朝鲜语自然语言处理研究管窥

朝鲜语作为一种跨境语言,中、朝、韩三国在自然语言处理都进行了一定的研究.该文从自然语言处理研究的基础研究、资源建设以及应用性研究和系统开发等几个方面,分别简要综述了三国的研究情况,并针对中国朝鲜语自然语言处理研究和发展提出了一些建议.     

OSI implementations in Korea

Research and development on OSI became a key issue in many Korean R&D projects related to computer, telecommunications and services. The Korean computer and communications industry also finds their possible area of expansion through OSI-compatible products. But claiming OSI as the future direction in Korea at the national/government level is not near. This short paper presents various present and future R&D projects on OSI in Korea. These include ISDN, LAN, Videotex, Teletex, protocol testing, mixed mode terminal, network architecture etc.     

What is the Right R&D Strategy for Overcoming the Difficulties of the South Korean IT Industry?

This study proposes new strategies for the information technology (IT) industry in South Korea, provides objectives for the South Korean IT industry and articulates the roles of the Korean government agencies, companies and users. Specifically, it covers South Korean IT strategies employed during several periods, including a stagnant period and a more recent period reflecting new successful IT environments of developed countries. South Korean IT companies should recognize the importance of user interface and user experience technologies as a next key global IT industry trend. Raising this awareness is critical in increasing the global competitiveness of the Korean IT industry. Furthermore, South Korean government agencies should take more active role in constructing and improving interactive environments that would benefit both companies and users. For future research, it is imperative to investigate the specific roles of companies, users and government agencies with respect to IT usage.     

Cultural difference in motivations for using social network sites: A comparative study of American and Korean college students

While the explosive growth of social network sites is a common phenomenon across many countries, the ways people use them and their reasons for doing so may differ depending on their social and cultural milieu, for fundamental values are divergent from culture to culture. This study is an attempt to examine how cultural contexts shape the use of communication technology by examining the motives for and patterns of using social network sites among college students in the US and Korea. The findings of this study suggest that the major motives for using social network sites - seeking friends, social support, entertainment, information, and convenience - are similar between the two countries, though the weights placed on these motives are different. Reflecting the unique social nature of the medium, Korean college students put more weight on obtaining social support from existing social relationships, while American students place relatively greater emphasis on seeking entertainment. Additionally, American college students’ networks in an online social venue are far larger than their Korean counterparts, which may reflect the cultural difference between the two countries regarding developing and managing social relationships.     

1980~2018朝鲜半岛西海岸滨海湿地演化分析

环黄海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚水鸟迁徙廊道的重要组成部分,在全球生物多样性保护方面具有不可替代的作用。研究利用Landsat 系列遥感影像,集成面向对象和决策树分类方法对遥感影像进行解译,得到1980~2018年5个时期朝鲜半岛西海岸湿地分布数据集,对朝鲜半岛西海岸滨海湿地变化特征进行解析,并对比分析朝鲜和韩国不同体制和发展水平差异下的湿地演变驱动因素,以期为环黄海滨海湿地生态系统管理和可持续发展提供科学参考。研究结果表明：朝鲜半岛西海岸主要湿地类型为自然湿地,占研究区总面积的41.1%,以滩涂为主;近40 a间朝鲜半岛西海岸自然湿地面积呈减少趋势,损失1094.4 km²;人工湿地面积呈快速增加趋势,相对增加45.1%;受国家体制、政治、人口和经济等影响差异,朝鲜自然湿地多转化为耕地,而韩国自然湿地多转化为人工表面;人类活动对湿地的直接占用是该地区湿地损失最主要的因素,需加强管控和科学利用海岸带资源。     

A comparison between Fama and French's model and artificial neural networks in predicting the Chinese stock market

Evidence exists that emerging market stock returns are influenced by a different set of factors than those that influence the returns for stocks traded in developed countries. This study uses artificial neural networks to predict stock price movement (i.e., price returns) for firms traded on the Shanghai stock exchange. We compare the predictive power using linear models from financial forecasting literature to the predictive power of the univariate and multivariate neural network models. Our results show that neural networks outperform the linear models compared. These results are statistically significant across our sample firms, and indicate neural networks are a useful tool for stock price prediction in emerging markets, like China.     

