Analytic algorithms for determining radiative transfer optical properties of ocean waters

A synthetic model for the scattering phase function is used to develop simple algebraic equations, valid for any water type, for evaluating the ratio of the backscattering to absorption coefficients of spatially uniform, very deep waters with data from upward and downward planar irradiances and the remotely sensed reflectance. The phase function is a variable combination of a forward-directed Dirac delta function plus isotropic scattering, which is an elementary model for strongly forward scattering such as that encountered in oceanic optics applications. The incident illumination at the surface is taken to be diffuse plus a collimated beam. The algorithms are compared with other analytic correlations that were previously derived from extensive numerical simulations, and they are also numerically tested with forward problem results computed with a modified FN method.     

Dual-aureole and sun spectrometer system for airborne measurements of aerosol optical properties

We have designed an airborne spectrometer system for the simultaneous measurement of the direct sun irradiance and the aureole radiance in two different solid angles. The high-resolution spectral radiation measurements are used to derive vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties. Combined measurements in two solid angles provide better information about the aerosol type without additional and elaborate measuring geometries. It is even possible to discriminate between absorbing and nonabsorbing aerosol types. Furthermore, they allow to apply additional calibration methods and simplify the detection of contaminated data (e.g., by thin cirrus clouds). For the characterization of the detected aerosol type a new index is introduced that is the slope of the aerosol phase function in the forward scattering region. The instrumentation is a flexible modular setup, which has already been successfully applied in airborne and ground-based field campaigns. We describe the setup as well as the calibration of the instrument. In addition, example vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties--including the aureole measurements--are shown and discussed.     

Ultraviolet high-spectral-resolution Doppler lidar for measuring wind field and aerosol optical properties

An ultraviolet incoherent Doppler lidar that incorporates the high-spectral-resolution (HSR) technique has been developed for measuring the wind field and aerosol optical properties in the troposphere. An injection seeded and tripled Nd:YAG laser at an ultraviolet wavelength of 355 nm was used in the lidar system. The HRS technique can resolve the aerosol Mie backscatter and the molecular Rayleigh backscatter to derive the signal components. By detecting the Mie backscatter, a great increase in the Doppler filter sensitivity was realized compared to the conventional incoherent Doppler lidars that detected the Rayleigh backscatter. The wind velocity distribution in a two-dimensional cross section was measured. By using the HSR technique, multifunction and absolute value measurements were realized for aerosol extinction, and volume backscatter coefficients; the laser beam transmittance, the lidar ratio, and the backscatter ratio are derived from these measurements.     

Sun and aureole spectrometer for airborne measurements to derive aerosol optical properties

We have designed an airborne spectrometer system for the simultaneous measurement of the direct Sun irradiance and aureole radiance. The instrument is based on diffraction grating spectrometers with linear image sensors. It is robust, lightweight, compact, and reliable, characteristics that are important for airborne applications. The multispectral radiation measurements are used to derive optical properties of tropospheric aerosols. We extract the altitude dependence of the aerosol volume scattering function and of the aerosol optical depth by using flight patterns with descents and ascents ranging from the surface level to the top of the boundary layer. The extinction coefficient and the product of single scattering albedo and phase function of separate layers can be derived from the airborne measurements.     

Analytic solutions for the optical and radiative properties of nonaccepted light radiation of V-trough concentrators

Knowledge of optical and radiative properties is often essential for the design and evaluation of V-trough solar energy collectors. Using the concept of reflection modes, we derived a set of functions associated with each mode; this allowed us to calculate the optical and radiative properties for rejected light radiation. These expressions, together with those for accepted light radiation published previously, were used to calculate the optical efficiency for beam radiation and the exchange factors (diffuse radiation) between aperture and absorber (accepted light) and between aperture and aperture (rejected light). Numerical results of these factors were obtained for various combinations of concentration ratio and vertex angle. Results are compared between a case in which the reflectivity is constant and one in which the reflectivity varies with incidence angle; the difference does not exceed 1% for a reflectivity of 0.8. Considering the reflectivity as a constant allows us to obtain analytic solutions for the exchange factors, expressed as a sum of trigonometric functions.     

