLICS

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Microstructure characterization and tensile properties of β phase containing TiAl pancake

The microstructure and tensile properties of Ti-44Al-6V-3Nb-0.3Y (at.%) alloy after canned forging were investigated. SEM results showed that the TiAl pancake exhibits inhomogeneous microstructure, which can be ascribed to the temperature drop and friction between billet and outer pack during forging, as well as the intrinsic anisotropy of lamellar colony. By means of TEM observation and EBSD analysis, the microstructure in the dominant area of the pancake was further characterized. This deformation area consists of 87.7% content of γ grains plus some refined lamellar colonies and the rest of B2 grains. The grain size ranges between 1 μm and 8.5 μm. High-angle boundaries dominate the deformation microstructure, several substructures and twins are observed as well. Additionally, current forged alloy exhibits excellent high temperature tensile strength and noteworthy yield stress anomaly (YSA), with ultimate tensile strength 680 MPa and yield strength 620 MPa at room temperature, increasing to 850 MPa and 750 MPa at 700 °C, respectively. The anomalous strengthening of current TiAl alloy is temperature dependent and can be interpreted by the dislocation cross-slip pinning mechanism.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of a spark plasma sinteredTi–45Al–8.5Nb–0.2W–0.2B–0.1Y alloy

A high Nb containing TiAl alloy from pre-alloyed powder of Ti–45Al–8.5Nb–0.2B–0.2W–0.1Y was processed by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The effects of sintering temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties were studied. The optimized conditions yield high densities and uniform microstructure. Specimens sintered at 1100 °C are characterized by fine duplex microstructure, leading to superior room temperature mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 1024 MPa and an elongation of 1.16%. Specimens sintered at 1200 °C are of fully lamellar microstructure with a tensile strength of 964 MPa and an elongation of 0.88%. The main fracture mode in the duplex microstructure was transgranular in the equiaxed γ grains and interlamellar in the lamellar colonies. For the fully lamellar structure, the fracture mode was dominated by interlamellar, translamellar and stepwise failure.     

Strength and ductility in TiAl alloys

Tensile behavior of two-phase TiAl alloys at room temperature (RT) is analyzed for duplex and lamellar microstructural forms. The Hall-Petch relationship with high constants in fully-lamellar material is explained as a combined function of grain-size and deformation-anisotropy. The low ductility and its inverse relationship with grain size are explained using the anisotropic tensile properties of lamellar structures and assuming that the fracture is controlled by the crack nucleation process involving the pile-ups of dislocations under shear stress. The crack initiation toughness and associated strains near the crack tip are used to explain the inverse relationship between ductility and toughness.     

损伤容限型钛合金的等温锻造温度研究

研究了TC21钛合金在5.5×10-4s-1恒应变速率、40%变形程度条件下,等温锻造温度变化对锻件组织和性能的影响。结果表明:TC21钛合金显微组织对温度变化敏感,在两相区锻造时,显微组织由初生α相和β转变组织组成,并且随着变形温度的提高,初生等轴α相的含量逐渐减少,晶粒尺寸增大;在相变点温度锻造时得到网篮组织;在相变点以上温度锻造时得到片状组织。室温拉伸强度和断裂韧性随锻造温度的升高呈现增加趋势,室温拉伸塑性明显降低。在965℃等温锻造时,显微组织为较细的片状组织,强度、塑性和断裂韧性达到较佳匹配,获得较好的综合力学性能。965℃为较佳等温锻造温度。     

C含量对铸造TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响

在Ti-47.5Al-3.7(Cr,V,Zr)合金中添加0.05%~0.2%C(原子分数,下同),采用冷坩埚悬浮熔炼方法制备出了层片组织TiAl合金铸棒,通过组织观察、室温拉伸和蠕变性能测试研究了C含量对TiAl合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,添加0.05%~0.2%C后,合金仍可获得择优取向层片组织。随C含量增加α2层片体积分数略有增加,层片间距呈细化趋势。当C含量超过0.1%时,在α2和γ层片内和层片界面上有细小的Ti2AlC型碳化物析出,碳化物析出相的尺寸和数量随C含量增加有所增加。添加0.05%~0.2%C后提高了合金室温的抗拉强度和屈服强度,且随C含量增加提升幅度逐渐增大,当C含量为0.2%时,分别将抗拉强度和屈服强度提升了101和123 MPa。添加C元素后显著改善了合金的蠕变性能,当C含量为0.1%时蠕变性能最佳,与不含C的合金相比,其塑性蠕变应变降低了一半、相同应变时的蠕变速率降低了1个数量级以上。添加0.1%C提升合金蠕变抗力的机制主要是通过抑制合金在蠕变初期的位错萌生和增殖过程;在γ层片中形成割阶和位错碎片阻碍位错继续运动,使得合金在蠕变第一阶段的应变硬化程度迅速增加;此外,析出的Ti2AlC型碳化物进一步强化层片界面和基体,与层片间距细化共同提高了穿层片滑移位错的运动阻力。     