Dynamic brand-image-based production location decisions

In this paper, we study the dynamic production location decisions of a manufacturer of a certain branded product. Considering brand-image as a form of goodwill, we extend the well-known Nerlove-Arrow dynamic model by adding both country-image and price. Formulating an optimal control problem for a group of countries in which the cost of production is convexly increasing with country-image, we are able to develop optimal decision rules for a manufacturer regarding the location of production and pricing over time. The resulted optimal policy has a very interesting pattern. Assuming that the demand rises by more than the value of the new brand-image in percentage terms, then, if brand-image is increasing toward a stationary value level, the optimal policy should be to initially locate production in countries with high image and set a high price that signals high quality. Later, the production should gradually shift to countries with lower production costs and lower image and the price lowered until the stationary value level is reached. For brand-images beyond the stationary value level, the location of production should start in a country with low costs and country-image while setting prices that signal relatively low quality. Over time, production should be shifted to countries with gradually higher costs and images while setting higher prices until the brand-image approaches the level of stationary value.     

Global Adjustment in Korean Textiles

A combination of chronological compression and coordination of serial production has distinguished global adjustment in Korean textiles. Compression denotes the rapid progression from origins to maturity and then decline in what has become one of the world’s leading textile manufacturing and exporting nations. One consequence of rapid development has been inconsistencies in the formation of independent industry institutions necessary for adjustment, such as industry associations. Coordination denotes matching supply and demand along a long domestic line of production for export. This line stretches from upstream synthetics and spinners, all the way down to fashion and garments. Three distinct patterns of coordination have dominated the Korean production line. 1) Intra-firm coordination within textile chaebol such as Kabool, Kolon, or Tongkook demand extensive investments upstream and downstream, but permit economies of scale and scope, and facilitate planning and quality control. 2) Inter-firm coordination by the Korean Federation of Textile Industries [KOFOTI] mobilizes state and industry support for extending and refocusing the production line, but remains hampered by excessive competition within the industry, and by conflicting demands between smaller and larger producers. 3) Industry-level supervision of the production line through state control of quotas, trade relations, prices, labor, and on raw material imports, as well as through macrolevel state controls in finance and trade. This paper focuses on the role of associations in global adjustment. Three levels of co-ordination were critical in addressing the market imperfections of a fast-growing industry, particularly in finance and in balancing production for domestic and foreign markets until recently. I conclude that without a greater role for industry associations in the face of state withdrawal from industry-level coordination, contention rather than productive competition will hamper adjustment along South Korea’s long production line.     

An ANOVA approach for accounting for life-cycle uncertainty reduction measures in RBDO: the FSAE brake pedal case study

Accounting for uncertainty reduction measures (URMs) is critical to maximize the potential benefits of probabilistic design methods such as reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) and tackle the challenges in the design and construction of lightweight, high quality and reliable products. This work formulates and solves the RBDO of a Formula SAE (FSAE) brake pedal model with two failure modes (stress-S_max and buckling-f_buck) accounting for uncertainty reduction measures (URMs) throughout the product lifecycle while establishing the URMs global relative contributions to weight savings (expected value and variability) and computational expense. Given a set of URMs such as number of coupon tests, mesh refinement and manufacturing control, the solution approach includes: i) modeling structural analysis errors, ii) construction of surrogate models for the functions of interest, e.g., mass-M, S_max, f_buck and the corresponding error functions, iii) modeling pre-design and post-design URMs, such as material property density functions from coupon tests, and manufacturing tolerances (quality control), iv) solving the RBDO problems associated with each of the entries in a DOE with replication, and v) using ANOVA to compute main effects of most significant URMs on selected performance measures, i.e., mean and standard deviation of brake pedal mass, and computational expense. Results show that in the context of the brake pedal case study: the adoption of URMs led to reductions of up to 15 and 85% of mass mean and standard deviation, respectively, design and post-design URMs were responsible for 77 and 19% of the maximum mass reduction, respectively, and it was possible to set preliminary guidelines for URMs allocation and meet a particular performance objective under alternative URMs.     

