Properties of soluble protein powders from Alaska pollock (Theragra chalcogramma)

Soluble protein powders were produced from pollock by‐products and evaluated for their functional, nutritional and rheological properties. Soluble protein powders were made from pollock viscera (PVSP), viscera without liver (PVWLSP), heads (PHSP), frames (PFSP), trimmings (PTSP), and liver (PLSP) and had protein contents ranging from 65.0% to 78.9%. Yield of PVWLSP was higher than that of other pollock proteins powder and PTSP had the highest nitrogen solubility value (85.7%). Emulsion capacity and emulsion stability of the pollock protein powders ranged from 29% to 34.5% (mL of oil per 200 mg of protein) and 65.3% to 77.6%, respectively. Highest and lowest fat adsorption values were observed for PFSP (10.6 mL of oil per gram of protein) and PVSP (4.1 mL of oil per gram of protein), respectively. Fish protein powder samples were good sources in K, P, and Mg and amino acids. Emulsions made with pollock soluble protein powders exhibited viscoelastic characteristics.     

挤压膨化对山药全粉理化性质、加工特性和淀粉体外消化性的影响

以山药全粉为原料,分析比较了其挤压膨化前后理化性质、加工特性和淀粉体外消化特性的变化.结果 表明,山药全粉经挤压膨化后,总淀粉、总脂肪含量分别从(67.80±0.01)％、(14.5±0.06)％下降到(65.47±0.01)％和(8.23±0.02)％,多酚和多糖含量分别增加了4.20％和38.38％,而可溶性蛋白、...     

Rheological and Functional Properties of Catfish Skin Protein Hydrolysates

ABSTRACT:  Catfish skin is an abundant and underutilized resource that can be used as a unique protein source to make fish skin protein hydrolysates. The objectives of this study were to isolate soluble and insoluble proteins from hydrolyzed catfish skin, study the rheological and functional properties of the protein hydrolysates, and evaluate the properties of emulsions made from the protein powders. Freeze-dried catfish skin soluble (CSSH) and insoluble hydrolysate (CSISH) powders were analyzed for proximate analysis, emulsion stability, fat absorption, amino acids, color, and rheological properties. CSSH had significantly ( P  < 0.05) higher protein, ash, and moisture content but lower fat content than that of CSISH. The yield of CSSH (21.5%± 2.2%) was higher than that of CSISH (3%± 0.3%). CSISH had higher emulsion stability than CSSH. CSSH was light yellow in color and CSISH was darker. The mean flow index values for emulsion containing CSSH (ECSSH) and CSISH (ECSISH) were both less than 1, indicating that they were both pseudoplastic fluid. The   G '  and   G "  values for the ECSISH were higher than that of ECSSH, indicating that the viscoelastic characteristic of the emulsion containing CSISH was greater than that of the emulsion containing CSSH. The study demonstrated the CSSH and CSISH had good functional and rheological properties. They have potential uses as functional food ingredients.     

Functional properties of protein concentrates and isolates produced from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut

Protein isolates and concentrates were obtained from defatted cashew nut powder by two methods: alkaline extraction-isoelectric precipitation (IP) and alkaline extraction-methanol precipitation (MP). The functional properties of cashew nut protein isolates, concentrates and powder were significantly different (p < 0.05). Cashew nut protein isolate (CNPI) had higher water and oil absorption capacities (2.20 ml/g and 4.42 ml/g, respectively), emulsifying stability index (447%), foam capacity and stability (45% and 55%, respectively), and least gelation capacity (13.5%) than cashew nut protein concentrate (CNPC), which was also higher than that of defatted cashew nut powder (DCNP). However, emulsifying activity index (12.45%) and bulk density (0.31) of CNPI were lower than that of CNPC, which were also lower than that of DCNP. The water solubility of CNPI (95%) and CNPC (95%) was not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the samples, but was significantly different (p < 0.05) from that of DCNP (75%). The CNPI, CNPC and DCNP showed decreasing solubility with decreasing pH, with the minimum solubility being observed at a pH range of 4.0–4.5, confirming the isoelectric point of cashew proteins. However, higher water solubility, emulsifying activity, and foaming property were observed at an alkaline pH than at an acidic pH in all samples.     

