化学修饰啤酒酵母菌对铀的吸附特性

以甲醛为交联剂, 将胱氨酸修饰到啤酒酵母菌(SC)上, 并采用海藻酸钠和明胶固定化, 得到一种新型的生物吸附剂--修饰啤酒酵母菌(MSC)。通过红外光谱(IR)分别表征了两种吸附剂的结构, 考察了其吸附铀的主要影响因素即溶液pH值、吸附时间等。结果表明: MSC细胞表面具有大量吸附铀的基团, MSC和SC吸附铀的最佳条件是: pH值为6.0, 相似文献   

微翅管内R410A的流动沸腾传热特性

进行了单管实验,对影响R410A 在水平微翅管内传热系数的因素进行分析,获得了传热系数随质量流量、热通量及干度的变化关系,并对各种工况下的换热机理进行了分析和讨论。对不同几何参数的微翅管进行了实验比较,分析了微翅管几何结构参数对换热性能的影响。通过实验得到R410A在微翅管内流动沸腾传热系数,可为制冷换热器的设计提供可靠的依据。     

Coupled simulation of combustion with heat transfer and cracking reaction in SL-Ⅱ industrial ethylene pyrolyzer

采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对SL-Ⅱ型工业乙烯裂解炉辐射段炉膛内的燃烧传热及管内石脑油裂解反应过程进行耦合模拟,建模及耦合求解在CFX中完成。计算时采用标准k-ε双方程湍流模型、旋涡耗散/有限化学速率(EDM/FRC)燃烧模型和离散传播(DT)辐射模型,其中介质辐射特性采用多灰气加权模型;石脑油裂解反应采用Kumar分子反应模型,流体流动方程组由全隐式的耦合算法求解。模拟结果与工业数据吻合良好,验证了模型的可靠性。结果表明,管内裂解产物丙烯和丁烯收率先增后减,甲烷和乙烯收率一直增大;出口管外壁温度沿管长分布因侧壁烧嘴的加入而更加均匀;炉膛中部的回流区使该区温度更加均匀;裂解炉结构的非对称性引起烟气流速分布不对称,进而导致后墙上侧壁烧嘴的供热效率相对前墙侧较低,本文模拟结果为裂解炉进一步设计与改造提供理论指导。     

基于小波多分辨分析和最小交叉熵的快速CT图像重建算法

引言 两相流系统广泛存在于电力、石油、化工等现代工业生产中,两相流流型的在线识别是实现两相流在线监控的前提,也是两相流测量中重要的研究方向[1-3].     

剪切扰动对液晶聚合物流变行为影响的数值模拟

采用有限体积数值方法模拟了剪切扰动条件下液晶聚合物的复杂流变性特性。其中剪切扰动系统通过给速度梯度施加一项额外小量而实现。首先,考虑了扰动为零的简单剪切流情形,分别得到了各种典型的分子运动状态,不但为剪切扰动的定性分析作了准备,而且也验证了数值算法的有效性。然后,重点研究了剪切扰动对分子运动行为转变的影响,数值结果表明流场中微小的剪切扰动在低剪切率和高剪切率下对分子演化状态的转变机理并不相同。此外,进一步预测了液晶聚合物流变行为及微观特性的变化,结果发现流场的扰动作用也会显著地改变其相应的物性函数。     

水煤浆气流雾化的初次破裂特性

以水煤浆和空气作为实验介质,利用高速摄像仪对同轴双通道喷嘴水煤浆气流雾化的初次破裂过程进行了实验研究,重点考察了在喷嘴出口附近水煤浆的射流核心长度和振荡频率等特征。研究结果显示,实验中水煤浆的破裂模式为非轴对称雷利破裂模式,根据实验结果,得到了浆体的量纲1射流核心长度与气速和液速之间的关系式。雾化过程中浆滴的产生与水煤浆射流振荡有关,研究了其Strouhal数与Weber数和液体Reynolds数之间的关系。     

碳纳米管改性对Au/CeO2催化剂乙醇部分氧化制氢的影响

采用沉积沉淀法制备了一系列碳纳米管改性的Au/CeO₂催化剂,以乙醇部分氧化制氢为探针反应,研究了碳纳米管对Au/CeO₂催化剂乙醇部分氧化性能的影响,并运用XRD、TPR、BET等方法对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,碳纳米管的添加提高了Au/CeO₂催化剂的比表面积、孔容和吸氧量,催化剂的氢气选择性先随碳纳米管添加量的增加而大幅增加,碳纳米管的添加量达6%～10%时,氢气选择性达到43%。进一步提高碳纳米管的含量,氢气选择性增加幅度不大。碳纳米管的添加可以有效抑制副产物CO的产生。     

不同布风措施对大颗粒黏结行为的影响

引言 在流态化过程中,由于存在固体桥力、液体桥力、范德华力、静电力和磁性力等粒间作用力[1],会使颗粒在一定条件下发生黏结.不同黏结机制在不同的颗粒性质与外部条件下有着不同的权重,目前研究较多的是液体桥力与范德华力,这两种力也被认为是在很多有颗粒黏结的系统中最重要的力[2-3].而固体桥力通常在高温状态下因颗粒熔融烧结而出现,也是水泥煅烧、生物质燃烧等工业过程中使大颗粒黏结的主要原因.     