VLSI design and CAD technology in Korea

An overview is given of Korean VLSI and CAD technology, which did not develop naturally as it did in more advanced countries. Korean engineers had no electronic systems developed domestically for studying bipolar and MOS IC design. Consequently, they had to apply reverse engineering to the problem, which slowed development considerably. In 1982, the Korean government initiated the national project specifically to speed the progress of electronic technology development. Since then, VLSI design and CAD technology have begun to spread throughout the country. A prototype CAD system, called EDAS, was developed this year, and the project's goal has become the establishment of fully domestic VLSI CAD technology by 1991     

中外动画专业教学改革现状比较研究

文章分析了美国、日本、加拿大、韩国等动画发达国家的发展情况,总结优缺点结合国内动画专业教学改革的现状,进行比较,得出有利于我国动画教育发展的策略。     

Two‐echelon manufacturer–retailer supply chain strategies with price,quality, and promotional effort sensitive demand

This study deals with the two‐layer supply chain model of one manufacturer and one retailer for a single commodity where market demand is assumed to be dependent on selling price, quality of the products, and promotional effort of the retailer. We investigate the behavior of the supply chain under centralized, manufacturer Stackelberg, conditional manufacturer Stackelberg, retailer Stackelberg, conditional retailer Stackelberg, and vertical Nash model structure. The nature of the above models provides great insights to a firm's manager for achieving optimal strategy in a competitive marketing system. Quite often, not all items produced in a firm are of perfect quality; some are perfect (conforming) quality and others are imperfect (nonconforming) quality. The nonconforming products are sold in a secondary shop or by other retailers. The procurement cost of finished products depends on the quality of the products due to more investment in advanced technology, better raw materials, and skilled labor, etc. The warranty policy for the products is also imposed to attract the customers to buy more. Here, both members (manufacturer and retailer) jointly share the cost of the warranty policy. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal selling price and promotional effort of the retailer, while the optimal wholesale price and quality of the products are determined by the manufacturer so that the above strategies are maximized. Finally, numerical examples with sensitivity analysis of the key parameters are illustrated to investigate the proposed model.     

Integrated pricing and capacity decision for a telecommunication service provider

This paper studies a price and capacity decision for a telecommunications service provider that differentiates its products based on price and quality of service to maximize revenue. We assume the market is segmented into two customer classes. Time sensitive customers are willing to pay a price premium for a shorter service time, while price sensitive customers are willing to accept a longer service time in return for a lower price. The service provider offers products and services that differ only in their guaranteed service times and prices. We first develop a mathematical model to determine the optimal product price and optimal capacity necessary for maximizing total profit. We then consider a case where a service provider can marginally increase or decrease the capacity, and compute the optimal price and optimal capacity.     

Mobile phone dependency and its impacts on adolescents’ social and academic behaviors

This study aimed to examine the possible intrapersonal (i.e., attention, depression) and interpersonal (i.e., social relationships with friends, social relationships with teachers) problems related to mobile phone dependency and their impacts on academic achievement in adolescents in South Korea using a national sample of 2159 middle and high school students (1074 male and 1085 female). A structural equation modeling approach with mediation analysis was employed to test the seven hypotheses drawn from conceptual and empirical bases. Results showed that mobile phone dependency negatively predicted attention and positively predicted depression, which in turn, affect social relationships with friends and both Korean language arts and mathematics achievement. Also, the mediating roles of attention, depression, and relationships with friends were found between mobile phone dependency and the academic achievement of middle and high school students in S. Korea. Based on the findings, implications of the current study and future directions for research were discussed.     

Web assurance seal services,trust and consumers’ concerns: an investigation of e-commerce transaction intentions across two nations