Effects of the colony size on the fracture toughness of TiAl−Mo−B alloys

The effect of the colony size on the fracture toughness of Ti−46.5Al−1.5Mo−xB (x=0.1, 0.6, 1.0) alloys was investigated. The colony size was varied by a heat treatment in the alpha-single phase region and by directional solidification (DS). The colony size decreased as the boron content increased. Fracture toughness was measured at room temperature by a three-point bend test. The heat-treated Ti−46.5Al−1.5Mo−0.1B alloy, which had a colony size of ∼350 μm, showed the best fracture toughness, and the fracture toughness decreased rapidly as the boron content increased. The fracture toughness of the DS ingots was similar with different compositions and was lower than that for the heart-treated Ti−46.5Al−1.5Mo−0.1B alloy. This study confirms that the colony size plays a major role in determining the fracture toughness of TiAl alloys with a lamellar microstructure.     

TiAl基金属间化合物的显微组织与断裂韧性

通过复合热机械处理新工艺，得到了细小均匀的ＴｉＡｌ基合金的显微组织，并研究了这些显微组织的断裂韧性。结果表明：全层片组织的断裂韧性最高，近层片组织的稍次，双态组织的最低。最后分析了ＴｉＡｌ基合金的显微组织被均匀细化的原因，并讨论了各种显微组织的断裂机制     

烧结温度对快速凝固TiAl合金组织及力学性能的影响(英文)

将快速凝固Ti-46Al-2Cr-4Nb-0.3Y(摩尔分数,%)合金薄带破碎成粉末,然后通过等离子烧结(SPS)制备成块体。研究烧结温度对烧结块体的组织和力学性能的影响。在1200℃烧结时得到完全致密的块体。进一步升高烧结温度对合金密度的影响不大,但是对烧结块体的显微组织及相结构有显著影响。烧结块体主要由γ和α2相组成,随着烧结温度的升高,α2相的体积分数降低,块体合金由近γ组织演变为近层片组织,且组织逐渐粗化,但是长大不明显。1260℃烧结得到的块体组织细小、均匀,没有明显微偏析,具有良好的综合力学性能,室温压缩断裂强度和压缩率分别为2984MPa和41.5%,高温(800℃)拉伸断裂强度和伸长率分别为527.5MPa和5.9%。     

TiAl合金的热加工、组织和性能

采用水冷铜坩埚感应熔炼技术制备了高质量的Ti-43Al-9V-0．3Y合金铸锭,该合金铸态组织为近层片组织结构,层片团簇的体积分数为85％左右,大小约为80μm,块状卢和γ相位于层片团簇边界。层片结构中除了γ和α2相外,还存在少量的口相析出物。Ti-43Al-9V-0．3Y合金具有良好的热加工性能,通过包套锻造和包套轧制技术,成功制备了大尺寸TiAl合金锻饼和国内最大尺寸TiAl合金板材,其尺寸分别为犯60mm×24mm和500mm×300mm。经热变形后,Ti-43Al-9V-0．3Y合金的显微组织明显细化,力学性能得到了显著提高。     

Tensile and fracture properties of Ti-62A alloy plate with different microstructures

Ti-62A alloy plates with three different types of microstructure,fully equiaxed,bimodal,and Widmanst(a)tten,were obtained by various heat treatments to investigate the effects of microstructure on the tensile and fracture properties at room temperature.The results reveal that Widmanst(a)tten microstructure exhibits good damage tolerance behavior considering strength,fracture toughness,and fatigue crack growth behavior,while the bimodal microstructure shows good comprehensive properties considering the plasticity synthetically.Optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) microstructure analyses on fracture and fatigue crack path demonstrate that the dependence of mechanical properties and fatigue crack growth behavior on microstructural feature are attributed to the α lamellae width and the α colony size.     

Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure of electron beam welded joints of two-phase TiAl-based alloy

The analysis of the microstructural characterization and phase composition of electron beam welded joint zones of Ti- 43Al-9V-O. 3Y alloy has been done in this study. The welded seam is mainly composed of B2 phase, the partial γ ＋ α2 twophase lamellar structure and granular γm phase. And the lanthanon Y existed as YAl2 phase and served as grain refined. The impact of different cooling rates on joint microstructure, fracture characteristic and tensile strength were investigated. The high cooling rate restrained the structural transformation and resulted in the ordering structure. The fracture of the joint was brittle cleavage fracture because the ordering structure went against restraining the crack propagation. With the decrease of cooling rate, the transformation amounts of lamellar structure increased, and the fracture presented the layered and crosslayered characteristic.     