杂醇对La/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响

分别考察了异丙醇、异丁醇和异戊醇对2.0% La/HZSM-5催化乙醇脱水制乙烯反应的影响,结合NH₃-TPD、BET、TG等催化剂表征结果,对杂醇的影响机理进行了深入分析。研究表明,所考察的3种杂醇在2.0% La/HZSM-5作用下均能发生脱水反应生成诸多易聚合的烯烃类产物,对其催化乙醇脱水的性能产生了明显的影响;而且随着加入杂醇的碳原子数的增加,催化剂的积炭情况逐渐加重,催化性能也有明显下降的趋势。2.0%La/HZSM-5与HZSM-5原粉相比,具有较大的比表面、孔容和表面酸量,拥有强度更强的弱酸中心和强度较弱的强酸中心,催化含杂醇的乙醇脱水制乙烯反应时其催化性能和抗积炭能力得到了明显提升。     

新型微波适应型复合活性炭的研制及其微波再生性能

微波再生技术被广泛认为是一种高效、节能的绿色再生技术。本文通过引入高热导率物质--膨胀石墨制备出新型微波适应型复合活性炭,解决目前活性炭在微波脱附过程中存在的温度梯度问题,同时开发VOCs活性炭吸附-微波再生技术。结果表明,制得的复合活性炭具有与普通商业活性炭相当的吸附性能,且其热导率提高6倍。同时,其甲苯脱附活化能为18.08 kJ·mol^-1,低于其在商业活性炭上的微波脱附活化能（24.84 kJ·mol^-1）25%以上;相同微波功率下,其脱附床层温度低于实验室制备的普通活性炭10～30℃。所制备的高热导率复合活性炭不仅具有良好的吸附性能,而且具有很好的微波适应性。     

An iterative method for design of water‐using networks with regeneration recycling

Both freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge can be reduced significantly when wastewater regeneration recycling is introduced in the design of the water‐using networks (WUNs). However, it is often difficult to design the WUNs involving regeneration recycling. This article presents an iterative method to design the WUNs involving regeneration recycling. The final designs can be obtained without iteration for the networks with known regenerated concentrations, and in a few iterations for the networks with known removal ratios of the contaminants. The method proposed can reduce the following parameters simultaneously, the consumptions of freshwater and the regenerated water, and the concentrations of the stream before regeneration, and all of them reflect the cost of the network involving regeneration recycling. The results of a few literature examples show that the designs obtained in this work are comparable to that obtained in the literature. The proposed method is simple and effective. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法

提出一种具有净化单元氢网络的迭代设计方法。首先假设净化后源物流的量足够大,将之看作系统的新增源物流即可构成具有净化单元的初始氢网络。运用多氢源匹配方法来设计氢网络,从而得到净化后源物流的用量F_reg和所有未回用的内部源物流合并计算出的净化后源物流的量F_reg^total。比较F_reg和F_reg^total的大小,当F_reg^totalreg时,将F_reg^total作为下一次迭代净化后源物流的量的初值,只需几次迭代即可得到最终设计;当F_reg^total≥F_reg时,将F_reg的值作为最终设计的净化后源物流的用量,按照由F_reg值确定出的净化前源物流的量选取杂质浓度较低的未回用的内部源物流用于净化,对此种情况,不需后续迭代即可得到最终设计。对文献中几个实例的研究表明,该方法设计步骤简单可行,不仅能得到氢消耗目标值,而且还能得到氢网络的具体设计。     

A heuristic design method for batch water-using networks of multiple contaminants with regeneration unit

This work develops a heuristic method for the design of batch water-using networks of multiple contaminants with regeneration unit based on the concepts of concentration potential. A water-using network involving regeneration unit can be formed by adding the regenerated stream(s) into the network involving reuse only. In the design procedure of the network operated in a single batch mode, time is taken as the primary factor and concentration potentials as the secondary one. For the networks operated in a repeated mode, the design procedure is similar to that for continuous processes, besides designing the storage tanks with the rules proposed. Continuous regeneration unit is selected in this work. With the proposed method, the network structure corresponding to the minimum freshwater consumption can be obtained. It is shown that the method proposed in this article is simple, effective and has clear engineering meaning.     

