秸秆能源利用:多功能清洁工程

据不完全统计,我国每年主要农作物秸秆产量达6亿吨以上,其中直接还田30%,过腹还田22%,剩余约3亿吨左右可作为能源加以开发与利用,折合标准煤1.5亿吨.衣作物秸秆能源转化的主要方式有直接燃烧(包括通过省柴灶、节能炕、节煤炉燃烧及直燃发电)、固化燃料(固体成型为颗粒、块状和棒状燃料)、气化燃料(包括生物质燃气、沼气)和液化燃料(包括燃料乙醇和生物原油)等.     

“多面手”的多重组合——颜巴赫帮助减少温室气体、扩大可替代能源的利用范围

颜巴赫燃气内燃机既可使用天然气又可使用其他多种特殊的燃料来发电,包括垃圾填埋气和煤矿瓦斯,或者生物气、污水沼气、可燃性工业废气等可替代燃料。颜巴赫燃气内燃机既可给现场供电,又可为区域电网助力。颜巴赫燃气内燃机帮助中国客户成功减少了大量温室气体的排放,同时也提高了中国利用可替代能源发电的运作能力,为利用现有的、经济的可替代能源开辟了新途径。     

生物质沼气发电技术应用实例分析

生物质沼气是一种清洁环保的可再生能源。利用生物质沼气发电,同时充分利用发电过程中的余热资源,是发展绿色循环经济、实现农牧业可持续发展的重要途径。本文通过介绍生物质沼气发电技术在现代养牛场中的应用,对沼气发电机组设备配置、能源利用效率、沼气发电并网和综合效益等进行了深入分析和研究。     

秸秆能源利用:多功能清洁工程

据不完全统计,我国每年主要农作物秸秆产量达6亿吨以上,其中直接还田30%,过腹还田22%,剩余约3亿吨左右可作为能源加以开发与利用,折合标准煤1.5亿吨。农作物秸秆能源转化的主要方式有直接燃烧(包括通过省柴灶、节能炕、节煤炉燃烧及直燃发电)、固化燃料(固体成型为颗粒、块状和棒状燃料)、气化燃料(包括生物质燃气、沼气)和液化燃料(包括燃料乙醇和生物原油)等。农作物秸秆资源具有多功能性,可用作燃料、饲料、肥料、生物基料、工业原料等,与广大农民生活和生产息息相关。高效开发和集约利用农作物秸秆资源,有利于改善农村生产生活条件,促进农业增效和农民增收,对发展循环经济,构建资源节约型社会,推进社会主义新农村建设等具有重要意义。     

生物质直燃电厂余热在农业中的应用

生物质直燃电厂能够清洁集中利用生物质能。降低电厂排烟温度，充分利用电厂余热将有效提高生物质能的利用效率或为电厂开辟新的经济增长点。结合生物质直燃电厂在农村区域的特点，探讨将电厂烟气余热充分应用到农业中的可能性。结果表明：因地制宜地将生物质直燃电厂余热应用于生活供热、种植、养殖等农业领域，将促进农民收入的增长和保护生态环境。     

生物质热解气化技术

生物质热解气化是农林废弃物向清洁燃气转化的关键技术,产生的合成气可替代天然气等化石燃料,实现燃气、热能和电能的供给.目前我国生物质热解气化技术经过20余年的发展,完成了民用分布式生物质燃气供应系统的示范和布局,并初步具备了规模化燃气制备和发电的产业技术基础."十二五"期间,具有显著提高燃气质量的富氧气化、蒸汽气化、甲烷化制备Bio-SNG等技术成为重要的研究方向,装备设计制造的大型化、规范化和标准化成为产业发展的必然.     