高筋粉添加量对复配粉的糊化特性及面团流变学特性的影响

为了改善市售小麦粉(蛋白质10.3%)制作油塔子的面团特性,在市售小麦面粉(以下简称小麦粉)中添加不同比例高筋粉(蛋白质12%),测定复配粉的基本性质、糊化特性以及面团流变学特性。结果表明,随着高筋粉添加量增加,复配粉的白度显著增加(p0.05),蛋白质干基、湿面筋含量和水分均呈上升趋势,灰分变化并不显著(p0.05);复配粉的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度随着高筋粉添加量的增加而下降,在高筋粉添加量为40%时,衰减值及回升值均达到最低,为850.50 cp、1035.50 cp;添加高筋粉降低了小麦粉的面团形成时间和稳定时间,弱化程度反而升高;高筋粉添加量为40%时,复配粉的拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、延伸度均为最高,分别是122.05 cm2、341.75 BU、179.30 mm。结论说明高筋粉对市售面粉粉质特性、糊化特性、面团拉伸特性均有影响,制作油塔子面团高筋粉的添加量以40%为宜。     

Heat stability of reconstituted, protein-standardized skim milk powders

We determined the effects of standardization material, protein content, and pH on the heat stability of reconstituted milk made from low-heat (LH) and medium-heat (MH) nonfat dry milk (NDM). Low-heat and MH NDM were standardized downward from 35.5% to 34, 32, and 30% protein by adding either edible lactose powder (ELP) or permeate powder (PP) from skim milk ultrafiltration. These powders were called standardized skim milk powders (SSMP). The LH and MH NDM and SSMP were reconstituted to 9% total solids. Furthermore, subsamples of reconstituted NDM and SSMP samples were set aside to measure heat stability at native (unadjusted) pH, and the rest were adjusted to pH 6.3 to 7.0. Heat stability is defined as heat coagulation time at 140°C of the reconstituted LH or MH NDM and SSMP samples. The entire experiment was replicated 3 times at unadjusted pH values and 2 times at adjusted pH values. At an unadjusted pH, powder type, standardization material, and protein content influenced the heat stability of the samples. Heat stability for reconstituted LH NDM and SSMP was higher than reconstituted MH NDM and SSMP. Generally, decreased heat stability was observed in reconstituted LH or MH SSMP as protein content was decreased by standardization. However, adding ELP to MH SSMP did not significantly change its heat stability. When pH was adjusted to values between 6.3 and 7.0, powder type, standardization material, and pH had a significant effect on heat stability, whereas protein content did not. Maximum heat stability was noted at pH 6.7 for both reconstituted LH NDM and SSMP samples, and at pH 6.6 for both reconstituted MH NDM and SSMP samples. Furthermore, for samples with adjusted pH, higher heat stability was observed for reconstituted LH SSMP containing PP compared with reconstituted milk from LH SSMP containing ELP. However, no statistical difference was observed in the heat stability of reconstituted milk from MH NDM and MH SSMP samples. We conclude that powder type (LH or MH) and effect of standardization material (ELP or PP) can help explain differences in heat stability. The difference in the heat stability of powder type may be associated with the difference in the pH of maximum heat stability and compositional differences in the standardization material (ELP or PP).     

牙鲆鱼、多宝鱼肌原纤维蛋白性质比较

鱼类肌肉蛋白的组成与性质决定了其加工特性和产品特性。以牙鲆鱼和多宝鱼为研究对象,用SDS-PAGE分析二者肌肉蛋白的组成形式,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、动态流变仪研究二者肌原纤维蛋白的热变特性、流变特性,以及乳化性和起泡性等蛋白功能特性,并对以上性质进行比较。SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示牙鲆鱼肌浆蛋白在20.1~44.3 kDa间,较多宝鱼肌浆蛋白多两条特异条带,而牙鲆鱼肌原纤维蛋白在97.2~66.4 kDa处较多宝鱼多一条特异条带。DSC研究显示牙鲆鱼肌原纤维蛋白变性温度为39.98℃,高于多宝鱼的37.86℃,流变分析中,牙鲆鱼、多宝鱼肌原纤维蛋白损耗模量G″在30~40℃间均有流变特性转折点。二种鱼类肌原纤维蛋白的功能特性随着蛋白浓度的升高而降低。乳化性结果显示,低浓度时牙鲆鱼肌原纤维蛋白乳化活性高于多宝鱼。起泡性研究显示,低浓度牙鲆鱼肌原纤维蛋白起泡性低于多宝鱼,中与高浓度时高于多宝鱼。同时随着浓度的升高,多宝鱼起泡性趋于稳定。研究结果表明,牙鲆鱼及多宝鱼的蛋白组成二者肌原纤维蛋白流变特性-乳化特性以及起泡性等功能特性均有一定差异。     

