CPFD在细颗粒料仓下料中的应用

借助计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)的数值模拟方法,研究了细颗粒玻璃微珠在不同结构料仓内的下料特性,获得了料仓出口直径和半锥角对颗粒下料流动的影响。在实验室可视化下料平台开展了验证实验,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。模拟结果表明:下料流率与料仓出口直径2.5次方呈正比;料仓半锥角增大,下料流型从质量流过渡至漏斗流。CPFD模拟给出了料仓下料过程的细节信息,并获得了料仓结构对颗粒流动形态转变的临界面相对高度的影响。     

煤粉料仓通气下料流动行为

在可视化有机玻璃料仓系统上对煤粉下料过程及其特性进行了实验研究。研究表明,煤粉介质粒径小、比表面积大,属于黏附性非自由流动粉体,下料流动困难;料仓通气技术可以显著改善煤粉流动性从而促进料仓下料,但过量通气反而会抑制煤粉下料。通过分析下料过程中料仓壁面的压力信号,揭示了料仓压力分布特性,分析了超侧压现象并定义了压力转换面。实验发现,通气可以在一定程度内减小超侧压幅度,扩大煤粉流化疏松区域,提升转换面高度。此外,研究还发现通气下料过程中存在气体穿透现象,穿透临界高度随通气量的增加而提高,并且穿透后煤粉下料流率降低。     

煤粉料仓通气下料流动行为

在可视化有机玻璃料仓系统上对煤粉下料过程及其特性进行了实验研究。研究表明,煤粉介质粒径小、比表面积大,属于黏附性非自由流动粉体,下料流动困难;料仓通气技术可以显著改善煤粉流动性从而促进料仓下料,但过量通气反而会抑制煤粉下料。通过分析下料过程中料仓壁面的压力信号,揭示了料仓压力分布特性,分析了超侧压现象并定义了压力转换面。实验发现,通气可以在一定程度内减小超侧压幅度,扩大煤粉流化疏松区域,提升转换面高度。此外,研究还发现通气下料过程中存在气体穿透现象,穿透临界高度随通气量的增加而提高,并且穿透后煤粉下料流率降低。     

粉煤在流化料仓中的下料特性

在自行设计的有机玻璃流化料仓系统上对粉煤下料过程及其特性进行了实验研究。研究发现,在筒仓段与料斗段连接处上方存在一个临界面。在临界面以上的筒仓段,粉煤以柱塞流形式下料,在临界面以下,粉煤以不定向螺旋运动下料。研究结果表明,料斗下部的流化气对下料稳定性和下料流率有重要影响,存在最佳流化气位置区间和最佳流化气表观气速范围,当流化气补气位置太低,在补气位置附近易形成气压平衡拱。研究还表明,增加料仓压力能提高粉煤下料流率,改善下料稳定性,减弱流化气补气位置及气速对下料的影响,阻止气压平衡拱生成。     

复杂流道结构料仓的下料流率预测

在实验室搭建的有机玻璃料仓下料平台上,分别以自由流动粉体玻璃微珠和黏附性粉体煤粉和聚氯乙烯为实验介质,针对无改流体(No-In)、封闭改流体(Con-In)和开放改流体(Ucon-In)三种情况所形成的不同流道结构,开展了粉体料仓下料及其流率建模研究,定量分析了改流体对粉体下料流率的促进作用,对比给出了玻璃微珠、煤粉和聚氯乙烯在不同流道结构料仓内的下料特性。研究表明,改流体的引入有利于提高料仓下料流率,Con-In促进流动效果最明显,对于流动性弱的煤粉,下料流率提升幅度达到最大的58%。基于剪切摩擦区的概念,提出流率校正因子F对最小能量理论方程进行了修正,将理想的料仓下料模型拓展至实际下料过程。进一步,对于Con-In,根据流道结构特征结合对粉体的受力分析,修正了模型中的锥角项;对于Ucon-In,基于粉体下料流动竞争机制,提出分阶段下料模式并关联了内层和夹层的下料流率,最终建立了复杂流道结构料仓的下料流率预测模型。该模型综合考虑了粉体物性、下料流型和流道结构的影响,可有效预测自由流动粉体和黏附性粉体流经传统料仓(No-In)和改流体料仓(包括Con-In和Ucon-In)的粉体下料流率,且预测偏差<10%。     