业界资讯

全球首个万吨级生物质燃油生产线投产——1月20日,随着3个生物油火炬点火成功,阳光凯迪生物质燃油燃气厂在武汉未来科技城正式投产。这是全球第一条投入生产的万吨级生物质燃油生产线,将对秸秆、树枝,谷壳等农林业废弃物进行加工转化,每年生产1万t航油、汽油及柴油。     

不同层状变燃速发射药药型的内弹道性能数值模拟

为研究药型对层状变燃速发射药内弹道性能的影响，基于经典内弹道理论建立了多种药型的层状变燃速发射药物理燃烧模型，并推导计算了对应的形状函数与燃气生成猛度表达式，通过VC++软件对在定容条件下的不同药型的层状变燃速发射药内弹道性能进行了数值计算。结果表明：圆饼与方片层状变燃速发射药的燃烧性能相似，且比两面包覆的矩形变燃速发射药燃烧性能好；对于长方体变燃速发射药四面包覆比两面包覆的燃气生成猛度有明显的提高。在12.7mm枪装填条件下，长方体四面包覆比两面包覆膛内最大压力和弹丸初速分别降低11.94%和2.39%。     

七孔变燃速发射药参数对燃烧性能影响的研究

为研究七孔变燃速发射药燃气生成规律,推导了七孔变燃速发射药的形状函数和燃气生成猛度,利用Maple软件七孔变燃速发射药进行了数值计算。分析了发射药大小、内外层燃速比与缓燃层厚度和内外层密度比对七孔变燃速发射药燃烧渐增性的影响。结果表明:内孔孔径d0=0.2~0.22mm、特殊七孔发射药的外径D1=5~5.5mm,同时燃速比大、缓燃层密度小的七孔变燃速发射药有较好的燃烧渐增性。     

碳化生物质在AD/DSSCs中的应用

沼气和太阳能作为一种清洁的可再生能源已引起人们广泛的关注。以麦秆、树叶和玉米芯为原料,将其进行微波热解碳化,并将碳化产物分别作为促进剂和对电极催化剂应用于厌氧发酵(Anaerobic Digestion,AD)和染料敏化太阳能电池(Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,DSSCs)中,研究其对沼气厌氧发酵系统的产气量、化学需氧量(Chemical Oxygen Demand,COD)去除率、p H和DSSCs光伏性能的影响,探究其在太阳能和生物质能领域的应用潜能。实验结果表明:碳化生物质作为厌氧发酵促进剂可明显提高沼气产量(添加碳材料549 m L/g VS vs.对照组409 m L/g VS),提高COD去除率(添加碳材料68.00%vs.对照组29.55%),且对厌氧发酵系统p H没有显著影响;碳化生物质作为对电极催化剂,其DSSCs的光电转换效率与同等实验条件下传统贵金属Pt电极相近(3.52%vs.4.64%),可作为替代贵金属Pt的低成本材料用于染料敏化太阳能电池中。     

计算机技术在液化石油气密度和蒸汽压分析中的应用

本文介绍了液化石油气样品按SH/T0230—1992《液化石油气组成测定在(色谱法)》标准测定组成后(?)据GB/12576—1997《液化石油气蒸汽压和相对密度及辛烷值计算法》标准的算法,利用计算机技术对所测得液石油气的组成进行转换计算,继而快速准确计算出液化石油气的密度和蒸汽压。     

Experimental study on performance of a biogas engine driven air source heat pump system powered by renewable landfill gas

The equipment configuration of a landfill gas (LFG) fueled biogas engine driven air source heat pump system was studied. The process flow for collecting and purifying LFG was analyzed, and the LFG collection and purification method was determined. An experimental apparatus was set up, and the effect of biogas engine speed variation on LFG consumption, exhaust fume temperature of biogas engine, recovered waste heat from exhaust fume and cylinder liner, coefficient of performance (COP) of the heat pump and primary energy ratio (PER) of the system were experimentally tested. The results indicated that LFG consumption and biogas engine exhaust fume temperature increased with biogas engine speed. When the biogas engine operated in the 70%–90% rated speed range, the system heat output and exhaust fume waste heat recovery rate would be relatively higher. In addition, the maximum COP and PER reached 4.2 and 1.4 respectively.     

傅立叶红外光谱法快速测定液化石油气中二甲醚的含量

利用Nicolet6700型傅立叶红外光谱仪对液化石油气中的二甲醚含量进行快速测定,并采用TQAnalyst EZ Edition 8.0(Thermo)分析软件进行了定量分析,由此建立了一种快速测定液化石油气中二甲醚含量的新方法——傅立叶变换红外光谱法.和气相色谱法分析结果相比对,傅立叶红外光谱法测定液化石油气中二甲...     