干燥方式对蛋清蛋白理化性质和功能特性的影响

为探究干燥方式对蛋清蛋白（egg white protein,EWP）功能特性的影响及其内在机理,分别通过喷雾干燥与真空冷冻干燥制备蛋清蛋白粉,并对其蛋白结构、理化性质与功能特性进行研究。结果表明,与蛋清液（EWP-C）相比,喷雾干燥使蛋清蛋白（EWP-P）的内源性荧光强度降低,表面疏水性和表面游离巯基含量增大。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析显示,EWP-P的α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角分别为16.30%、25.72%和40.23%,冷冻干燥蛋清蛋白（EWP-D）分别为20.43%、24.32%和35.69%。不同pH下,EWP-D的溶解度均高于EWP-P,表面张力小于EWP-P。此外,EWP-P的接触角为99.62°,高于EWP-D（接触角为65.97°）,表明喷雾干燥能显著提高蛋白的疏水性（P<0.05）。EWP-D在不同pH下的乳化性、乳化稳定性以及起泡性均大于EWP-P,但起泡稳定性更小,这与EWP-D较高的溶解性与较低的表明疏水性有关。荧光倒置显微镜及激光共聚焦扫描显微镜分析表明EWP-D乳液的微粒更小,分布更均匀,其稳定性高于EWP-P。综上,喷雾干燥蛋清蛋白的β-折叠结构较多,表面游离巯基含量和表面疏水性较高,具有较好的凝胶性;冷冻干燥蛋清蛋白的表面疏水性较小,且表面张力小、溶解度大,具有更好的乳化能力与起泡性。     

Chitosan and Protein Coatings Affect Yield, Moisture Loss, and Lipid Oxidation of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Fillets During Frozen Storage

The effects of chitosan (CH1 = 1% and CH2 = 2% solution), egg albumin (EA), soy protein concentrate (SPC), pink salmon protein powder (PSP), and arrowtooth flounder protein powder (AFP) as edible coatings on quality of skinless pink salmon fillets were evaluated during 3 mo frozen storage. Coating with 2% chitosan (CH2) resulted in significantly higher yield than coating with PSP and AFP. The thaw yield of salmon fillets coated with CH2 was higher than those of the control and fillets coated with AFP. The noncoated, CH1‐, and CH2‐coated fillets had similar drip loss (0.4% to 1.2%), which was lower than those observed for PSP‐ and AFP‐coated fillets. All fillet samples had similar cook yield (84.2% to 88.8%). The fillet coated with CH1, CH2, SPC, and EA had significantly higher (P < 0.05) moisture content after thawing than the control noncoated fillets. Coating with CH1 and CH2 was effective in reducing about 50% relative moisture loss compared with the control noncoated fillets. Chitosan (CH1 and CH2) and SPC delayed lipid oxidation. There were no significant (P > 0.05) effects of coating on a*, b*, and whiteness values for cooked fillets after 3 mo frozen storage.     

Effect of seasonal variation on the properties of whipping cream,soft cheese and skim milk powder in the UK

Whipping cream, skim milk powder and soft cheese were produced throughout the year. Whipping cream manufactured in spring and winter produced significantly higher overrun and better serum stability, and whipping time was related to buffering capacity of raw milk. Heat stability of reconstituted skim milk powder (RSMP) at 9% total solids (TS) was greater in summer and autumn, and >25% TS throughout the year. It was positively related to the protein content of raw milk, but negatively with fat. In contrast to other dairy products, no significant effect of season on the properties of soft cheese was found.     

不同乳基婴幼儿配方乳粉的理化性质和表面组成

为探究不同乳基对婴幼儿配方乳粉稳定性的影响,本研究对以牛乳和羊乳为基料制备的婴幼儿配方乳粉的水分质量分数和水分活度(water activity,a_w)、玻璃化转变温度(glass transition temperature,T_g)、乳糖结晶度、溶解度、色度、蛋白组成、总脂肪酸和表面游离脂肪酸组成等理化性质进行分析,用X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,XPS)仪对乳粉表面成分进行测定,并通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察乳粉表面形貌。结果表明：羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉具有较好的理化性质,与牛乳婴儿配方乳粉相比具有较低的水分质量分数、a_w、色度和T_g,而结晶度和溶解度接近,通过气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)对脂肪酸含量进行测定发现,牛乳和羊乳婴幼儿配方乳粉均表现出总脂肪酸中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,表面游离脂肪酸中饱和脂肪酸含量较高的...     