细粉下料过程的气固流体动力学作用分析

细颗粒粉体下料时受气固流体力学作用在料仓出口附近形成逆压力梯度,使得粉体下料流率实验值远低于理论预测值。而且该压力梯度力直接测量较困难,对模型修正和发展提出了挑战。以玻璃微珠、流化催化裂化（FCC）催化剂颗粒、褐煤和聚氯乙烯（PVC）颗粒为实验材料,首先开展粉体静力学与动力学测试,借助休止角（AOR）、豪斯纳比（HR）和卡尔流动指数（CFI）多个粉体流动性判据综合分析不同粉体的流动特性;在分析粉体料仓出口附近气固流动特征的基础上,结合Jenike流动与不流动判据,将作用在细颗粒粉体上的逆压力梯度力引入到拱应力平衡方程;进一步,提出了利用迭代算法获得逆压力梯度力的方法,实现了对逆压力梯度力与粉体料仓下料流率的预测。建立的粉体下料流率模型考虑了气固流体动力学作用对粉体下料流动的影响,有效改善了传统模型对细粉体流率预测偏高的问题,模型预测偏差从60%以上降低至±20%。     

细颗粒在锥形和平底料仓中的重力卸料特性

对细颗粒在料仓内的重力卸料特性进行了实验研究,分别考察了颗粒粒径和料仓构型对卸料流率的影响,采用高速摄像仪对料仓出口处颗粒的卸料形态进行捕捉,并分析其周期性。结果表明,随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒卸料流率受逆向压力梯度和"空环效应"两种因素共同影响,先增大后基本保持恒定。另外,锥形和平底料仓中细颗粒的卸料形态,均随粒径增大由不稳定的间歇卸料向稳定的连续卸料过渡。在间歇卸料形态下,由于间歇卸料周期较长,锥形料仓的卸料流率要小于平底料仓;在连续卸料形态下,受料仓锥角影响,锥形料仓的卸料流率要大于平底料仓。最后,通过修正逆向压力梯度项,分别建立了适用于锥形和平底料仓的细颗粒重力卸料流率预测模型,卸料流率的预测值和实验值吻合很好。     

不同载气供料对煤粉料仓下料的影响

煤粉料仓下料是气流床粉煤气化工艺中粉体供料单元的重要组成部分,其安全稳定运行具有重大的经济意义。在煤粉循环供料系统上,研究了以空气和CO2为载气的气力输送供料对料仓内煤粉重力下料和通气下料的影响。研究表明,料仓内粉体的堆积或流化状态对后续粉体的流动行为影响明显。对于重力下料,CO2供料后的重力下料过程中煤粉床层空隙率较高,下料流率较大;对于通气下料,空气供料后煤粉难以被CO2气体流化,从而对应较低的下料流率。     

不同载气供料对煤粉料仓下料的影响

煤粉料仓下料是气流床粉煤气化工艺中粉体供料单元的重要组成部分,其安全稳定运行具有重大的经济意义。在煤粉循环供料系统上,研究了以空气和CO₂为载气的气力输送供料对料仓内煤粉重力下料和通气下料的影响。研究表明,料仓内粉体的堆积或流化状态对后续粉体的流动行为影响明显。对于重力下料,CO₂供料后的重力下料过程中煤粉床层空隙率较高,下料流率较大;对于通气下料,空气供料后煤粉难以被CO₂气体流化,从而对应较低的下料流率。     

PTA成品料仓下料波动原因及对策

针对PTA成品料仓出现的下料不稳甚至不下料,进而导致劳动强度的增加和输送系统风险问题,分析造成成品料仓下料不稳的一些原因和处理措施。从粉料的含湿量、粒径大小、输送气含湿量、料仓内部粉料结构、旋转阀窜气、料仓内壁光滑度、设备缺陷以及日常工艺调整几个方面分析阐述影响下料的因素,并提供日常生产中避免和处理下料不稳的措施与注意事项。     