The operation of a turbulence chamber diesel engine with LPG fumigation for exhaust emissions control

An experimental study is conducted to evaluate the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a secondary fuel for a Ricardo E-6, naturally aspirated, four-stroke diesel engine having a turbulence combustion chamber (indirect injection). The gaseous LPG is introduced together with the aspirated air (fumigation) at various proportions with respect to the diesel fuel which constitutes the main part. The influence of fuel feed ratios (LPG/diesel), in a vast range of loads, on fuel consumption, pressure diagrams, exhaust smokiness and exhaust gas emissions (nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide) is investigated, the baseline being the single diesel fuel operation. The study for this type of engine, which has not being reported in the literature, shows a promise of the present method and reveals that above 60 per cent of maximum load the whole effect is beneficial concerning specific fuel consumption and smoke reduction. The examination of gaseous pollutant levels shows an involved relation with respect to load and fuel proportions. The best results (coupled to acceptable cylinder pressure levels) is obtained at a diesel fuel substitution value of 75% of maximum load, with an LPG mass fraction in the range 10 to 15%.     

State-of-the-art technology in variable compression ratio mechanism for spark ignition engine

Present investigations deal with development of a novel variable compression ratio (VCR) mechanism and its implementation in a small and relatively large size single-cylinder engines. Operation of this mechanism is found to be smooth and effective in the running condition of the engine as well. This mechanism, when incorporated in the small size spark ignition HONDA engine, portrayed improvement in engine performance with increment in compression ratio (CR) for petrol and kerosene. Their respective optimum CRs 5.02 (petrol) and 5.27 (kerosene) are higher than the base value 4.8. In case of large size KIRLOSKAR engine, the present VCR mechanism is found to be useful while operating with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), where measurements showed that combustion duration is lower with LPG for CR 9.79 as compared with base value 9.0. The present experiments clearly demonstrate the usefulness of VCR mechanism in improving engine performance for a given fuel and broadening the range of alternative fuels burnt in the engine. Ease of fabrication, simplicity in installation, accessibility in troubleshooting and smooth run-time alterations are the advantages with the current novel mechanism.     

瓶装液化石油气净含量检验规则探讨

针对目前由于相关技术法规的缺失,导致瓶装液化石油气充装市场混乱,消费者权益受到侵犯,甚至行政执法的权威性受到质疑的状况,通过对现行检验方法的分析,探讨补充了瓶装液化石油气净含量的起点（真空还是标准状态）、空瓶瓶重允许偏差和残液允许量等问题;并提出了一种新的检验方法,即直接抽空钢瓶的检验方法。为瓶装液化石油气净含量检验法规的制定提供了借鉴。     

A stochastic multi-objective optimization decision model for energy facility allocation: a case of liquefied petroleum gas station

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - To mitigate air pollution problem, the government has been planning to build more liquefied petroleum gas stations to motivate drivers to use liquefied...     

气相色谱法测定液化石油气中二甲醚杂质

通过对气相色谱法检测液化石油气中二甲醚几种不同色谱条件进行比较,选出适合检测二甲醚杂质的最简捷的方法.     

Performance and application of far infrared rays emitted from rare earth mineral composite materials

Rare earth mineral composite materials were prepared using tourmaline and cerous nitrate as raw materials. Through characterization by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic contact angle meter and tensiometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, it was found that the composite materials had a better far infrared emitting performance than tourmaline, which depended on many factors such as material composition, microstructure, and surface free energy. Based on the results of the flue gas analyzer and the water boiling test, it was found that the rare earth mineral composite materials could accelerate the combustion of liquefied petroleum gas and diesel oil. The results showed that the addition of Ce led to the improvement of far infrared emitting performance of tourmaline due to the decrease of cell volume caused by the oxidation of more Fe2+ ions and the increase of surface free energy. The application of rare earth mineral composite materials to diesel oil led to a decrease in surface tension and flash point, and the fuel saving ratio could reach 4.5%. When applied to liquefied petroleum gas, the composite materials led to the enhanced combustion, improved fuel consumption by 6.8%, and decreased concentration of CO and O2 in exhaust gases by 59.7% and 16.2%, respectively; but the temperature inside the flue increased by 10.3%.     

大口径毛细管柱在石油化工领域的应用

介绍了大口径毛细管柱在炼油厂液化石油气组成分析方面的应用,该方法简便、快捷、准确。