喷嘴结构改进及其液体射流过程颗粒团聚研究

在重质原料液的射流阶段降低反应温度会导致液体呈现不同的黏度,促使颗粒聚集形成不同尺寸的团聚结构,阻碍了原料液的热量传递,减缓了裂化反应的速率,颗粒团聚是流体焦化反应工艺面临的一个重要而又具有挑战性的问题。选用水-沙系统模拟热态沥青-焦炭系统,利用气罩装置改进喷嘴结构,基于电导信号法测量多黏度液体射流过程的电导信号随时间的变化规律,研究不同条件下流化床内颗粒团聚过程。研究结果表明：多孔气罩装置可以为喷嘴射流创造理想的稀相环境,避免了液滴在射流空腔以及交换区域的聚集和压缩;液体射流在床层扩散过程中可以观察到不同的流化阶段,即颗粒润湿阶段、团聚形成阶段、团聚隔离阶段;较高的气液比可以有效地阻止颗粒团聚,相比于较低的流化气速,较高的气速条件允许高黏度糖水溶液参与液体射流。本研究为多黏度液体射流过程颗粒团聚现象的在线监测提供了理论研究基础,确保了流化床内射流液滴与颗粒表面的良好接触。     

高通量循环流化床提升管内Geldart B类颗粒团聚特性研究

在内径60 mm、高5.5 m的循环流化床提升管实验装置上,基于光纤探针所测颗粒浓度信号、采用小波分解方法,研究了高通量操作条件下Geldart B类颗粒(石英砂)的团聚特性(团聚物颗粒浓度、持续时间和频率等)。研究表明,团聚物在提升管轴径向分布不均匀,且与操作条件密切相关。在提升管中心区域,团聚物颗粒浓度小,持续时间短,出现频率较高;而在边壁区域则相反。团聚物颗粒浓度和持续时间随循环量的增加而增加,随气速的增加而减小;聚团频率的变化趋势相反,且在低气速下随着循环量的增加先增加后减小。     

基于递归分析的喷雾气固流化床团聚状态识别

液体会影响喷雾气固流化中的颗粒循环模式,形成不同程度的颗粒团聚物,从而直接降低反应器的传热、传质效果。实验中向流化床喷入不同黏度的乙二醇溶液,来人工制造团聚现象。研究结果表明,喷入不同黏度的液体后,流化床内会形成不同的团聚结构,按照团聚物大小可分为四类：微团聚、成核团聚、黏结团聚以及糊状团聚。通过对不同工况中的压差波动信号进行递归分析,发现不同团聚状态下的递归图纹理结构有着明显的差异。与此同时,对50种流动条件下的递归特征量分布情况进行分析,以此来识别不同的团聚结构,整体识别率高达96.39%。结果表明：通过对压差信号的递归分析可以快速识别流化床中的团聚状态。     

循环流化床中颗粒团聚物性质的PDPA测量

提出了一种利用相位多普勒粒子分析仪（PDPA）来测量气固循环流化床中颗粒团聚物性质的方法,并运用此方法初步考察了操作条件对循环流化床稀相区中颗粒团聚物性质的影响.在本实验操作条件下,颗粒团聚物的时间分率、频率、内部空隙率以及轴向速度等性质都存在轴径向的不均匀分布,具有较明显的环核特征;固体循环速率对颗粒团聚物性质径向分布影响不大,表观气速的变化可引起其轴向分布规律发生显著改变,但其径向的环核特性仍然存在.     

基于递归分析的喷雾气固流化床团聚状态识别

液体会影响喷雾气固流化中的颗粒循环模式,形成不同程度的颗粒团聚物,从而直接降低反应器的传热、传质效果。实验中向流化床喷入不同黏度的乙二醇溶液,来人工制造团聚现象。研究结果表明,喷入不同黏度的液体后,流化床内会形成不同的团聚结构,按照团聚物大小可分为四类:微团聚、成核团聚、黏结团聚以及糊状团聚。通过对不同工况中的压差波动信号进行递归分析,发现不同团聚状态下的递归图纹理结构有着明显的差异。与此同时,对50种流动条件下的递归特征量分布情况进行分析,以此来识别不同的团聚结构,整体识别率高达96.39%。结果表明:通过对压差信号的递归分析可以快速识别流化床中的团聚状态。     

循环流化床气体-颗粒团聚物两相流体动力特性的研究

基于气固两相流体动力学,建立循环流化床内气体-颗粒团聚物两相流动模型,模拟计算循环流化床内气固两相流动.理论预测得到循环流化床内颗粒团聚物的形成,得到颗粒"环-核"流动结构,模拟计算颗粒相浓度和速度以及气相速度分布与前人实验结果的趋势基本吻合.     