Arch-Free flow in aerated silo discharge of cohesive powders

Arching can occur during silo discharge of cohesive powders. In general this happens when the outlet size is not wide enough. Flow aid devices, such as aeration pads, are commonly used in the industry to achieve proper flow of cohesive materials. However, no design criteria are presently available for such kind of devices and, in particular, for the intensity of aeration to be used to avoid arching. Aim of this paper is the evaluation of the limiting aeration condition to produce the collapse of established arches and the minimum aeration rate necessary for no arching discharge flow. Experimental tests are carried out in an aerated flat bottom silo. The measured quantities are the aeration rate at arch collapse and the arch size. Powder permeability is characterized by fluidization experiments. A simplified model is proposed to assess on the prevailing physical phenomena and predictively evaluate the minimum aeration rate to determine no arching discharge flow.     

偏心楔形喂料斗卸料过程中颗粒流动特性

采用三维离散单元法,研究了偏心楔形喂料斗中不同粒径颗粒卸料过程的流场分布,建立了适用于偏心楔形喂料斗的整体流系数模型,分析了料斗卸料流型以及卸料流型与卸料质量流率的相关性,并通过实验验证了离散元模型的可靠性。结果表明：偏心楔形喂料斗内颗粒流场分布以靠近喂料管口区域为高速区,并呈辐射状朝远离垂直壁面端的料斗上部低速区过渡,高速区颗粒流场的整体一致性好,低速区颗粒流场呈局部涡流状;颗粒粒径增大,颗粒整体流动性变差,高速区域范围减小,低速区域范围增大,过渡区域变模糊;当颗粒粒径不大于10 mm时,整体流系数与颗粒粒径呈线性负相关,卸料质量流率与整体流系数呈线性正相关。     

非球形颗粒在矩形料斗中的流动特性(英文)

Flow behaviors of four kinds of granular particles (i.e. sphere, ellipsoid, hexahedron and binary mixture of sphere and hexahedron) in rectangular hoppers were experimentally studied. The effects of granular shape and hopper structure on flow pattern, discharge fraction, mean particle residence time and tracer concentration distribution were tested based on the visual observation and particle tracer technique. The results show that particle shape affects significantly the flow pattern. The flow patterns of sphere, ellipsoid and binary mixture are all parabolic shape, and the flow pattern shows no significant difference with the change of wedge angle. The flowing zone becomes more sharp-angled with the increasing outlet size. The flow pattern of hexahedron is featured with straight lines. The discharge rates are in increasing order from hexahedron, sphere, binary mixture to ellipsoid. The discharge rate also increases with the wedge angle and outlet size. The mean particle residence time becomes shorter when the outlet size increases. The difference of mean particle residence time between the maximum and minimum values decreases as the wedge angle increases. The residence time of hexahedron is the shortest. The tracer concentration distribution of hexahedron at any height is more uniform than that of binary mixture. The tracer concentration of sphere in the middle is lower than that near the wall, and the contrary tendency is found for ellipsoid particles.     

Pressurised flash drying of Yallourn lignite

A previously developed 1D model of lignite drying for pulverised lignite feeding into a conventional pulverised fuel boiler during the coal milling process is applied to lignite in an entrained flow configuration at elevated pressure. A combustor fired with diesel and air was used to produce a flue gas at 800 °C and 10 atm to flash dry Yallourn lignite at a nominal feed rate of 725 kg/h along a 50 m duct. A coal feeder arrangement was also developed which provides a simple positive feeding device for feeding against a back pressure. The feeder takes as an input coal which is nominally <50 mm and discharges it as a finely divided product with a mean particle size of approximately 1.0-1.5 mm. The comparison between model predictions and measured temperature profiles for the flue gas and final moisture content of the dried coal product showed excellent agreement. Coal moisture was reduced from 67 wt% to between 30 and 40 wt%, depending upon on the coal feed rate and particle size. The small variation in the final outlet temperature observed between the model and experimental results is due to heat losses from the exposed duct work to the environment.     

