空间型Sn+1(c)中紧致超曲面的第一特征值

利用浸入空间型S^n 1(c),c≥0中的超曲面的第二基本形式的长度平方，估计其Laplace算子的第一特征值的上界，从而建立紧致超曲面等距同构于球面的一个特征定理。     

中心平方变换的研究(二)

在《中心平方变换的研究（一）》^[1]的基础上，本文继续对中心平方变换中的直线与二次曲线的变换进行了深入的探讨：首先推导了直线中心平方变换的参数方程，然后又从两个方面，给出了二次曲线中心平方变换的参数方程。     

基于Helmholtz方程的过渡曲面设计

阐述了二阶和四阶Helmholtz方程的一类周期边界问题的差分解法及其在过渡曲面设计中的应用。这类方法不同于传统的PDE方法中的二阶和四阶的偏微分方程,比传统的二阶和四阶偏微分方程有了更多的自由项,因此,在曲面设计的时候,就有更多的形状控制参数可进行调整,文中重点讨论了方程中的系数对曲面形状的影响,并研究了边界切矢条件对曲面形状的影响及其在曲面形状设计中的应用。设计者只需给出边界曲线和边界切矢,并通过对它们的控制就可构造和修改曲面形状。     

球面中常平均曲率超曲面的整体Pinching定理

假设M是标准球面S^n 1中的紧致嵌入超曲面。本文利用P．Li的Sobolev不等式,对一个联系到平均曲率H和第二基本形式的张量Φ的模长作Lp,估计,建立了球面中常平均曲率超曲面的整体Pinching定理。即证明了：如果M具有常平均曲率且Ricci曲率有正的下界(n-1)k,于是必存在一个仅依赖n,H和k的常数C,当σ的Ln／2模小于C时,M为球面的伞脐点超曲面,其中σ表示M的第二基本形式长度的平方。     

提高曲面近似展开精度的方法与实现

通过对不可展曲面近似展开精度的研究，提出了根据曲面曲率的大小对曲面自动进行网格划分，通过对综合展开误差数据场进行数据拟合来选取最优展开基点，基于空间曲面与其展开图间近似的等距变换关系进行展开样形的误差矫正等3种方法，这几种方法的实现在不同程度上有效地减小了曲面的近似展开误差，提高了曲面的近似展开精度。     

曲面匹配方法在刀具加工轨迹优化中的应用

为减小非可展直纹面侧铣过程中产生的原理误差，提出一种新的刀具加工轨迹优化方法，将曲面匹配方法应用于初始刀具加工轨迹的优化过程，并使用序列二次规划算法求解曲面匹配问题。首先，采用现有的刀具加工轨迹生成方法得到刀轴轨迹曲面；其次，对刀轴轨迹曲面进行法向偏移得到对应的刀具加工包络面并进行原理误差计算，使用基于序列二次规划算法的曲面匹配方法对加工包络面与设计曲面进行曲面逼近，得到空间变换矩阵；再次，通过空间变换和法向偏移，得到优化后的刀轴轨迹曲面及其对应的刀具加工包络面，以及对应的优化刀具加工轨迹及加工误差分布数据；最后，使用MATLAB进行仿真，并与基于最小二乘法的曲面匹配方法进行对比验证。仿真结果表明该优化方法有效地减小了初始刀具加工轨迹产生的原理误差，这说明提出的方法能够用于减小非可展直纹面侧铣加工时产生的原理误差。研究成果为提高非可展直纹面侧铣的精度提供了新的技术支持。     

中心平方变换的研究（一）

本文对中心平方变换中的点，直线的变换进行了较为深入的探讨，不但对其进行了几何分析，而且给出了数学解析式。     

常曲率空间中黎曼等距浸入子流形的牛顿变换的零散度证明

1977年Cheng和Yau在研究具常数量曲率的超曲面时定义了一个新的算子——□算子，利用这个算子对于Codazzi张量关于L^2-内积自伴性，本文利用□r算子的性质，时常曲率空间中黎曼等距浸入子流形的牛顿变换的零散度进行了证明。     

光学非球曲面器件塑性域的超精密加工方法

较全面地列举了国内外已实现光学器件非球曲面超精密加工的各种先进方法，并总结出了这些加工方法的优缺点，从这些加工方法中可得出：超精密磨削不仅有较高的磨削效率，而且能获得很高的面形精度和极低的表面粗糙度，它是光学非球曲面器件塑性域超精密加工最为有效的一种方法。     

应用区域变换实现三角 Bezier 曲面分割

本文根据实际应用需要采用参数域变换方法对三角Ｂｅｚｉｅｒ曲面片进行分割，可简单地确定复杂分割模型下各子曲面片的控制顶点，避免了采用Ｃ－Ｔ分割带来的冗余计算和某些情况下的复杂处理过程，并且使分割算法统一。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...