不同方法提取苜蓿叶蛋白效果的比较及表征

分别采用酸热法、碱化法和发酵法3种方法制备苜蓿叶蛋白,通过优化制备工艺并比较叶蛋白得率、氮含量、溶解性、起泡性与泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性、持水性、吸油性等功能性质,并进行电镜观察表征。结果表明,发酵法制备苜蓿叶蛋白的得率和氮含量最高分别为14.9%和45.08%,明显高于酸化法和碱化法;比较其功能性质,碱化法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白在起泡性、持水性和吸油性上优于其他两种方法,分别为200.00%、5.40%和5.31%;发酵法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白溶解性、乳化性及乳化稳定性较好,分别为80.52%、78.60%和20.65%。扫描电镜观察3种方法所制备苜蓿叶蛋白的表面结构,碱化法制备的苜蓿叶蛋白结构疏松,且有一定程度的破坏,酸化法和发酵法的苜蓿叶蛋白表面结构紧密、连续完整,并发现发酵法还具有一定的降解效果。说明利用不同的方法制备苜蓿叶蛋白,其得率、氮含量、功能性质及表面结构有较大差异。     

松茸粉对面团流变特性及饼干品质的影响

为研究添加松茸粉对面团流变特性和饼干品质的影响,对不同添加量松茸粉面团的热机械学特性、淀粉糊化特性和动态流变学特性进行分析,同时测定松茸曲奇饼干的物理特性、感官评价及营养品质。结果表明,添加松茸粉使得面团的稳定时间、最大黏度指数、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度显著降低,蛋白弱化度增加,面团面筋蛋白结构被破坏。随着松茸粉添加量的增加,tan δ先升高后降低,面团弹性先降低后升高,曲奇饼干的硬度和感官评分先升高后降低。当松茸粉添加量达到6%时,松茸曲奇的风味和口感更易被接受。与普通曲奇相比,松茸曲奇的蛋白质和膳食纤维含量分别提高了58.08%和191.24%,必需氨基酸含量升高了32.77%,氨基酸评价更接近联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织标准,营养价值更优。     

鲽鱼骨胶原蛋白的结构及流变学特性

采用酸法和酶法从鲽鱼骨中提取制备得到酸溶性胶原蛋白(ASC)和酶溶性胶原蛋白(PSC),对ASC与PSC进行紫外吸收(UV)、红外吸收(FTIR)、亚基组成(SDS-PAGE)、热稳定性(DSC)、微观结构(SEM)以及流变学特性(DHR)分析。UV显示:ASC与PSC分别在227 nm与226 nm处有最大紫外吸收峰。FTIR图谱表明:ASC与PSC保持了三螺旋结构。SDS-PAGE电泳图表明:ASC与PSC是Ⅰ型胶原蛋白。DSC测定ASC与PSC的热变性温度分别为52.24℃与49.65℃。SEM显示:ASC与PSC呈现交织状纤维网状结构。DHR表明:1%的ASC溶液或PSC溶液在振荡频率0.1~10 Hz范围主要表现为弹性且具有较高的凝胶稳定性。     

Improving functionality of whole egg powder by the addition of gelatine, lactose, and pullulan

The addition of gelatine (G), lactose (L), pullulan (P), and their mixtures at equal ratios (gelatine + lactose [GL] and gelatin + pullulan [GP]) to whole egg prior to drying was studied. Their effects on the functional properties (emulsion and gelling ability, water holding capacity of gel, foaming, color) and soluble protein content of spray dried egg powder during the 6 mo of storage at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity were investigated. It was demonstrated that the emulsion and foaming stability, water holding capacity of gel, and color change were significantly affected by the storage time, whereas storage time did not affect the strength of gel texture prepared by egg powders. Gelatine and pullulan improved the foaming stability and water holding capacity. Lactose caused a decrease in emulsion and foaming stability values. The maximum color change was observed for the plain egg powder, showing that mixing whole egg with carbohydrate- and/or protein-based additives before the drying process preserved the color of egg powder. Adding carbohydrate and/or protein caused significant changes in functional properties of egg powder.     

