A Current-Mode Detector for Unfolding X-ray Energy Distribution

To turn the advantage of energy measurement in x-ray transmission diagnosis into practice, we propose a novel detector for the estimation of x-ray energy distribution. This detector consists of several segment detectors arrayed in the direction of x-ray incidence. Each segment detector measures x-rays as current. With unfolding measured currents, the x-ray energy distribution is obtained. The practical application of this detector was verified by estimating the iodine thickness in an acryl phantom.     

A Plan for the Development of Fusion Energy

This is the final report of a panel set up by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) in response to a charge letter dated September 10, 2002 from Dr. Ray Orbach, Director of the DOE's Office of Science. In that letter, Dr. Orbach asked FESAC to develop a plan with the end goal of the start of operation of a demonstration power plant in approximately 35 years. This report, submitted March 5, 2003, presents such a plan, leading to commercial application of fusion energy by mid-century. The plan is derived from the necessary features of a demonstration fusion power plant and from the time scale defined by President Bush. It identifies critical milestones, key decision points, needed major facilities and required budgets. The report also responds to a request from DOE to FESAC to describe what new or upgraded fusion facilities will best serve our purposes over a time frame of the next twenty years.     

A Strategic Opportunity for Magnetic Fusion Energy Development

The realities of energy development and the perception of and support for magnetic fusion in the US are briefly summarized as background for proposing a strategic opportunity for magnet fusion energy development as fusion neutron sources for subcritical advanced burner (transmutation) reactors for the destruction of long-lived transuranics in spent nuclear fuel.     

一种新中能质子加速结构的研究(英文)

提出一种新的环耦合漂移管结构,它用于加速β在0.2～0.5的质子。这种结构易于制造、加工公差要求低、体积小、可得到较大的耦合系数。采用这种结构,将有利于未来加速器的设计。     

Smaller & Sooner: Exploiting High Magnetic Fields from New Superconductors for a More Attractive Fusion Energy Development Path

The current fusion energy development path, based on large volume moderate magnetic B field devices is proving to be slow and expensive. A modest development effort in exploiting new superconductor magnet technology development, and accompanying plasma physics research at high-B, could open up a viable and attractive path for fusion energy development. This path would feature smaller volume, fusion capable devices that could be built more quickly than low-to-moderate field designs based on conventional superconductors. Fusion’s worldwide development could be accelerated by using several small, flexible devices rather than relying solely on a single, very large device. These would be used to obtain the acknowledged science and technology knowledge necessary for fusion energy beyond achievement of high gain. Such a scenario would also permit the testing of multiple confinement configurations while distributing technical and scientific risk among smaller devices. Higher field and small size also allows operation away from well-known operational limits for plasma pressure, density and current. The advantages of this path have been long recognized—earlier US plans for burning plasma experiments (compact ignition tokamak, burning plasma experiment, fusion ignition research experiment) featured compact high-field designs, but these were necessarily pulsed due to the use of copper coils. Underpinning this new approach is the recent industrial maturity of high-temperature, high-field superconductor tapes that would offer a truly “game changing” opportunity for magnetic fusion when developed into large-scale coils. The superconductor tape form and higher operating temperatures also open up the possibility of demountable superconducting magnets in a fusion system, providing a modularity that vastly improves simplicity in the construction, maintenance, and upgrade of the coils and the internal nuclear engineering components required for fusion’s development. Our conclusion is that while tradeoffs exist in design choices, for example coil, cost and stress limits versus size, the potential physics and technology advantages of high-field superconductors are attractive and they should be vigorously pursued for magnetic fusion’s development.     

一种便携式能量色散X射线荧光分析仪的设计

研制了一种便携式能量色散X射线荧光分析仪(EDXRF)。激发源采用国产小口径Mo靶X线管,以变频技术设计了配套的高压电源和灯丝电源,探测器为电制冷半导体探测器。通过元素Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb的能谱测量,研究了该分析仪的检测性能和能量定标曲线,并且从理论上分析了其最佳元素分析范围。     

碘化钠探测器能量响应补偿的模拟研究

基于硬件补偿-屏蔽法,提出了一种简单确定碘化钠探测器铅补偿体尺寸的方法,可简化试验以及模拟方面的工作。该方法结合探测器的原始能响和铅补偿体的空隙率-厚度曲线,可便捷地得到补偿体尺寸的参考值,进而通过适当调整空隙率-厚度值来确定最佳铅补偿体的尺寸。     

大体积低能β量热装置研制

为了实现大体积样品放射性活度的非破坏性测量．研制了大体积低能β量热装置。该装置采用工作于伺服控制方式的等温型量热计原理．测量腔体积约3200cm3,热功率测量范豳30-2000mW.装置的实验验证表明：当热功率为300mW时,测量结果的扩展不确定度好于0．4％,平均测量时间小于3．5h。本文描述了装置的测量原理、系统组成、校准方法、性能测试及测量不确定度分析等。     

The Microwave-Heated Bumpy Torus: A Concept for Fusion Energy

In the last 3 decades, giant steps in technology and simulations capability have been made for the benefit of all magnetic fusion concepts. This is especially true for virtually a one-of-a-kind device, a microwave-driven bumpy-torus magnetic-fusion-energy system. In the 1980s, the prototype experiment was technology limited, and it was judged based on unrealistic expectations from an incomplete understanding of the machine performance. For those experiments, the machine did not achieve the theoretical stability threshold to demonstrate good plasma confinement. This paper examines the premise that the experimental platform was underpowered, which prevented acceptance of its value for fusion. In this paper, the experimental plasma scaling data with power are reviewed. If, with the advancements of technology and simulations capability of the last 30 years, stable operation can be proven, a much improved device competitive with tokamak and stellarator performance may be possible. The advantages of this concept include steady-state operation, gentle shut down, modular construction for fabrication and maintenance, and the natural diversion of impurities.     