Correlation of Microstructure Feature with Impact Fracture Behavior in a TMCP Processed High Strength Low Alloy Construction Steel

The present article aims at elucidating the effect of thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP), especially the finish cooling temperature, on microstructure and mechanical properties of high strength low alloy steels for developing superior low temperature toughness construction steel. The microstructural features were characterized by scanning electron microscope equipped with electron backscatter diffraction, and the mechanical behaviors in terms of tensile properties and impact toughness were analyzed in correlation with microstructural evolution. The results showed that the lower finish cooling temperature could lead to a considerable increase in impact toughness for this steel. A mixed microstructure was obtained by TMCP at lower finish cooling temperature, which contained much fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent and less granular bainite and bainite ferrite. In this case, this steel possesses yield and ultimate tensile strengths of ~ 885 MPa and 1089 MPa, respectively, and a total elongation of ~ 15.3%, while it has a lower yield ratio of ~ 0.81. The superior impact toughness of ~ 89 J at -20 °C was obtained, and this was resulted from the multi-phase microstructure including grain refinement, preferred grain boundaries misorientation, fine lath-like bainite with dot-shaped M/A constituent.     

微观组织对TA15 ELI钛合金损伤容限性能的影响

研究了TA15 ELI钛合金43 mm厚板的等轴组织、双态组织和片层组织的室温拉伸性能、断裂韧性(KIC)以及疲劳裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)等损伤容限性能,通过金相显微镜观测了疲劳裂纹在各类组织中的扩展规律,讨论显微组织对该合金损伤容限性能的影响.结果表明该合金等轴组织和双态组织的室温力学性能和疲劳裂纹扩展阻抗差别不大;相对等轴组织和双态组织而言,该合金片层组织在损失强度较小的前提下(Rm=992 MPa),合金断裂韧性提高,达到111 MPa·m1/2,同时该合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率也大幅降低,其Paris公式拟合参数为c=1.08×10-8,n=3.23,具有更好的损伤容限性能.     

时效温度对TB15钛合金组织和力学性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和拉伸试验机等研究了不同时效温度对固溶态TB15钛合金微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效温度从520 ℃升高到540 ℃,TB15钛合金的拉伸强度和屈服强度先增加后减小,在530 ℃时效处理后可以获得最高的抗拉强度和屈服强度;时效处理后合金塑性偏低,其变化规律与强度相反。在断裂韧性方面,随着时效温度的上升,TB15钛合金的断裂韧性逐渐提高。固溶态TB15钛合金经不同温度时效处理后,析出大量的次生α片层相,等轴β组织转变为片层α和β转变组织。     

热输入对TiAl基合金电子束焊接头性能的影响

采用不同的焊接工艺参数对Ti43Al9V0.3Y(原子分数,%)合金进行电子束焊接,分析了不同的焊接热输入对接头组织、焊缝成形及抗拉强度的影响.结果表明,随焊接热输入的增大接头的抗拉强度也增大,但热输入过大时强度降低.TiAl基合金性能对组织非常敏感,电子束焊接时接头组织转变不充分造成变形能力差,极易形成宏观横向裂纹和纵向弧坑微裂纹.近缝区组织和硬度过渡剧烈,是接头中的薄弱环节,因此裂纹大多从弧坑扩展到近缝区而断裂.断裂性质为脆性断裂,断裂特征为解理断裂和穿晶断裂,还具有分层、穿层的断裂特征.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of TiAl alloy prepared by spark plasma sintering

A fine-grained TiAl alloy with a composition of Ti-47%Al(mole fraction) was prepared by double mechanical milling(DMM) and spark plasma sintering(SPS). The relationship among sintering temperature, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-47%Al alloy was studied by X-ray diffractometry(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and mechanical testing. The results show that the morphology of double mechanical milling powder is regular with size of 20?40 μm. The main phase TiAl and few phases Ti₃Al and Ti₂Al were observed in the SPS bulk samples. For samples sintered at 1000 °C, the equiaxed crystal grain was achieved with size of 100?250 nm. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 2013 MPa, compression ratio of 4.6% and bending strength of 896 MPa. For samples sintered at 1100 °C, the size of equiaxed crystal grain was obviously increased. The SPS bulk samples exhibited uniform microstructures, with equiaxed TiAl phase and lamellar Ti₃Al phase were observed. The samples exhibited compressive and bending properties at room temperature with compressive strength of 1990 MPa, compression ratio of 6.0% and bending strength of 705 MPa. The micro-hardness of the SPS bulk samples sintered at 1000 °C is obviously higher than that of the samples sintered at 1100 °C. The compression fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular fracture and the bending fracture mode of the SPS TiAl alloy samples is intergranular rupture and cleavage fracture.     

Microstructure of TiAl alloy prepared by intense plastic deformation and subsequent reaction sintering

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Effect of minor boron addition on mechanical properties of wrought TiAl alloy

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