基于玻璃化转变理论的蓝莓粉吸湿机制

以‘珠宝’和‘海岸’这两个品种蓝莓为原料制作蓝莓粉,研究吸湿前后蓝莓粉的品质差异;采用静态称量法测定两种蓝莓粉在不同温度（5、15、25、35、45℃）下的吸湿等温线,并构建状态图;探讨了水分吸附过程净等量吸附热、微分熵、熵焓互补等热力学特性。结果表明,两种蓝莓粉吸湿后品质下降,粉体颗粒黏聚,流动性降低;水分吸湿等温线均呈典型的“J”型曲线,GAB模型为描述蓝莓粉水分吸附特性的最适模型。从状态图可知,‘珠宝’和‘海岸’分别在水分含量小于等于0.104 5、0.107 7 g/g（干基）,贮藏温度小于等于-30.30、-32.66℃时,有较好的稳定性。熵焓互补理论表明,两品种蓝莓粉水分吸附过程均为熵驱动的非自发过程。研究结果可为蓝莓粉加工和贮藏条件的选择提供理论依据。     

Changes in the physical properties,solubility, and heat stability of milk protein concentrates prepared from partially acidified milk

A limiting factor in using milk protein concentrates (MPC) as a high-quality protein source for different food applications is their poor reconstitutability. Solubilization of colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) from casein micelles during membrane filtration (e.g., through acidification) may affect the structural organization of these protein particles and consequently the rehydration and functional properties of the resulting MPC powder. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acidification of milk by glucono-δ-lactone (GDL) before ultrafiltration (UF) on the composition, physical properties, solubility, and thermal stability (after reconstitution) of MPC powders. The MPC samples were manufactured in duplicate, either by UF (65% protein, MPC65) or by UF followed by diafiltration (80% protein, MPC80), using pasteurized skim milk, at either the native milk pH (~pH 6.6) or at pH 6.0 after addition of GDL, followed by spray drying. Samples of different treatments were reconstituted at 5% (wt/wt) protein to compare their solubility and thermal stability. Powders were tested in duplicate for basic composition, calcium content, reconstitutability, particle size, particle density, and microstructure. Acidification of milk did not have any significant effect on the proximate composition, particle size, particle density, or surface morphology of the MPC powders; however, the total calcium content of MPC80 decreased significantly with acidification (from 1.84 ± 0.03 to 1.59 ± 0.03 g/100 g of powder). Calcium-depleted MPC80 powders were also more soluble than the control powders. Diafiltered dispersions were significantly less heat stable (at 120°C) than UF samples when dissolved at 5% solids. The present work contributes to a better understanding of the differences in MPC commonly observed during processing.     

MEAT EMULSION STABILITY. Influence of Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance, Salt Concentration and Blending with Surfactants

SUMMARY –The 'required' hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of various animal fats used in sausage making was determined and found to be approximately 14. The HLB of post- and prerigor mutton semitendinosus muscle, measured in 3% NaCl solution, was 13 and 14.6 respectively. The HLB's of mutton protein fractions and nonmeat proteins used in sausage making were determined. The proteins soluble in 3% saline had a higher HLB than insoluble proteins. The optimum salt concentration for mutton emulsion stability was 4%. Blending of meat and nonmeat proteins improved the meat emulsion stability, best results being obtained with a ratio of mutton to skim milk powder, 100 to 15 (w/w). Blending meat and nonionic surfactants improved the emulsion stability only when surfactants having an HLB of 15 were used.     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cross‐linked Banana Resistant Starch. Effect of Pressure Cooking

A resistant starch (RS)‐rich powder was prepared from phosphate cross‐linked banana starch. Serial autoclaving and cooling treatments of this cross‐linked material were also made. The powders were evaluated for chemical composition, resistant starch content, thermal characteristics, as well as for swelling and solubility properties. The parental cross‐linked starch had similar lipid and protein contents than its autoclaved counterpart, but the ash content decreased after autoclaving, a pattern that is in agreement with the low phosphorus index and degree of substitution recorded in the autoclaved preparation. Although the RS content in the autoclaved cross‐linked product was lower than in the non‐autoclaved starch, the autoclaved product still exhibited a remarkable indigestibility. The peak temperatures of gelatinization were 86.6 and 68.5ºC for cross‐linked and autoclaved cross‐linked starch, respectively. At low temperatures the autoclaved modified starch exhibited greater swelling values than its cross‐linked counterpart. The pattern of solubility values resembled the swelling behavior of both samples. The autoclaved cross‐linked banana starch appears suitable for the formulation of foods requiring none or moderate further heat treatment.     

Functional and technological aspects of whey powder and whey protein products

Commercial whey powder, whey protein concentrates and whey protein isolates (WPIs) were evaluated for certain functional properties and for their application in full‐fat and nonfat yoghurts. The functional properties of whey products varied, and the highest functionality was recorded in samples with high protein levels. Whey powder had the lowest foaming performance and emulsifying capacity, while WPIs possessed the best functional properties of all the other samples. Curd tension (CT), viscosity and syneresis were improved in yoghurts made using fortified cow's milk or reconstituted skim milk with any whey products, while whey powder had no impact on CT.