孔有效利用的活性炭基非对称电极膜/电容脱盐系统（英文）

采用活性炭纤维为原料制备出膜/电容脱盐系统,提纯含氯化钠的水。OG系列活性炭纤维作为电极的活性材料,其比表面积和孔分布不同而呈现不同的活化程度。将这些材料用于膜/电容脱盐系统,评价了他们对钠离子或氯离子的脱盐性能。膜/电容实验在不同操作电位窗口、含盐溶液的进料速率和浓度下进行。OG系列活性炭纤维对每种离子的脱盐效率和电吸附量来评价膜/电容性能。结果表明,BET比表面积是确保高性能的必要因素。另外,炭材料最上端的浅孔有助于活性炭纤维比表面积的充分利用。OG7A样品的孔结构适合于钠离子吸附,OG10A和OG15A适于大量孔吸附氯离子。因此,非对称电极排列施加于吸附离子的尺寸,应考虑炭材料比表面积和孔面积的有效利用,以得到高性能的膜/电容脱盐系统。     

活性炭对甲苯的吸附平衡及热力学研究

以负载醋酸锌的废活性炭为原料,采用微波法得到再生活性炭产品吸附甲苯.测定了20、30和40℃时活性炭吸附甲苯的吸附等温线和穿透曲线,并用Langmuir和Freundlich方程处理实验数据,Lang-muir方程能很好地拟合实验数据,计算了甲苯在活性炭上的最大饱和吸附量(qm)为273.23mg/g、平均吸附热(△H...     

沥青基球形活性炭对CO2的吸脱附行为研究

考察了沥青基球形活性炭(PSAC)的孔结构与CO2吸附容量间的内在关系及其脱附性能.采用N2吸附法分析PSAC的孔结构,由穿透曲线测试其对CO2的平衡吸附量.实验结果表明:在CO2/N2混合气氛下,活性炭对CO2的吸附容量与孔径小于1nm的微孔比表面积呈线性关系;当PSAC担载5%的三聚氰胺后,对CO2(15%)的平衡吸附量由0.91mmol/g增加到1.15mmol/g,提高了26.3%;采用抽真空脱附时,循环脱附效率为74.6%,而电解吸-抽真空耦合脱附工艺可使CO2的循环脱附效率接近100%.     

Fenton试剂预活化污泥制备活性炭及对腐殖酸吸附作用

采用Fenton试剂对污泥进行预处理,将制成的污泥基活性炭(SBAC)作为环保材料应用于吸附治理环境水体中腐殖酸,研究了吸附过程中的理论问题。实验结果表明,Fenton试剂对污泥进行预处理可有效改善吸附材料的化学活性并提高污泥基活性炭(SBAC)的孔隙率(比表面积由原来的92.65m2/g增加至172.8m2/g),增大了材料的吸附容量;近中性水液中吸附容量较大,升高温度有利于吸附;298K,pH值=8时,污泥基活性炭对腐殖酸的最大吸附容量为89.63mg/g,大于市售颗粒活性炭和凹凸棒/活性炭;吸附过程符合Freundlich等温模型,对吸附动力学的拟合结果表明,该过程更符合Lagergren二级动力学方程;吸附过程吸热、熵值增加,常温下可自发进行。污泥基活性炭可用于吸附去除水体中腐殖酸。     

超大比表面积活性炭对柴油中噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能

主要研究了超大比表面积活性炭对柴油中噻吩类硫化物的吸附性能.采用气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器(GC-SCD)分析了柴油中噻吩类硫化物的分布和浓度,测定了柴油中噻吩类硫化物在超大比表面积活性炭固定床层的吸附透过曲线,并探讨了吸附温度、床层填充高度及液相流速等对其吸附性能的影响.结果表明,柴油中噻吩类硫化物主要有苯并噻吩(BT)及其烷基衍生物(BT alkylated derivatives)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)及其烷基衍生物(DBT alkylated derivatives);活性炭床层吸附温度、填充高度和液相流速对固定床吸附透过时间均有影响.活性炭对柴油中噻吩类硫化物的吸附选择性为:BT＜BT alkylated derivatives＜DBT＜DBT alkylated derivatives;在最佳吸附条件下,每克超大比表面积活性炭能把5ml初始硫浓度为1200μg/g的柴油净化至硫含量＜5μg/g,达到"零硫"标准,此时吸附剂的工作容量达5.04mg/g.超大比表面积活性炭对柴油中大分子噻吩类硫化物具有较强的吸附性能.     

