多晶硅生产氯化氢回收工艺的模拟与优化

建立了多晶硅生产氯化氢回收工艺过程的热力学模型,考察了吸收塔进气的氯化氢摩尔分数、吸收塔的液气比、解吸塔回流比等因素对吸收尾气中氯化氢摩尔分数、回收氯化氢中氯化氢摩尔分数的影响,并考察了闪蒸脱氢的最优条件。最终得出CVD尾气的最优吸收液气比和解吸回流比分别为1.4和0.3;STC氢化尾气的最优吸收液气比和解吸回流比分别为2.0和0.3;闪蒸的最优条件是0.2 MPa、-40℃。     

液-液气射流泵的实验研究

液-液气射流泵是一种能同时抽吸液、气两相介质的液体喷射泵。本文首先对液-液气射流泵的工作原则以及基本性能方程的推导过程进行了论述,引入了表征引射介质中气相的体积流量比的参数β(含气比),最后通过性能试验得到了液-液气射泵的基本性能方程。该方程还能够描述液-液和液-气两种射流泵的基本性能,适用范围广泛,可作为工程设计的参考。     

超重力强化AMP-PZ复合溶液脱碳技术及表观动力学

为提高工业上火电厂乙醇胺（MEA）吸收塔脱碳工艺中脱碳率和反应速率,提出了超重力技术耦合2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇-对二氮己环（AMP-PZ）混合胺脱碳方法。正交实验表明：不同操作参数对脱碳率的影响显著性大小依次为：超重力因子、气液比、吸收剂质量浓度、主吸收剂含量、温度;最佳操作条件为：超重力因子为60,气液比为15,吸收剂质量分数为25%,主吸收剂质量分数为60%,温度为25℃,CO₂脱除率可达97.16%。相对传统的乙醇胺（MEA）吸收塔法,CO₂脱除率提高了7.16%。相同操作条件下,旋转填料床的脱碳反应速率常数比曝气反应装置高一倍。建立了超重力场中AMP-PZ脱碳表观动力学模型,不同操作参数对反应速率常数的显著性影响大小依次为：超重力因子>气液比>吸收剂质量浓度。     

旋转填料床气液反应制备超细氧化锌工艺研究

以氨气和硝酸锌为原料,在旋转填料床中通过气液反应制备前驱体氢氧化锌.经煅烧后可得超细氧化锌粒子,经XRD和FEM检测得到其粒径为20-80nm。重点研究旋转填料床转速、原料浓度、氨气分率、气液比等对前驱体氢氧化锌粒径的影响,选择洗涤条件及优化煅烧温度和时间.确定了旋转填料床气液反应制备超细氧化锌的最佳工艺条件。     

水平管稠油掺气减阻模拟实验

依托流体可视化环道装置,设计并加工稠油掺气减阻模拟装置,实验研究水平管内两种稠油模拟油掺气流动阻力特性,拍摄不同气液流量比下的管流流型,分析不同实验条件下气相对稠油的减阻效果并建立相应的压降预测模型。结果表明：在气液比0~15范围内,共观察到六种流型,分别是泡状流、弹状流、分层流、段塞流、环状流、雾状流。220^#与440^#模拟油所对应的管路减阻率分别在气液比1.17和0.96时达到最大值48.19%和33.76%,当掺气比为0.9~1.2时,减阻率均可维持在20%以上。其机理可归结为空气使油-油接触转变为油-气-油接触,降低了混合相的层间剪切应力。Dukler法不适用于高黏气液两相流,所建立的稠油-气两相压降模型预测值与实测值吻合良好,平均相对误差在20%以内。     

气液喷射式环流反应器气含率及传质比表面积的研究

研究了气速、液速对喷射式环流反应器气-液传质比表面积以及全塔、导流管和环隙部分的平均气含率的影响。提出将喷射式环流反应器中传递性能参数随操作条件的变化规律进行分区研究可简化放大过程。根据实验数据和文献数据,获得了计算敏感区域全塔平均气含率(?)和气液传质比表面积a_R的关联式: (?)=7.18×10~(-4)U_g~(0.55)Re_1~(1.24)D~(-0.64) a_R=644U_(g)~(0.44)(ρ_L/V_R)~(0.46)     

水平管稠油掺气减阻模拟实验

依托流体可视化环道装置,设计并加工稠油掺气减阻模拟装置,实验研究水平管内两种稠油模拟油掺气流动阻力特性,拍摄不同气液流量比下的管流流型,分析不同实验条件下气相对稠油的减阻效果并建立相应的压降预测模型。结果表明:在气液比0~15范围内,共观察到六种流型,分别是泡状流、弹状流、分层流、段塞流、环状流、雾状流。220#与440#模拟油所对应的管路减阻率分别在气液比1.17和0.96时达到最大值48.19%和33.76%,当掺气比为0.9~1.2时,减阻率均可维持在20%以上。其机理可归结为空气使油-油接触转变为油-气-油接触,降低了混合相的层间剪切应力。Dukler法不适用于高黏气液两相流,所建立的稠油-气两相压降模型预测值与实测值吻合良好,平均相对误差在20%以内。     

环流技术在石油炼制领域中的研究与应用

环流技术在生物工程、废水处理、有机化工、煤直接液化等领域得到了较多的研究和应用,这些研究多集中于气-液、液-固及气-液-固体系。近年来,环流技术的研究延伸到了气-固体系,应用范围也拓展到了石油炼制领域。本文重点概述了气-固环流技术在石油炼制领域中催化裂化装置的粗旋快分、汽提器、外取热器、降烯烃反应器及石油焦燃烧器等装备中的研究与应用进展,同时也对气-液环流技术在渣油悬浮床加氢、气-液-固环流技术在水合物法分离炼厂气中氢气技术上的研究与应用情况进行了综述。     

气液比对表面活性剂复配促进甲烷水合物生成影响

气液比作为影响天然气水合物快速、大量生成的关键因素,有必要对其深入研究。利用天然气水合物装置,设定初始压力为6 MPa,温度为275.15 K,研究了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与烷基多糖苷(APG1214)复配溶液体系在不同气液比条件下对天然气水合物生成影响。结果表明,合理的选取气液比能增强水合物的储气能力以及生成速率,4.00为其最佳气液比,最终储气密度可达到110.2(V/V),实验初始气液比的大小会影响水合物的生成过程,增加气液比能增加水合物的生成速率。因此,合理地将表面活性剂复配以及选取气液比,可显著提高水合物生成速率与储气能力。     

糠醛-环己醇-莰烯三元气液平衡数据的测定

利用自制气液平衡装置测定糠醛-环己醇、糠醛-莰烯和糠醛-环己醇-莰烯在101.3kPa下的气液平衡数据。对所测得的数据进行关联与计算,得到Wilson方程参数。代入Wilson模型,计算出101.3KPa条件下糠醛-环己醇、糠醛-莰烯2组二元体系的温度与气相组分的质量分数,与实验值比偏差不大,说明实验可行。用面积积分法验证两组二元气液平衡数据的热力学一致性,结果符合要求。通过测定糠醛-环己醇-莰烯三元气液平衡数据,并进行拟合,得到421.5K时糠醛的气相物质的量分数相对最高,环己醇的气相物质的量分数又相对最低,即在该温度下分离糖醛分环己醇较好,可为工程上分离糠醛和环己醇提供理论依据。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。