掺钐聚合物光纤的光辐射跃迁特性

制备了掺钐螯合物的阶跃型聚合物光纤,研究了螯合物Sm(DBM)3(TOPO)2掺杂的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的吸收光谱、激励光谱和发射光谱.根据Judd-Ofelt(J-O)理论,从吸收光谱获得了光学跃迁的强度参数Ω2、Ω4、Ω6分别为18.53×10-20 cm2、2.87×10-20 cm2、3.71×10-20cm2.用光学强度参数计算了激发态4G5/2的辐射跃迁几率(536.19s-1)和辐射寿命(1865μs);同时,计算了4G5/2→6HJ'跃迁的受激发射截面和4G5/2→6FJ'、6HJ'的荧光分支比.分析表明,Sm(DBM)3(TOPO)2掺杂的PMMA可望用于聚合物光纤激光器和放大器.     

Use of a radiation diffusion model for determination of optical and thermal radiative properties of anisotropie silica fiber thermal insulation

A radiation diffusion model is used to describe radiation transfer in highly scattering anisotropic semitransparent materials. The transmissivities of the sample disks of silica glass fiber thermal insulation of different thicknesses and orientations were measured. The samples were cut from the same insulation slab. The axis of material structure symmetry was parallel to the axis of samples in one case and perpendicular to it in the other case. The effective absorption coefficient and radiation diffusion coefficient were obtained for three wavelengths of a probing He-Ne laser, namely, 0.63, 1.15, and 3.39 µm. The spectral hemispherical absorptivity and biliemisperical reflectivity as a function of the thickness of the plane layer are calculated and presented.     

Accurate and self-consistent ocean color algorithm: simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical properties and chlorophyll concentrations

A new algorithm has been developed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol optical properties and chlorophyll concentrations in case I waters. This algorithm is based on an improved complete model for the inherent optical properties and accurate simulations of the radiative transfer process in the coupled atmosphere-ocean system. It has been tested against synthetic radiances generated for the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) channels and has been shown to be robust and accurate. A unique feature of this algorithm is that it uses the measured radiances in both near-IR and visible channels to find that combination of chlorophyll concentration and aerosol optical properties that minimizes the error across the spectrum. Thus the error in the retrieved quantities can be quantified.     

Sensitivity of surface reflectance retrieval to uncertainties in aerosol optical properties

We formulate a procedure to investigate the sensitivity of surface reflectances retrieved from satellite sensor data to uncertainties in aerosol optical properties. Aerosol optical characteristics encompassed in the study include the aerosol optical depth, the Junge parameter (i.e., spectral dependence), and the imaginary part of the refractive index (i.e., aerosol absorption). The study includes both clear and hazy atmospheric conditions, wavelengths of 0.550 and 0.870 μm, three solar zenith angles, and five viewing geometries. Key results are presented graphically in terms of accuracy requirements on the aerosol property under consideration for a 5% uncertainty in predicted surface reflectance.     

Tropospheric aerosol optical properties derived from lidar, sun photometer, and optical particle counter measurements

Tropospheric aerosols have been observed for the period from November 1990 to April 1992 with a lidar, a sun photometer, and an optical particle counter. Variations of aerosol optical thickness derived from the lidar and the sun photometer data and measurements are presented. The simultaneous measurements of these instruments also allowed us to estimate the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (S(1)), which ranged from 20 to 70. Comparison of optical thicknesses derived from both instruments clearly shows the effect of Mt. Pinatubo's eruption and the temporal variation of optical thickness in the stratosphere over 12 km. The possible range of the complex refractive index for the columnar mean aerosols can be deduced from the probable range of S(1) derived by the use of an S(1) diagram as a function of complex refractive index (m). The imaginary part of m can be estimated provided that the real part of m is known.     

Thermal radiative properties of a DLC coating

Thermal radiative properties of a DLC coating were measured in the range of cryogenic and room temperatures. Both the total hemispherical emissivity and absorptivity are significantly dependent on the radiation temperature and change from the value of 0.032 at 15 K to 0.65 at 300 K.     

Control method for the optical components of a dynamically reconfigurable optical platform

We propose a control method for the optical components of a dynamically reconfigurable optical platform, the ternary optical computer (TOC). The optical components are made of liquid-crystal cell arrays (LCCAs) and polarizers, so the control method is for generating the pilot signals of the LCCAs to meet user demands. In this work, we first briefly introduce the TOC theory, the modules in the TOC monitor system, and the addressing of these LCCAs. Then we focus on the method for generating the control information (CI) of optical components, i.e., the encoder and the operator in the TOC according to the operands and the information about the basic operating units needed by an operation. In addition, we define data structures, some of which store the information to generate the CI and others that mainly store the generated CI. Finally we provide an example to verify the proposed method and conduct an experiment to generate the LCCA CI. The results demonstrate the correctness and feasibility of the method.     