团聚液雾化气泡粒径分布特性的可视化研究

泡沫团聚法是有效脱除细颗粒物PM_2.5的方法。本文对团聚液的雾化粒径进行了研究,筛选出适于团聚PM_2.5的气泡粒径的溶液及喷雾条件。文中首先对气泡粒径与团聚颗粒物的能力进行估算,进而通过CCD拍摄精细雾化喷嘴喷出的团聚液泡沫的流动过程,利用MATLAB处理图片,得出雾化气泡粒径和密度大小。实验结果表明,发泡剂会使团聚液的雾化液滴形成气泡,增大雾化颗粒直径;PAM团聚液形成的气泡粒径偏小,且雾化颗粒密度大,粒径主要分布在小于200μm范围;XTG团聚液气泡粒径偏大,CMC团聚液气泡粒径介于两者之间;0.2% CMC团聚液气泡粒径均匀,颗粒数量大;在距喷口轴向20cm处,气泡破碎和聚合趋于稳定;喷口直径0.5mm时,气泡雾化粒径大多分布在100~300μm粒径范围内,符合团聚脱除PM_2.5的气泡条件;随着温度的升高,直径在0~300μm内的气泡颗粒数量增大明显。     

流化床液固共存区域团聚结构表观黏结特性

通过TEB雾化喷嘴制造流化床团聚结构,利用层叠筛分方法对原始颗粒、成核聚团、黏结聚团、糊状聚团4种结构加以尺度区分,成功地实现了不同团聚阶段的分区域辨识.实验选取团聚结构最为稳定的异质共存区域为研究对象,对其黏结过程的表观结构特性和组织特性进行了分析.研究结果表明:成核聚团是诱导黏结聚团产生及增长的基本元素,团聚结构的黏结增长导致结构孔隙度随之增加,随着注入液体对孔隙结构的不断填充,结构逐渐趋于饱和,共存区域内任何尺度的团聚结构黏结增长速率均相同;尽管在异质共存区域内的团聚结构处于同一流化条件下,成核聚团及黏结聚团两者的水分含量及固体体积分数却表现出了明显的差异.     

快速流化床内气固两相流动态压力的实验研究

对快速流化床内轴向动态压力进行了测量,分别通过标准偏差、功率谱以及多尺度小波分析研究了流化床内的动态特性。研究结果表明:压力脉动的强度沿轴向由下至上逐渐衰减,且在循环速率较高时,底部压力脉动标准偏差与顶部之间存在着明显的转折;压力信号的主频随着颗粒质量流率的增加,其所对应的峰值(即脉动强度)有所增加,而主频的频率逐渐降低。通过压力脉动的小波多尺度分析表明:流化床内压力脉动中,小尺度信号主要体现在由于气体与颗粒的湍动、颗粒碰撞、颗粒团聚物的形成与破裂等高频部分的信号;中尺度信号主要捕获来自于不稳定进料所引起的较大的压力脉动;大尺度信号与床层的宏观稳定性相关。研究结果表明,通过对动态信号的微观分析可以深入认识气固两相流的瞬态参数特性以及气固间的相互作用机制。     

液固外循环流化床换热器主压降的实验研究

以喷嘴为颗粒循环装置的液固外循环流化床换热器为研究对象,考察颗粒直径、口径比、喷嘴安装位置、颗粒初始加入量及流体黏度对主压降的影响,得出了稳定操作情况下,液固外循环流化床换热器主压降与上述因素之间的经验关联式,计算值与实验值吻合较好,为外循环流化床换热器的设计计算提供依据。     

Impact of a draft tube on industrial‐scale Fluid Coker™ Spray Jets in fluidized beds

In fluidized bed reactors such as Fluid Cokers?, liquid injections are used. Good contact between liquid and bed solids is required to maximize product yields and quality, and gas‐atomized nozzles are, therefore, used in all these processes. The spray nozzle technology is known to affect the liquid distribution. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the effect on liquid distribution of a draft tube located downstream of the spray nozzle, inside the fluidized bed. Experiments were conducted at a relevant scale, using a commercial‐scale nozzle with a liquid flow rate of about 100 L/min in a large‐scale pilot fluid bed containing about 7 tonnes of silica sand. Liquid injected into a fluidized bed either forms liquid‐solid agglomerates or free moisture, consisting of individual particles coated with a thin layer of liquid. Several electrodes were used to map the free moisture distribution throughout the bed. A draft tube greatly improves the contact efficiency throughout the bed. It also increases the penetration of the gas‐liquid jet formed by spray inside the fluidized bed.     

