ZnO:Al透明导电膜的制备及其性能的研究

利用脉冲激光法制备了 Zn O:Al透明导电膜。通过对膜进行霍尔系数测量及SEM、XRD测试分析 ,详细研究了靶材中的化学配比 (掺杂比 )对膜的透光率和电阻率的影响。结果表明 :掺杂比、氧分压强影响着膜的电学、光学性能和膜的结晶状况。从电学分析看出 :掺杂比从0 .75%增至 1 .5%过程中 ,膜的载流子浓度、透光率 (在波长大于 50 0 nm的范围 )和光隙能相应增大。在氧分压强为 0 Pa(不充氧 )、掺杂比为 1 .5%左右时沉积的膜 ,其电阻率达到最小 ,其值为 7.1× 1 0 -4 Ω cm,且在可见光区其透光率超过了 90 %。     

氧分压强和基片温度对脉冲激光沉积的ZnO∶Al膜性能的影响

利用脉冲激光法制备了ZnO∶Al透明导电膜。通过对膜进行霍尔系数测量及SEM、XRD测试分析 ,详细研究了沉积时的基片温度、氧分压强对膜的透光率和电阻率的影响。结果表明 :基片温度、氧分压强影响着膜的电学、光学性能和膜的结晶状况。从电学分析看出 :基片温度从 2 0 0℃升到 30 0℃过程中 ,膜的载流子浓度、透光率和光隙能相应增大。在氧分压强为0Pa、基片温度为 4 0 0℃下沉积的膜 ,其电阻率具有较低值 ,且在可见光区其透光率约为 90 %。     

ZnO：Al透明导电膜的制备及其性能的研究

利用脉冲激光法制备了ＺｎＯ：Ａｌ透明导电膜。通过膜进行霍尔系数测量及ＳＥＭ、ＸＲＤ测试分析，详细研究了靶材中的化学配比（掺杂比）对膜的透光率和电阻率的影响。结果表明：掺杂比、氧分压强影响着膜的电学、光学性能和膜的结晶状况。从电学分析看出：掺杂比从０．７５％增至１．５％过程中，膜的载流子浓度、透光率（在波长大于５００ｎｍ的范围）和光隙能相应增大。在氧分压强为０Ｐａ（不充氧）、掺杂比为１．５％左右时沉     

不同铝掺杂量ZnO薄膜性能的研究

以铝掺杂质量分数为1%、2%、3%的Zn/Al合金为靶材,采用直流反应磁控溅射技术在玻璃衬底上制备了不同铝含量ZnO:Al(AZO)透明导电薄膜。研究了衬底温度对AZO薄膜电学性能的影响;同时,研究铝掺杂量不同、电阻率相同的AZO薄膜的载流子浓度与迁移率的关系。结果表明:随着Al掺杂量的增加,薄膜最佳性能(透过率90%,电阻率6×10-4Ω·cm左右)时的衬底温度值会降低;电阻率相同的样品,1%铝掺杂的薄膜迁移率和透光率均高于2%铝掺杂薄膜的。     

低温沉积ITO膜的透光率及电磁屏蔽特性的研究

采用射频磁控溅射技术,在水冷的有机玻璃(PMMA)和聚乙烯对苯二甲酯(PET)柔性膜上,低温沉积ITO薄膜。研究了膜厚对其形貌、光电以及电磁屏蔽特性的影响。结果表明,表面形貌随膜厚的增加有明显变化,进而对样品的光电性能产生明显影响,可见光平均透光率在75%~86%,电阻率在1×10-3Ω.cm~3×10-3Ω.cm范围内变化;其样品的总屏蔽效能也随着膜厚的增加而逐渐增大。通过适当调节膜厚,可分别实现样品最大平均透光率86.41%,最小电阻率1.19×10-3Ω.cm,最大屏蔽效能超过15 dB。     

基底温度和氧分压对直流磁控溅射制备的ZnO∶Al薄膜性能的影响

利用直流磁控溅射法在玻璃衬底上制备了ZnO:A l(ZAO)透明导电薄膜。详细研究了沉积时的基片温度、氧分压强对膜的透光率和电阻率的影响。结果表明:ZAO薄膜具有六角纤锌矿结构且呈c轴择优取向,晶粒垂直于衬底方向柱状生长;衬底温度和氧分压对薄膜的电阻率有很大影响;基底温度对薄膜的可见光透过率影响不大,但随氧分压的增大而增大;在衬底温度为250℃、氧分压为1%时,薄膜有最优化的电阻率和平均透光率,分别达到8.35×10-4Ω.cm和85.2%。     

溶胶-凝胶法制备AZO薄膜及Al掺杂机理的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍提拉法成功制备了Al掺杂ZnO薄膜(以下简称AZO薄膜)。用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、分光光度计、霍尔(Hall)测量仪,分别研究了不同Al的掺杂浓度对薄膜的结晶性能、微观形貌和光电性能的影响,探讨了Al的掺杂机理。结果表明,Al的掺杂存在最佳值,当Al掺杂摩尔浓度为5%时,AZO薄膜的结晶性能、微观形貌和光电性能最佳,其透光率在80%以上,电阻率为2.1×102Ω·cm,霍尔迁移率为0.23cm2/V·s,载流子浓度为7.81×1014cm-3。     

氧分压强和基片温度对脉冲激光沉积的ZnO：AI膜性能的影响

利用脉冲激光法制备了ZnOAl透明导电膜。通过对膜进行霍尔系数测量及SEM、xRD测试分析,详细研究了沉积时的基片温度、氧分压强对膜的透光率和电阻率的影响。结果表明基片温度、氧分压强影响着膜的电学、光学性能和膜的结晶状况。从电学分析看出基片温度从200℃升到300℃过程中,膜的载流子浓度、透光率和光隙能相应zk大。在氧分压强为0Pa、基片温度为400℃下沉积的膜,其电阻率具有较低值,且在可见光区其透光率约为90％。     

透明导电ZnO∶In薄膜光电性能的研究进展

本征ZnO是高阻材料,如何对其进行掺杂,提高其光电性能,制备出高质量的ZnO薄膜是实现其应用的关键.从晶体结构和能带结构、影响光电性能的因素、透明导电机制、提高光电性能的途径等方面综述了In掺杂ZnO(ZnO:In)薄膜光电性能的研究进展,提出了降低ZnO:In薄膜电阻率和提高透光率的有效途径,并对未来的发展方向进行了简要说明.     

硅/石墨负极中硅的体电阻率和掺杂类型对锂离子电池电化学性能的影响

将电阻率为1Ω·cm、0.1Ω·cm、0.01Ω·cm、0.001Ω·cm的n型掺杂硅片以及电阻率为1Ω·cm、0.001Ω·cm的p型掺杂硅片球磨制成6种硅粉,并分别将其与石墨按照5∶95的质量比进行混合,用作锂离子电池负极材料并制成扣式电池,通过电化学阻抗谱和倍率性能测试来研究硅材料体电阻率和掺杂类型对锂离子电池电化学性能的影响规律。结果表明,硅材料体电阻率越低,其储锂容量越高,倍率性能越好。电阻率相同时,n型掺杂硅始终比p型掺杂硅具有更大的储锂容量和更好的倍率性能。但是,当p型掺杂硅的电阻率远低于n型掺杂硅时,p型掺杂硅电化学性能更佳。另外,0.001Ω·cm的n型掺杂硅样品具有最佳的充放电比容量和倍率性能,其首次充放电比容量分别为457.7mAh·g~(-1)和543.4mAh·g~(-1)。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...