Atmospheric microplasma jet: spectroscopic database development and analytical results

This paper presents a developed dielectric-barrier-discharge-based "sniffer" that offers unique characteristics not available from other techniques. It is a portable, highly specific, and sensitive detector that operates at atmospheric pressure. It provides both molecular and elemental information on organic and inorganic gases and particulate aerosols. Measurements were made to electrically characterize the plasma and calculate the energy coupled into the plasma. We created a signature database for diverse chemicals based on the atomic and diatomic emission spectrum that serves to classify the compound and ideally recognize it by composition with the optical emission intensity corresponding to concentration. For some operational regimes and species, emission from OH (A(2)Σ(+)-X(2)Π), CH (A(2)Δ-X(2)Π), and often C(2) (d(3)Π(g)-a(3)Π(u); Swan band system) diatomic radicals is produced. Limits of detection extend to parts per billion (ppb) levels for some species such as decane, 2-decanol, and nitrobenzene. Results are presented for differentiation of classes of organic compounds such as alkanes, aromatics, oxygenates, chlorinated, and nitrogen-containing organic compounds.     

Case study of modeled aerosol optical properties during the SAFARI 2000 campaign

We present modeled aerosol optical properties (single scattering albedo, asymmetry parameter, and lidar ratio) in two layers with different aerosol loadings and particle sizes, observed during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative 2,000 (SAFARI 2,000) campaign. The optical properties were calculated from aerosol size distributions retrieved from aerosol layer optical thickness spectra, measured using the NASA Ames airborne tracking 14-channel sunphotometer (AATS-14) and the refractive index based on the available information on aerosol chemical composition. The study focuses on sensitivity of modeled optical properties in the 0.3-1.5 microm wavelength range to assumptions regarding the mixing scenario. We considered two models for the mixture of absorbing and nonabsorbing aerosol components commonly used to model optical properties of biomass burning aerosol: a layered sphere with absorbing core and nonabsorbing shell and the Maxwell-Garnett effective medium model. In addition, comparisons of modeled optical properties with the measurements are discussed. We also estimated the radiative effect of the difference in aerosol absorption implied by the large difference between the single scattering albedo values (approximately 0.1 at midvisible wavelengths) obtained from different measurement methods for the case with a high amount of biomass burning particles. For that purpose, the volume fraction of black carbon was varied to obtain a range of single scattering albedo values (0.81-0.91 at lambda=0.50 microm). The difference in absorption resulted in a significant difference in the instantaneous radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and can result in a change of the sign of the aerosol forcing at TOA from negative to positive.     

Dependence of the characteristics of radiative heat exchange on the optical properties of absorbing,emitting, and scattering media and their boundary surfaces

We suggest a new hybrid numerical-analytical method for solving an integrodifferential equation of radiation transfer. We present results of an investigation of the effect of the temperature distribution and scattering properties of a medium and its absorption density as well as the emissivity of the boundary on the intensity and density of the emergent-radiation fluxes. Academic Scientific Complex “A. V. Luikov Heat and Mass Transfer Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus,” Minsk, Belarus. Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 69, No. 6, pp. 1014–1020, November–December, 1996.     

Spectral radiative properties of a living human body

Spectral radiative properties of the human body were studied experimentally in the region from the ultraviolet to the far-infrared to know the thermal response of the human body exposed to solar radiation and infrared radiation. The measuring equipment for reflectance and transmittance of a semitransparent scattering medium was developed and measurement on a living human skin was performed in vivo. The measured parts are forearm, cheek, dorsum hand, hip, and hair. The values obtained by the present study are much different from those of previous in vitro measurements. Fairly large values for hemispherical reflectances are observed in the visible and near-infrared regions but very small values for hemispherical reflectances are observed in the infrared region, below 0.05. By applying the four-flux treatment of radiative transfer, the absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient in the human skin are determined. The scattering coefficient is large in the visible region but negligible in the infrared region. The absorption coefficient is very close to that of water and large in the infrared region.     

Mass dependence of sputtering characteristics for a number of metals with different properties

Molecular dynamic simulation has been used to study how the sputtering characteristics of metal polycrystals are dependent on the mass m₁ of bombarding ions of low-energy E₀. The influence of target parameters on mass dependence of sputtering has been calculated for Al, Ba, Ce and Au, which were not previously studied. These metals have very different values of density ρ, the lattice constant d, and the surface binding energy E_b (the parameters that define the sputtering process). The features of sputtering characteristics for the metals studied are discussed.