双组分颗粒鼓泡流化床内气泡形状参数

在二维双组分鼓泡床实验装置上,采用高速摄像技术,对床内气泡的形状特性进行了研究,考察了不同形状气泡在床内的轴径向分布,探索了颗粒组成和操作气速对气泡形状的影响。结果表明:不同形状的气泡在鼓泡床内呈正态分布,球形度较好的气泡主要分布于床层底部和壁面附近,而细长的气泡则主要集中于床层中心区域。随着气体速率的增加,气泡的球形度和宽纵比降低,气泡形状趋于细长和不规则;随着重组分增加,气泡的球形度增大而宽纵比减小。双组分颗粒鼓泡流化床内气泡球形度的概率密度较单组分的分布更宽,而宽纵比的概率密度分布与添加的颗粒密度有关。     

Continuous on-line measurement of solid moisture content during fluidized bed drying using triboelectric probes

Wet granulation and drying of solids in fluidized beds are widely used in the pharmaceutical, food and fertilizers industries. Although the moisture content of fluidized solids is the key parameter for on-line process monitoring, reliable, accurate and economical moisture sensors are lacking. The aim of this work was, therefore, to develop a new technique using triboelectric probes for real-time measurement of moisture content in fluidized beds, and to validate its applicability to fluid bed drying of glass beads (Sauter-mean diameter of 171 μm) and silica sand particles (Sauter-mean diameter of 190 μm) wetted by water. Several triboelectric probes, installed at different locations throughout the bed, monitored the bed moisture content during both the liquid spraying and the following drying process. The measuring technique developed in this study makes use of inexpensive probes that do not require any maintenance. The triboelectric signals were continuously recorded by a data acquisition system and, at selected times, samples of bed solids were taken and analyzed for their moisture content using Karl Fischer titration. The triboelectric signals were correlated with the moisture contents determined by titration to calibrate the technique, which was found to be sensitive to moisture contents below 100 ppm. For most of the experiments the bed was operated in the bubbling regime with a superficial gas velocity of 0.4 m/s. The relationship between triboelectric signal and moisture content was unaffected by changes in the fluidization gas velocity of up to 25%, and could be easily automated for direct control of industrial granulation and drying processes.     

Mass transfer between solid particles and liquid in a three phase fluidized bed

Particle-liquid mass transfer in a co-current three-phase fluidized bed of glass beads, water and air was studied with two measurement techniques. Both techniques measured the weight loss of a few particles coated with benzoic acid in a bed of inert glass beads. The effects of liquid and gas velocities, gas distribution and surface active agents on particle-liquid mass transfer in a three-phase fluidized bed were thus determined. In the absence of surface active agents in the liquid, particle-liquid mass transfer rates in a three-phase fluidized bed were up to 30% higher than in the corresponding liquid fluidized bed. When surface active agents were added to the liquid, the particle-liquid mass transfer rate was increased by up to about 100% in the three-phase fluidized bed, relative to the liquid fluidized bed. The particle-liquid mass transfer coefficient was found to be inversely proportional to the liquid hold-up in the three-phase fluidized bed.     

Effect of agglomerate properties on agglomerate stability in fluidized beds

Fluidized bed agglomeration is used to stabilize particulate mixtures and reduce dust emissions. This technology is applied to a variety of production processes for the pharmaceutical, chemical, fertilizer and food industries. In most of these applications, agglomerate stability is an essential criterion. Agglomerates and granules that do not conform to size and shape specifications may create problems in downstream processes, such as tableting, thus compromising process efficiency and product quality. When an agglomerate is formed in a fluidized bed, it can grow by incorporating other bed particles, split into smaller fragments, or be eroded by fluidized bed solids. The objective of the present study is to determine the critical agglomerate liquid content at which the rates of agglomerate growth and shrinkage are balanced when artificial agglomerates made from glass beads and water are introduced into a fluidized bed. This study examined the effects of agglomerate size, agglomerate density, liquid viscosity, binder concentration, and fluidizing gas velocity on the critical initial liquid content. This study found that small agglomerates and low density agglomerates displayed higher critical initial moisture contents. When the viscosity was increased by using sugar solutions, agglomerates were very stable and had very low critical initial moisture contents. The study also found that as the superficial gas velocity increased, the agglomerates started to fragment, rather than erode.     