Trust is considered as a critical enabler in reducing consumer concerns regarding e-commerce transactions. Another enabler that helps reduce consumers’ concerns is Web Assurance Seal Services (WASS). We suggest that both factors help in the reduction of a critical hindrance to e-commerce, namely consumer concerns, and foster e-commerce transactions. Prior research has focused on trust in e-commerce, and separately, on the effectiveness of WASS within certain nations or cultures. However, given that e-commerce is now a global phenomenon we contend that the national or cultural characteristics of consumers are important to understand. This comparative national research attempts to fill this gap. This study makes the following contributions: It identifies a hindrance (i.e., consumers’ concerns), and two enablers (i.e., effectiveness of WASS and trust) in e-commerce technologies as a shopping channel (i.e., trust in e-Channel). It proposes consumers’ concerns for e-commerce as a second-order three-dimensional construct (i.e., security, privacy, and business integrity concern) and compares the effects of trust in e-Channel and WASS on consumers’ e-commerce transaction intention in two different national/cultural contexts (i.e., the U.S.A. and South Korea). The results of the study indicate that the perceived effectiveness of WASS of the U.S. consumers has a strong positive impact on their transaction intention and has a strong negative influence on their concerns for e-commerce. In contrast, Korean consumers’ perceived effectiveness of WASS does not significantly influence their transaction intention and their concerns for e-commerce. The results of group comparison analysis confirm that the strength of perceived effectiveness of WASS of the U.S. consumers is significantly stronger than that of Korean consumers. Interpretations from a cross-national perspective, theoretical and practical implications as well as limitations are discussed.     

Optimal pricing for mobile manufacturers in competitive market using genetic algorithm

As mobile communication market grows rapidly, in Korea, competitive strategies in mobile phone manufacturers are crucial. However, the way the mobile phone manufacturers adopt a pricing policy is not flexible enough to maximize the profit under the competitive environment. In this paper, we derive a dynamic pricing model for considering the price change of product itself but also the relative price change of competing products. Scenario analysis is performed to find optimal pricing policy based on genetic algorithm. Our proposed model is expected to provide adaptable pricing policy in a competitive market for a mobile phone set.     

Computer use in Korean schools: Instruction and administration

Computer use in education is now commonly practiced and becoming increasingly important in educational endeavors. The success of school computer education depends on how schools implement computers. However, little up-to-date information is available on the use of computers in Korean schools. The purpose of this research was to investigate the present status of computer use for instruction and administration in Korean schools. To serve this purpose, a survey was conducted in December 1994. Overall, Korean schools have a relatively large amount of hardware and software due to strong governmental support. However, while the quantity of hardware and software abounds, problems exist in hardware function, software distribution, teacher training, and school policy on computer education. Data collected in these initial stages of educational computer use in Korea will be useful to guide the Ministry of Education's policy towards computer education.     

Cross-Cultural Studies on Subjective Evaluation of a Seal Robot

Subjective evaluation of a seal robot was conducted in exhibitions that were held in seven different countries: Japan, the UK, Sweden, Italy, South Korea, Brunei and the US. Surveys were administered to the visitors after interaction with the robot. To explore the differences among people's evaluations of the robot in the seven countries, statistical analysis was conducted in the data set obtained from over 1400 respondents. The subjective evaluation provided high scores on the whole, and the factors 'comfortable feeling like interacting with real animals' and 'favorable impression to encourage interaction' were extracted. The results showed that people in the UK, Sweden and Italy evaluated the robot highly in the first factor, and people in Japan and South Korea evaluated it highly in the second factor. We considered that the subjective evaluation of the seal robot was influenced by cultural differences of relationships with animals.     

Optimal carbon reduction level and ordering quantity under financial constraints

Carbon tax policy is widely adopted by many countries to curb carbon emissions. In the context of carbon tax policy, firms have more incentive to improve carbon reduction levels by reducing their carbon tax costs. However, firms need to bear carbon reduction costs that may cause shortage of capital. Thus, firms may face problems of financial constraints, which may demotivate firms to produce greener products. To address the decision‐making challenges of firms in the contexts of carbon tax policy and financial constraints, we consider a supply chain with a manufacturer who produces green products and a retailer who sells these products. Our study develops five models to investigate the two firms’ optimal wholesale price, carbon reduction level and ordering quantity, according to the manufacturer and retailer with or without financial constraints. Our goal in this study is to explore how carbon tax policy and banks’ interest rates affect the profits of the two firms, supply chain and consumer surplus. Certain managerial insights are obtained as follows. We demonstrate that carbon tax policy and banks’ interest rates demotivate the manufacturer to produce greener products and demotivate the retailer to order more products. If the interest rate to the manufacturer (retailer) is relatively low, then the manufacturer with financial constraint benefits (harms) the consumers compared with the retailer with financial constraint. Importantly, our analysis suggests that carbon tax policy harms the firms but benefits consumers, and the government in some conditions should reduce unit carbon tax.