几种层状化合物对六价铬吸附性能的对比与讨论

柱撑蒙脱石和有机蒙脱石对Cr(VI)的吸附容量分别为8.9和3.7mg/g,二者在吸附容量上的差别主要和它们的表面性质有关.双金属氢氧化物(LDH)结构层之间的CO₃^2-离子难以被Cr(VI)交换,其吸附容量为11.3 mg/g.双金属氧化物(LDO)能够从水溶液中获取阴离子和水分子,并恢复重建LDH的结晶结构,它对Cr(VI)的吸附属化学吸附,其吸附容量在一般条件下为73 mg/g.通过抑制溶解CO₂对LDO吸附反应的干扰,它对Cr(VI)的吸附容量可达理论值.     

CO_2直接活化法制备PAN基活性炭纤维及其对苯系气体吸附性能的研究

以聚丙烯腈(PAN)预氧丝为原料,采用CO_2直接活化法,制备了PAN基活性炭纤维,并通过液压成型方式将PAN基活性炭纤维制成滤材。通过氮吸附、SEM和XPS对制得的PAN基活性炭纤维进行表征。利用自搭建的吸附性能测试系统,将PAN基滤材和以相同成型方法制成的粘胶基滤材进行苯、甲苯的吸附测试。结果表明,自制的PAN基活性炭纤维比表面积为860m2/g,总孔容积为0.361m3/g,最可几孔径为0.62nm,官能团为羟基、醚基、羧基、酯基和类吡啶基团。PAN基滤材单位表面积对苯和甲苯的饱和吸附量均大于粘胶基滤材,其吸附活性位比粘胶基滤材多,更适合用来吸附苯系污染物。     

微波加热碳酸钾法制备烟杆基高比表面积活性炭

以烟杆炭化料为原料,采用微波加热碳酸钾活化法制备了高比表面积活性炭.研究了微波加热时间和碱炭比对活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响,得到了优化工艺条件,所得活性炭产品的碘吸附值为1834mg/g,亚甲基兰吸附值为517.5mg/g,得率为16.65%.产品的吸附性能超过了双电层电容器专用活性炭(LY/T 1617-2004)标准的要求,同常规加热相比,活化时间缩短了78.26% .同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过非定域化密度函数理论表征了活性炭的孔结构.该高比表面积活性炭的比表面积为2557m2/g,总孔体积为1.6470ml/g.     

椰壳活性炭去除染料的应用研究

本文以农业废弃物椰壳为原材料,采用化学活化法制备生物炭-椰壳活性炭,利用椰壳活性炭作为吸附剂吸附去除水中阴离子染料刚果红和阳离子染料孔雀石绿,同时考察了不同因素对去除效果的影响以及最大吸附容量。结果表明:椰壳活性炭对刚果红和孔雀石绿都有很好的去除效果,去除率可达93.2%和96.5%,吸附容量可达228.1mg/g和258.6mg/g。     

α-CD/PAN纤维膜对Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Ni~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的吸附特性

应用静电纺丝技术制备α-环糊精(α-CD)/聚丙烯腈(PAN)纤维膜,采用SEM、FT-IR分别对纳米纤维膜进行表征。通过考察pH值、吸附时间、重金属离子初始浓度、温度几个因素,系统研究了α-CD/PAN纤维膜对重金属离子的吸附影响。结果表明:在溶液pH=6,吸附时间为2h,重金属离子初始浓度为10mg/L,温度为35℃的条件下,纳米纤维膜对铜离子(Cu~(2+))、锌离子(Zn~(2+))、镍离子(Ni~(2+))和铅离子(Pb~(2+))的吸附达到最佳,吸附容量分别为9.11、9.02、9.31和8.87mg/g。     