玉米秸秆循环流化床气化中试试验

玉米秸秆是农业生产过程中产生的剩余物,其热解气化是秸秆类生物质处理应用的重要选择方向。为此,采用循环流化床气化中试装置对玉米秸秆进行了气化试验,研究空气当量比ER、原料含水率对反应温度、气化燃气组分与热值、气化效率及燃气中的焦油含量等气化特性影响规律,并通过改变进料量试验得到了在不同负荷运行条件下的优化工作参数。结果表明：①随着ER的增大,循环流化床气化炉内的反应温度升高,气化燃气中的CO₂含量增加,焦油与CO含量及燃气热值降低,气化效率随ER的增大呈现先增大后减小趋势,较理想的ER为0.26,此时的气化效率达到70.2%、燃气热值为5.1MJ/m³;②原料含水率的增大降低了气化炉内的反应温度,当原料含水率在5%～15%之间逐渐增大时,燃气中的H₂含量、燃气热值及气化效率均有提升,当含水率由15%继续增大到25%过程中,燃气热值与气化效率均出现了快速下降;③根据气化炉额定进料量设计值,改变进料负荷在66%～120%范围内,调节ER在0.26～0.3时均可得到较好的运行工况,对应得到的燃气热值为4.8～5.1MJ/m³、气化效率为69%～72%。     

Wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds

Wall to bed heat transfer has been studied in three-phase fluidized beds with a cocurrent up-flow of water and air. Six sizes of glass beads, two sizes of activated carbon beads and one size of alumina beads, varying in average diameter from 0.61 to 6.9 mm and in density from 1330 to 3550 kg/m³, were fluidized in a 95.6 mm diameter brass column heated by a steam jacket. Complementary heat transfer experiments have been performed also for a gas–liquid cocurrent column and liquid–solid fluidized beds. The wall-to-bed coefficient for heat transfer in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed is evaluated on the basis of the axial dispersion model concept. The ratio of the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed to that in the liquid–solid fluidized bed operated at the same liquid flow rate is correlated in terms of the ratio of the velocity of gas to that of liquid and the properties of solid particles. A correlation equation for estimating the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the liquid–solid fluidized bed is also developed.     

焦炉烟道废气-流化床式煤调湿技术的应用

利用焦炉烟道废气为热源及动力源,在流化床设备内对捣固焦炉配合煤进行预处理。生产应用表明,流化床煤调湿技术对配合煤调湿及分级作用明显,调湿后配煤水分降低2.2%,减少回炉煤气用量1474×104m3,CO2减排8750t,减少焦化废水处理量2万t,焦炉生产能力提高5%,排空废气粉尘含量〈50mg/m3。     

Fluidization of moist sawdust in binary particle systems in a gas–solid fluidized bed

The fluidized behavior of binary mixtures of moist sawdust and glass spheres has been investigated. The sawdust alone was observed to fluidize poorly, with extensive channelling occurring. The addition of 0.322 and 0.516 mm glass spheres to the fluidized bed of sawdust improved the fluidization characteristics. The mixtures of sawdust and 0.322 mm spheres were completely mixed when fluidized. Mixtures of sawdust and 0.516 mm spheres were either partially or completely mixed, depending upon gas velocity in the fluidized bed. As the moisture content of the sawdust was increased, the minimum fluidization velocity of the binary mixture also increased. There was an upper limit to the moisture content of the sawdust at which fluidization could be achieved. When the moisture content of the sawdust exceeded 33 and 54 wt% on a dry basis, agglomeration and channelling occurred in the mixtures of sawdust and glass spheres, with sizes 0.322 and 0.516 mm, respectively. The moisture likely contributes to interparticle liquid bridging forces. Binary mixtures of larger 0.777 and 1.042 mm glass spheres and up to 82% moisture sawdust did not readily agglomerate, but the two components completely segregated during fluidization.     

新型流化床内流体重构的流体力学特性变化及其数值模拟

针对前期研究开发的新型三重环流与多重环流流化床,构建气液两相流的二维数值模型,分析微观流场、液体运动速度和气相含率,剖析环流数对流化床流体力学特性的影响和对内循环过程的改善,寻找反应器运行过程节能的结构与优化的操作条件。通过数值模拟发现:基于单重环流,多重环流作用主要改变流体在上升区和下降区之间的相互混合和交汇,增大环流数可缩短流体运动的循环路程和时间,有利于加强相际之间的混合,但床内整体流态仍接近推流,微循环的存在所占比例较小;多重环流流化床的流体力学性能优于三重环流,随着环流次数的增多,液速在径向和轴向上分布更均匀,气泡逆流进入下降区,有利于反应器整体氧传质效率的提高。通过流化床结构改变实现的流体重构支持流体力学性能的改善,是高负荷有机废水好氧生物处理期待选择的开发方向。