Drying behavior of lignite under microwave heating

Because of lignite’s high moisture content, it must be dried before most applications. Microwave radiation may be suitable for efficient drying because of its special heating properties. This study investigated the drying behavior of lignite samples from eastern Inner Mongolia by microwave thermogravimetric analysis. Three stages of microwave drying were observed: preheating, fast weight loss, and falling rate drying periods. Samples’ surface temperatures increased dramatically during preheating, dropped slightly in the second period, and rose again in the final period. The measured surface temperature was <95°C during microwave heating. The overall moisture content decreased more rapidly under higher microwave power. Fine lignite particles (diameter <0.2?mm) and lump samples (particle size 10?mm) dried better than granular lignite (particle size 1–2?mm). The samples also underwent slight natural drying (1–2% point reduction in moisture content) after microwave treatment. The critical moisture content of lignite (11–15% under experimental conditions) was redefined. Energy consumption was analyzed to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed drying process.     

Predicting discharge dynamics from a rectangular hopper using the discrete element method (DEM)

Accurate prediction of the discharge rate from hoppers is important in many industrial processes involving the handling of granular materials. The present work investigates the parameters affecting the discharge rate using the discrete element method (DEM). The effects of particle properties (particle size and size distribution) and hopper geometry (hopper width, outlet width, angle and fill height) are studied and compared to previously published experimental correlations. The results indicate that DEM simulations are fully capable of reproducing trends in the discharge rate that are well-known experimentally. For example, particle size and hopper width are shown to have a minimal influence on the discharge rate. In addition, for rectangular hoppers, the discharge rate is shown to vary with the outlet width raised to the power as given by the modified Beverloo correlation. The DEM simulations are also used to explore a wider range of parameters that have not been or are not easily explored experimentally. For example, the effects of hopper friction, particle friction, coefficient of restitution are investigated, and particle friction is shown to have a significant influence on the hopper discharge behavior.     

Effect of moisture distribution in pore structure on fragmentation characteristics of lignite

ABSTRACT

The experiments were performed to explore the effect of moisture on fragmentation properties of Mengdong (MD) lignite, Xiao Longtan (XLT) lignite, and Zhaotong (ZT) lignite with temperature of 200°C and particle size of 13–10?mm using the fixed bed reactor. It showed fragmentation ratio and pulverization ratio increased, and particle size variation ratio decreased with an increase in initial moisture of lignite. The distribution of moisture in pores under different initial moisture contents was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance. The distribution of moisture in pores between raw and dried lignite was different. The water content in macropores rapidly decreased, but water content in mesopores remained constant in prior period and then slightly decreased with the residence time increasing. There was a good connectivity between macropores and mesopores. The water in micropores, which hardly influenced fragmentation, was generally closed and not favored for the mobility of water. The water in macropores had a significant effect on fragmentation of lignite. However, when the moisture content in macropores was less than 0.10?g/g coal, the degree of fragmentation became little.     

散斑能见度光谱法测量筒仓内颗粒流的颗粒温度

筒仓内颗粒流在化工生产中广泛应用,准确描述颗粒流的动力学规律对于调控化工反应过程中的混合和传输效率极为重要。颗粒温度是影响颗粒流的重要参数之一,为此搭建了基于线阵CCD相机的散斑能见度光谱测量装置,选取均值粒径分别为0.94和1.55 mm的球形颗粒进行实验。通过测量卸料过程中筒仓内颗粒流的时变颗粒温度,发现了离散颗粒运动在介尺度条件下具有稳定性。进一步,对比两种粒径颗粒的颗粒温度值,观察到稳态流动中大粒径颗粒具有更高的能量耗散,从而建立了宏观质量流率与介观颗粒温度之间的联系。通过分析筒仓内颗粒温度场的分布特征,发现了孔口附近的离散颗粒存在定向有序的运动。最后,根据筒仓内颗粒流堵塞过程中的颗粒温度变化曲线,揭示了颗粒流堵塞的弛豫变化规律。实验结果揭示的筒仓内颗粒流的运动规律,为完善化工生产中颗粒材料的存储与运输提供了参考数据。