微波加热烟杆制备微孔活性炭的研究

研究了微波加热烟杆氯化锌活化法制备微孔活性炭的新工艺.采用正交试验研究了氯化锌浓度、浸渍时间、微波功率和活化时间对活性炭得率和吸附性能的影响.最佳工艺条件为ZnCl2浓度25%,浸渍时间36h,微波功率为700W,加热时间为16 min时,所制备的活性炭的碘吸附值为1059.32 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为21 mL/0.1g,得率为32.90 %.该工艺将常规加热方法的预热、干燥、炭化和活化简化为一个过程,所需要加热时间仅为传统方法的1/13,产品活性炭的亚甲基蓝吸附值为国家一级品标准的2.33倍.同时测定了该活性炭的氮吸附等温线,通过BET法计算了活性炭的比表面积,并通过H-K方程、D-A方程和密度函数理论(DFT)表征了活性炭的孔结构.结果表明:该活性炭为微孔型,BET比表面积为1214m2/g,总孔容为0.7387 mL/g,微孔占总孔容74.03%,中孔占24.54%,大孔占1.43%.     

High performance activated carbon for benzene/toluene adsorption from industrial wastewater

A coal-tar-derived mesophase was chemically activated to produce a high surface area (∼3200 m²/g) carbon with a porosity made up of both micropores and mesopores. Its adsorption capacities were found to be among the highest ever reported in literature, reaching values of 860 mg/g and 1200 mg/g for the adsorption of benzene and toluene, respectively, and 1200 mg/g for the combined adsorption of benzene and toluene from an industrial wastewater. Such high values imply that the entire pore system, including the mesopore fraction, is involved in the adsorption process. The almost complete pore filling is thought to be due to the high relative concentrations of the tested solutions, resulting from the low saturation concentration values for benzene and toluene, which were obtained by fitting the adsorption data to the BET equation in liquid phase. The kinetics of adsorption in the batch experiments which were conducted in a syringe-like adsorption chamber was observed to proceed in accordance with the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The combined presence of micropores and mesopores in the material is thought to be the key to the high kinetic performance, which was outstanding in a comparison with other porous materials reported in the literature.     

Preparation of fibrous activated carbons from wood fiber

Short fibrous hollow activated carbons with a high aspect ratio were prepared by carbonization and carbon dioxide activation of softwood and hardwood fibers. The softwood activated carbon consisted mostly of micropores even though the degree of burn-off during the activation became higher. In the case of the hardwood fiber, on the other hand, meso- and macropores as well as micropores were formed and the ratio of these large pores increased with an increasing degree of burn-off. The adsorbed amount of water and toluene vapor on these fibrous activated carbons was compared with that of the commercial activated carbon fibers (ACFs). These fibrous activated carbons showed a high adsorption capacity comparable to that of the ACFs.     

利用染料吸附评价活性炭纤维结构的初步研究

研究了一系列不同结构的活性炭纤维对水溶液中碘、酚及亚甲基蓝、结晶紫、二甲酚橙的吸附特征。揭示了染料在活性炭纤维上吸附量的大小,明显受活性炭纤维孔宽的屏蔽作用（分子筛效应）的影响。初步提出可利用染料吸附特征与活性炭纤维的孔宽和染料分子的几何尺寸的相关性,简便地评价活性炭纤维的孔结构和液相吸附性能。     

沥青基活性炭纤维的制备及其对NO的催化氧化

以沥青基炭纤维为原料,用水蒸气活化的方法制备了三种不同比表面积的活性炭纤维,并采用氮吸附法和拉曼光谱对活性炭纤维进行了表征。本文研究了活性炭纤维在常温下对模拟空气中50 ppm NO的催化氧化性能,结果表明,活性炭纤维可将NO部分催化转化为NO2,较低比表面积的活性炭纤维因为其较窄的孔径分布和较大的类石墨微晶有利于对NO的催化氧化。     

Carbons prepared from Spartina alterniflora and its anaerobically digested residue by H3PO4 activation: characterization and adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solutions

Two series of activated carbons were prepared from Spartina alterniflora and from its anaerobically digested residue by H(3)PO(4) activation at various process conditions, and used as adsorbents for the removal of cadmium (II) in aqueous solutions. The surface areas and pore volumes of carbons were derived from adsorption isotherms (N(2) at 77K). The surface chemistry of carbons was investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Comparison study indicated that physicochemical properties of the activated carbons were strongly dependent not only on activation conditions but also on biopolymer contents of precursors. Several isotherm models were investigated and the adsorption isotherm data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 47.85 mg/g at 25 °C. The results showed that the activated carbon produced from S. alterniflora could be employed as a promising adsorbent for removing cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions.     