一种提高热释光探测器低能光子响应的新方法

ICRU 39号报告提出的四个剂量当量新量值及光子能量响应转换系数,使得一些有效原子序数较低的热释光探测器的低能光子响应变得明显地欠响应。针对这一问题,本文探索了一条加入少量高原子序数添加剂作为“光电子炮弹库”的新途径,既能不起掺杂剂的作用而对原有的优良性能无任何影响,又能有效地抬高低能光子响应并在较大的范围内任意调节低能光子响应的抬高幅度,从而可优选出基本满足Hp(10)和H(10)要求的两种配方。     

The Spheromak Path to Fusion

Options for a spheromak fusion-energy reactor are described and provide examples of the attractive opportunities which this magnetic configuration offers. However, the ability of the spheromak to confine plasma energy has not yet been demonstrated. The physics issues, including confinement in the presence of current drive by a magnetic dynamo driven by helicity injection, are summarized. These are being studied in the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment at LLNL.     

一种测量高强度直流X光机辐射能谱的方法

介绍了一种康普顿散射法测量高强度直流X射线能谱的方法,分析了X光机辐射谱与散射谱强度的关系表达式。在测量系统中使用能量分辨能力较好的高纯锗探测器,通过测量X光机照射低原子序数材料的散射能谱,再根据不同能量X射线在该散射立体角上的散射截面回推,从而获得X光机的辐射能谱。最后,给出了X光机的工作电压分别为15、80和100 kV时,散射法测量得到的钨靶X射线辐射谱。     

A Magnetic Electron Analyzer for Plasma Focus Electron Energy Distribution Studies

The paper describes the construction of a magnetic electron analyzer for pulsed beam electron energy distribution studies. The single shot information is obtained using a NMOS linear image sensor. Both the energetical and the sensitivity calibration were performed using careful numerical simulations. For simplicity, the signals can be read on an oscilloscope, and they are transmitted via an optic fiber, which allows the analyzer to work while connected to high voltage. The analyzer was successfully implemented on a 15 kV/3 kJ plasma focus device and was used to study the electron energy distribution in the 30–660 keV range..     

A Silicon-Emulsion Shower Counter for Cosmic Ray High Energy Electron Observation

An instrument consisting of a combination of position sensitive silicon detectors, nuclear emulsion plates and lead plates is proposed for measurement of the energy of primary cosmic ray electrons with the energy of lower than 30 GeV. As position sensitive detector, two dimensional Si(Li) circular detectors with sensitive area of 38.5 cm2 have been fabricated and build-up curves (transition curves) of deposited energy in the detector versus thickness of lead plate for high energy electron beams are presented as fundamental data for design of such an instrument.     

Congress and the Fusion Energy Sciences Program: A Historical Analysis

This report reviews and analyzes the 42-year history of congressional deliberations over funding of the magnetic fusion research and development (R&D) program. That analysis provides the basis for an assessment about how the program might fare in the future as it proceeds in the direction of developing a long-term energy source from fusion. The assessment is presented as a series of questions that Congress may wish to address in determining the program's future.     

用于电子能量损失符合谱仪的时间幅度变换器

介绍了一种新的ＴＡＣＮＩＭ插件,它包括两路短时间和两路长时间量程的时间幅度变换器,量程从２００ｎｓ到１０μｓ。四路变换通道起始信号相同,停止端各自独立。用来测量电子能量损失符合谱仪中的正负离子和电离电子的飞行时间质谱。     

基于能谱滤波分离的多谱CT成像方法研究

随着科技的发展,适用于结构分析的传统单能X射线CT成像技术,已不能满足现代工业对物质组分区分与鉴定的功能成像需求。这是由于在X射线CT系统中,现有重建算法的单能假设与CT投影的多谱性不一致,导致CT重建质量差,无法进行组分区分。对此,本文鉴于基于光子计数探测器的能谱分离成像思想,提出了基于能谱滤波分离的多谱CT成像方法,该方法首先通过在X射线发射端加滤波片的方式,实现能谱滤波分离,并通过变能量成像,获得近似单能的递变能量投影序列;然后针对滤波后噪声水平较高问题,利用EM-TV重建算法;实现了多谱CT成像,可满足组分区分的需求。最后通过仿真实验表明,对于密度相近的检测对象,论文方法可以满足组分区分的要求。     

A metallic fuel cycle for Self-Consistent Nuclear Energy System (SCNES)

A fast reactor core and fuel cycle concept has been discussed for Self-Consistent Nuclear Energy System (SCNES) concept. This paper discussed loading material candidates for long-lived fission products (LLFPs) and removal of stable nuclides from radioactive nuclides with isotope separation using tunable laser. Some of LLFPs were possible to be loaded in metal of the generated form. The potential for LLFP-confinement in the reactor system is discussed along with a metallic fuel cycle concept. The proposed fuel cycle scheme is a successful candidate for SCNES concept.