地下含水层储能技术的应用条件及其关键科学问题

地下含水层储能已成为一项应用日益广泛的实用储能技术，可以很好的应用于大型空调项目。含水层储能系统能够跨季节利用夏季的热和冬季的冷，有效减少化石燃料的使用量进而减少对大气的污染。论述了含水层储能的基本概念、工作原理，分析了地下含水层储能技术的应用条件-水文地质条件、回灌水水质条件，进一步提出了利用地下含水层储能技术需要解决的关键问题，包括储能流体及热前沿的形状和位置、储能位置和含水层的选择、储能过程与环境的作用、储能系统的安全性、可靠性和经济性等。地下含水层储能技术具有节能和环保的重要意义，因而它具有广阔的应用前景。     

地下含水层储能及其对环境影响的评估

地下含水层储能已成为一项在世界上较为知名的储能技术。在含水层储能系统中，从含水层中抽出的地下水被抽取或贮入热能，随后再将温度已改变的地下水再回灌回含水层进行储能，以备在不同的季节使用。该系统使我们能够利用夏季的热和冬季的冷，这些都是以前不能利用的可再生能源，并且这能减少燃料的使用量以及对大气的废气排放。本文介绍了地下含水层储能系统以及如何就该系统对环境的影响进行全面的评估。     

压缩空气地下咸水含水层储能技术

能源危机和温室效应促进了可再生能源的利用,储能技术是解决太阳能、风能波动问题的重要手段。压缩空气储能（Compressed Air Energy Storage, CAES）技术是仅次于抽水蓄能的第二大蓄能技术。目前CAES多是通过洞穴实现,其主要缺点是对地质要求较高,合适的洞穴数量有限,为扩大其应用,可使用地下咸水含水层作为储层。本文介绍了CAES电站的工作原理、优缺点及各国的发展现状,并分析了利用地下咸水含水层进行压缩空气储能的可行性、优点及一些问题与技术方法,如储层内残余烃的影响、氧化与腐蚀作用、颗粒的影响及缓冲气的选择,表明含水层CAES将是拓宽CAES应用的重要途径。     

地下水含水层储能的数学模型及其流动条件的研究

环境与能源问题已经成为了制约现代城市发展的重要因素。地下含水层储能为解决城市发展过程中能源短缺以及环境污染提供了良好的途径。地下含水层储能不但可以减少废气(例如CO2、SO2)的排放，而且可以避免城市热岛效应的产生。文中介绍了地下含水层储能的基本原理、多种地下水流动边界与初始条件，建立了在含水层储能的数学模型。     

压缩空气储能技术研究现状及发展趋势

[目的]压缩空气储能具有储能容量大、安全性高、寿命长、经济环保、建设周期短等优势,是未来和抽水蓄能相媲美的长时储能技术,成为未来储能重点布局的方向。在此背景下,文章通过对压缩空气储能技术现状进行综述,分析不同压缩空气储能技术的工作原理、面临挑战及解决方案,以期对压缩空气储能技术的发展提供参考。[方法]文章首先对压缩空气储能技术原理进行了介绍;对系统中的压缩机、透平膨胀机和换热器等关键设备进行了阐述,分析了大规模压缩空气储能用的关键设备;并从地面关键工艺技术和地下储气设施两个角度介绍了大规模压缩空气储能系统的常用关键技术、发展现状及工程案例;最后对压缩空气储能技术的未来发展趋势进行了分析。[结果]结果表明：蓄热式压缩空气储能是当前国内的主流技术,且高温储热成为未来压缩空气储能发展方向,也是压缩空气储能提高效率的重要途径。同时,系统关键设备和技术优化、成本降低、应用场景发展等方面尚有一定改进空间。[结论]压缩空气储能作为一种长时储能,对未来构建新型电力系统具有重要的支撑作用。     

储能技术在风力发电系统中的应用

阐述了储能技术的原理和特点,具体介绍了飞轮储能、超导储能、蓄电池储能和超级电容器储能在风力发电系统中的应用;分析了各种储能技术的优缺点和应用前景;指出了混合式储能技术是最可行的方案;介绍了功率转化系统的结构特点和最优化控制技术的进展.     