Reversible toluene adsorption on monolithic carbon aerogels

Thirteen monolithic carbon aerogels with different pore textures were used as toluene adsorbents. Adsorption was carried out under both static and dynamic conditions. Under static conditions at 25 degrees C and at saturation, an adsorption capacity as high as 1.36 cm(3) g(-1) or 1180 mg g(-1) was obtained. Toluene adsorption was a reversible process in all carbon aerogels, and the adsorbed toluene was completely recovered by heating them at 400 degrees C. Regenerated adsorbents showed larger surface area and micropore width than the original samples, indicating that no pore blockage was produced. Adsorption under dynamic conditions at 100 degrees C was also completely reversible after at least three consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles. The ability of these carbon aerogels to reversibly adsorb toluene could be useful for their application in thermal swing adsorption or pressure swing adsorption equipment.     

Adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution on activated carbons obtained from bean pods

The preparation of activated carbons from bean pods waste by chemical (K(2)CO(3)) and physical (water vapor) activation was investigated. The carbon prepared by chemical activation presented a more developed porous structure (surface area 1580 m(2) g(-1) and pore volume 0.809 cm(3) g(-1)) than the one obtained by water vapor activation (258 m(2) g(-1) and 0.206 cm(3) g(-1)). These carbons were explored as adsorbents for the adsorption of naphthalene from water solutions at low concentration and room temperature and their properties are compared with those of commercial activated carbons. Naphthalene adsorption on the carbons obtained from agricultural waste was stronger than that of carbon adsorbents reported in the literature. This seems to be due to the presence of large amounts of basic groups on the bean-pod-based carbons. The adsorption capacity evaluated from Freundlich equation was found to depend on both the textural and chemical properties of the carbons. Naphthalene uptake on biomass-derived carbons was 300 and 85 mg g(-1) for the carbon prepared by chemical and physical activation, respectively. Moreover, when the uptake is normalized per unit area of adsorbent, the least porous carbon displays enhanced naphthalene removal. The results suggest an important role of the carbon composition including mineral matter in naphthalene retention. This issue remains under investigation.     

双电层电容器用煤基活性炭的制备与电化学性能表征

以河南永城无烟煤为原料、KOH为活化剂制备了高比表面积的煤基活性炭,采用低温N_2吸附法对活性炭的比表面积、孔容及孔径分布进行了表征,并对其用作双电层电容器电极材料的电化学性能进行了系统测试.在KOH与煤的质量比为4:1、活化温度为800℃、活化时间为1h的条件下制备出的活性炭其比表面积高达3224m~2/g,总孔容达1.76cm~3/g,中孔率为57.95%.该活性炭电极在3mol/L KOH电解液中的比电容高达324F/g,且具有良好的循环性能,当电流密度为40mA/g时,经1000次循环后,比电容保持率超过92%,且其漏电流很小.     

活性炭对扑热息痛的吸附行为和体外释放性能

主要研究了药用颗粒活性炭对扑热息痛的吸附行为和体外释放性能。采用N2吸附表征了三种活性炭的孔结构，借助Beohm滴定法和质量滴定法测定了活性炭的表面含氧官能团和零电荷点pHPZC；考察了比表面积、孔隙结构与吸附性能和体外释放性能的关系，及活性炭表面化学性质对吸附性能的影响。结果表明：活性炭的孔结构和表面化学性质对吸附性能和体外释放性能具有决定性的影响。比表面积高、孔隙发达、孔径分布集中在2nm-11m,之间的中孔型活性炭，对扑热息痛的吸附力很强，平衡吸附量达到了358mg／g，累计释放率为7％；具有广谱孔径分布的活性炭，平衡吸附量为281mg／g，可以缓释12h以上，累计释放率达到27％。活性炭表面的酸性含氧官能团对吸附扑热息痛具有一定的促进作用。三种活性炭的释药过程均符合Higuchi方程释药模式。