Optimal design of single‐contaminant regeneration reuse water networks with process decomposition

Water network with regeneration schemes (e.g., regeneration reuse, regeneration recycling) can reduce freshwater consumption further than water network merely with direct reuse. Regeneration reuse, compared with regeneration recycling, can additionally avoid unexpected accumulation of contaminants. Owing to these features, process decomposition can help to reduce freshwater usage and wastewater discharge of regeneration reuse water systems and achieve the results, which graphical method delivers. In this article, the effect of decomposition on water‐using process and further on regeneration reuse water system is briefly analyzed on the concentration‐mass load diagram. Then a superstructure and three sequential mathematical models, which take process decomposition into account, are in turn developed to optimize single contaminant regeneration reuse water systems. By several examples, the reliability of the models is verified. Moreover, several decomposition strategies are summarized to realize the regeneration reuse water network, which attains the targets from graphical method. The results indicate that postregeneration concentration has a major impact on the scheme of process decomposition. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009     

Grass-roots design of regeneration recycling water networks

In this paper, mathematical programming coupled with superstructure is utilized to optimize regeneration recycling water networks at the stage of grass-roots design. The optimization is virtually a multi-objective problem with several important parameters on regeneration recycling involved. Considering the relative importance of these parameters, sequential optimization is adopted to solve this multi-objective problem. Freshwater consumption, regenerated water flowrate and contaminant regeneration load, are in turn minimized, which correspond to three mathematical models. By solving these models step by step, a regeneration recycling water network can be constructed, which is economically favorable in terms of qualitative analysis. The complexity of water network configuration is also taken into account by minimizing the number of interconnections among processes. Additionally several examples are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology. In comparison with the available technologies, the proposed methodology excels in simplicity and adaptability for grass-roots design by exempting from complicated and variable economic parameters.     

具有中间水道的废水再生循环水网络的优化

考虑废水再生循环的水网络,可以最大限度地减少系统的新鲜水消耗和废水排放量,具有中间水道的水网络结构,可以有效地提高系统的柔性,本文建立了具有中间水道的废水再生循环水网络的超结构,提出了网络优化的数学模型。由于该最优网络涉及多参数的优化,本文采用了分步优化的策略,根据各参数的相对重要性,依次对新鲜水消耗量、再生水流率和再生负荷进行优化。计算实例表明,本文建立的方法是有效的。     

基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络集成图示法

将氢网络中基于剩余率的集成优化法扩展至水网络，以杂质浓度为基础进行分析，提出了基于杂质赤字的再生回用水网络图像集成优化方法。该方法无需图像试差和迭代，通过构建浓度-流量图和杂质赤字图，可确定未考虑再生回用的水网络夹点位置及最小新鲜水用量。并在此基础上，考虑再生装置和水网络的优化以及二者的集成，分析水网络的新鲜水节省量与杂质脱除率、再生水源流量及再生废水浓度的定量关系；构建定量关系图确定最小新鲜水用量随各参数的变化关系、夹点位置、最大新鲜水节省量以及一定再生条件下的极限及最优提纯参数。案例分析表明，该方法简单、高效，对于各工况下的水网络，均可使新鲜水消耗量及废水排放量减小，为工艺设计和操作提供重要的参考。     

MILP-based initialization strategies for the optimal design of water-using networks

The optimal design of water-using systems involves necessarily the exploitation of all possible water reuse and recycling alternatives. The general problem can be formulated as a non-convex nonlinear program (NLP), but due to the presence of bilinear terms, it may be difficult for local optimization solvers to attain global optimal solutions. To overcome this difficulty, this paper presents two mixed integer linear programming (MILP)-based procedures to generate a few structurally different starting points for the NLP. In both, the problem is decomposed into calculation stages by assuming that the water streams progress in series through the water-using units, with the binary variables selecting which unit belongs to a certain stage. Their main difference concerns the way fixed flowrate units are handled, either separately or in conjunction with a fixed load operation, since the former comprise a linear subsystem. The two algorithms are compared to a closely related LP-based method taken from the literature and to the one employed by the global optimization solver BARON. The results from a large set of example problems confirm their effectiveness in avoiding local solutions despite the small number of starting points. In contrast to the previous method they are easily scalable and, for some of the larger problems, could find better solutions than BARON with significantly fewer computational resources. The results have also shown that the option of tackling one unit at a time is the most favorable.     

Comparison of global optimization algorithms for the design of water-using networks

We address a special class of bilinear process network problems with global optimization algorithms iterating between a lower bound provided by a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation and an upper bound given by the solution of the original nonlinear problem (NLP) with a local solver. Two conceptually different relaxation approaches are tested, piecewise McCormick envelopes and multiparametric disaggregation, each considered in two variants according to the choice of variables to partition/parameterize. The four complete MILP formulations are derived from disjunctive programming models followed by convex hull reformulations. The results on a set of test problems from the literature show that the algorithm relying on multiparametric disaggregation with parameterization of the concentrations is the best performer, primarily due to a logarithmic as opposed to linear increase in problem size with the number of partitions. The algorithms are also compared to the commercial solvers BARON and GloMIQO through performance profiles.