地下含水层储能模型的数学分析

随着能源危机以及现代城市空调的广泛应用,能源问题已经成为制约现代社会发展的重要问题。地下含水层储能为现代城市能源的短缺以及环境的保护提供了一个很好的解决途径,地下含水层储能不但可以节约有限的能源,也可以减少废气（如CO2、SO2）的排放,而且还可以避免城市热岛效应的发生,从而在很大程度上解决当今城市发展的能源与环境污染问题。介绍了地下水储能的基本原理、目前的应用情况以及含水层储能的初始条件、边界条件,在此基础上建立相关的数学模型,并对其进行了改进。     

国内储能技术应用进展

储能是智能电网、可再生能源接入、分布式发电、微网以及电动汽车发展不可或缺的支撑环节,但其产业链尚不成熟,特别是一些关键技术的开发还难以满足整个新能源产业的发展需要。分析了我国储能技术在发展中存在的主要问题、发展方向与政策支持,虽然各类储能技术不断实现突破,但短时期内还将存在“多种储能技术并存,共同发展”的格局,重点讨论了机械储能、电磁储能和电化学储能的特点和应用场合。目前国内有多家企业都在研制开发和应用这些新能源储能电池,对各类储能技术应用进展情况进行了介绍。     

国内储能技术应用进展

储能是智能电网、可再生能源接入、分布式发电、微网以及电动汽车发展不可或缺的支撑环节,但其产业链尚不成熟,特别是一些关键技术的开发还难以满足整个新能源产业的发展需要。分析了我国储能技术在发展中存在的主要问题、发展方向与政策支持,虽然各类储能技术不断实现突破,但短时期内还将存在"多种储能技术并存,共同发展"的格局,重点讨论了机械储能、电磁储能和电化学储能的特点和应用场合。目前国内有多家企业都在研制开发和应用这些新能源储能电池,对各类储能技术应用进展情况进行了介绍。     

重力储能技术研究进展

储能技术主要是指电能的储存,是智能电网的重要环节。当前应用最广泛的储能系统为抽水储能,但其选址困难、对环境影响较大、对水资源依赖严重。重力储能作为一种新型的储能技术,以重物为储能媒介,原理简单且形式多样,能够充分发挥不同的地理优势进行储能。相对于传统储能技术,重力储能技术具有非常明显的优势。根据山地重力储能、悬重式重力储能、塔吊式重力储能、铁轨重力储能和重力储能式飞机等5种形式的重力储能技术,对现阶段重力储能技术的研究进展进行了综述。结合重力储能技术的原理、特点以及我国储能领域的发展方向和需求,对重力储能技术的应用前景进行了分析并提出建议。研究内容和提出的建议可以为我国重力储能技术的理论研究和发展应用提供参考。     

Performance analysis and parametric study of thermal energy storage in an aquifer coupled with a heat pump and solar collectors,for a residential complex in Tehran,Iran

Aquifers are underground porous formations containing water. Confined aquifers are the formations surrounded by two impermeable layers, called cap rocks and bed rocks. These aquifers are suitable for seasonal thermal energy storage.In the present study, a confined aquifer was considered to meet the cooling and heating energy needs of a residential complex located in Tehran, Iran. Three different alternatives were analyzed in this aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES), including: using ATES for cooling alone, for cooling and heating, as a heat pump, and for heating alone, employing flat plate solar energy collectors. A numerical simulation, based on the finite difference method, was carried out for velocity and temperature distributions as well as the heat transfer in the aquifer. The thermal energy recovery factor and the annual coefficient of performance of the system were determined under various schemes of operation, revealing that the combination of the ATES with the heat pump, to meet both cooling and heating needs of the complex, is the best. The study was repeated for different aquifer properties.     

中国地下含水层储能技术及其发展

地下含水层储能系统,这项由中国发明的可再生能源技术,曾广泛应用于工艺冷却和室内空调,由于众多原因,其应用现在受到限制。本文综合论述中国地下含水层储能空调的由来和发展,从环保、节能、经济性角度探讨该技术的应用前景。     

How to achieve optimal and sustainable use of the subsurface for Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage

A heat pump combined with Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) has high potential in efficiently and sustainably providing thermal energy for space heating and cooling. This makes the subsurface, including its groundwater, of crucial importance for primary energy savings. The regulation of ATES systems is similar in many countries around the world. This paper seeks solutions for the institutional hindrances to the diffusion of ATES. The use of aquifers by individual ATES systems can be optimized to maximize their efficiency on the one hand, and to optimize the performance of the regional subsurface for energy storage on the other. The application of ATES in an aquifer has similar properties as other common resource pool problems. Only with detailed information and feedback about the actual subsurface status, a network of ATES systems can work towards an optimum for both the subsurface and buildings, instead of striving for a local optimum for individual buildings. Future governance of the subsurface may include the self-organization or self-governance. For that the ATES systems need a complementary framework; interpretation of interaction, feedback and adaptable and dynamic control interpretations are the key elements for the optimal and sustainable use of the subsurface.     

深部地层储能技术与水源热泵联合应用工程实例

在详细阐述深部地层储能与水源热泵联合应用技术要点和设计方法的基础上，以天津市地矿珠宝公司改燃工程为实例，介绍了该工程运行系统的设计，并对系统冬季采暖运行实测数据进行了分析。结果表明：深部地层储能与水源热泵联合应用技术是一项与地质构造、水文地质条件、热(冷)负荷需求、室外温度变化、末端散热(冷)设备等多种因素相关的复杂系统。在地质条件和末端散热设备一定的前提下，室外温度是影响供暖系统运行状态参数变化的主要因素，随着室外温度的变化，系统运行参数也随之发生变化，系统运行时各参数之间相互变化规律可为今后相关的工程设计与应用提供有益的参考。     

Aquifer thermal storage (ATES) for air-conditioning of a supermarket in Turkey

A heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system with integrated aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) was designed for a supermarket building in Mersin, a city near the Mediterranean coast in Turkey (36° 49′ N and 34° 36′ E). This is the first ATES application carried out in Turkey. The peak cooling and heating loads of the building are 195 and 74 kW, respectively. The general objective of the system is to use the groundwater from the aquifer to cool down the condenser of the HVAC system and at the same time storing this waste heat in the aquifer. Cooling with groundwater at around 18 °C instead of utilizing outside summer air at 30–35 °C decreases consumption of electrical energy significantly. In addition, stored heat can be recovered when it is needed in winter. The HVAC system with ATES started operation in August 2001 in cooling mode with an average coefficient of performance (COP) of 4.18, which is almost 60% higher than a conventional system.     

Second-law analysis of aquifer thermal energy storage systems

The application of exergy (second-law) analysis to aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) systems is investigated in order to facilitate proper assessments of overall system performances. An elementary ATES model is created, and the corresponding expressions are developed for efficiencies and for the quantities of energy and exergy that are injected and recovered. It is demonstrated that ATES performance measures based on exergy often are more useful and meaningful than those based on energy. Exergy efficiencies account for the temperatures associated with energy transfers to and from an ATES, as well as the quantities of energy transferred, and consequently provide a measure of how nearly ATES systems approach ideal thermodynamic performance. Energy efficiencies do not provide a measure of approach to ideal performance and, in fact, are often misleadingly high because some of the energy recovered can be at too low a temperature to be available for a useful purpose.     

利用含水层储能的水源热泵工程及其对环境影响的评估

含水层储能系统(ATES)作为一项节能技术，其发展始于20世纪60年代的上海，是当今世界缓解能源短缺的方法之一。将其与水源热泵联合运转，同传统的夏季用制冷机、冬季用供暖锅炉的系统相比，不但可节约大量能源，还可减少燃料燃烧产生的CO2、SO2等气体的排放，具有节能与环保双重效益。文章从开发ATES工程项目的角度出发，结合应用实例介绍了ATES系统，以及如何就ATES系统对环境的影响进行全面的评估。     

Screening of novel water/ionic liquid working fluids for absorption thermal energy storage in cooling systems

Absorption thermal energy storage (ATES) is significant for renewable/waste energy utilization in buildings. The ATES systems using ionic liquids (ILs) are explored to avoid crystallization and enhance the performance. Property model and cycle model have been established with verified accuracies. Based on the preliminary screening, seven ILs are found feasible to be ATES working fluids, while four ILs ([DMIM][DMP], [EMIM][Ac], [EMIM][DEP], and [EMIM][EtSO₄]) have been selected for detailed comparisons. The coefficient of performance (COP) and energy storage density (ESD) of the ATES using different H₂O/ILs are compared with H₂O/LiBr. Results show that the operating temperatures of LiBr are constrained by crystallization, limiting the COPs and ESDs under higher generation temperatures and lower condensation temperatures. With varying T_g, [DMIM][DMP] yields higher COPs with T_g above 100°C and [EMIM][Ac] yields comparable ESDs (67.7 vs 67.1 kWh/m³) with T_g around 120°C, as compared with LiBr. The maximum COP is 0.745 for [DMIM][DMP]. With varying T_c, [DMIM][DMP] yields higher COPs with T_c below 38°C and [EMIM][Ac] yields higher ESDs with T_c below 33°C, as compared with LiBr. The maximum ESD is 87.5 kWh/m³ for [EMIM][Ac]. With varying T_e, [DMIM][DMP] yields higher COPs with T_e above 8°C, as compared with LiBr. The maximum ESD of ILs is 104.0 kWh/m³ for [EMIM][EtSO₄]. Comparing with the volume-based ESDs, the differences between ILs and LiBr are smaller for the mass-based ESDs. This work can provide suggestions for the selection of novel working fluids for ATES for performance and reliability enhancement.