PBGA无铅焊点热可靠性优化研究

在田口实验法的基础上,采用非线性有限元建模,对温度循环载荷作用下的PBGA无铅焊点进行可靠性优化研究。L18(21×37)田口正交表被选用来分析PBGA封装体的8个控制因子,包括PCB的尺寸和厚度、基板的尺寸和厚度、焊点的直径和高度、芯片以及塑封的厚度。通过田口实验法,得出了关于PBGA最佳的结构参数组合,其中最重要的控制因子为基板厚度和焊点高度,最佳参数分别为0.66mm和0.60mm。     

无铅焊点的可靠性研究

焊点的质量和可靠性很大程度上决定了电子产品的质量.随着环境保护意识的增强,无铅焊料、无铅焊点成为了近年来的研究热点.无铅焊点由于焊料的差异和焊接工艺参数的调整,其可靠性势必会受到新的影响.从设计、材料和工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点的可靠性的因素,最后分析了焊点的常见的可靠性问题产生的原因,并给出了相应的解决办法.     

无铅焊点的可靠性研究

电子产品的质量很大程度上取决于焊点的质量与可靠性。在无铅化进程中，由于无铅焊点焊料的不同和焊接工艺参数的调整，必然会给焊点可靠性带来许多新的影响。本文进行了焊点的失效分析，并从PCB和模板设计、表面组装材料、及工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素，最后分析了焊点的常见的可靠性问题的产生原因及解决办法等。     

无铅焊料表面贴装焊点的可靠性

由于Pb对人体及环境的危害,在不久的将来必将禁止Pb在电子工业中的使用。为寻求在电子封装工业中应用广泛的共晶或近共晶SnPb钎料的替代品,国际上对无Pb钎料进行了广泛研究。其中,共晶SnAg和共晶SnAgCu钎料作为潜在的无Pb钎料,具有剪切强度、抗蠕变能力、热疲劳寿命好等特点。     

无铅焊点的可靠性问题

焊点的质量与可靠性很大程度决定了电子产品的质量。随着环境保护意识的增强,无铅焊料、无铅焊点成为了近年来的研究热点问题。无铅焊点由于焊料的差异和焊接工艺参数的调整,必不可少地会给焊点可靠性带来新的影响。本文从设计、材料及工艺角度分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素,对无铅焊点可靠性测试方法做了介绍。     

PCBA无铅焊点机械性能可靠性测试研究

随着欧盟ROHS指令对电子产品中有害物质的使用作了限定，引发了电子产业界无铅化的应用研究，并随着无铅化研究的逐渐深入，无铅化应用研究工程中，为保证产品的质量，可靠性系列问题就越来越突出，本文主要对无铅导入过程中PCBA无铅焊点几种常见的机械性能可靠性测试试验进行了描述，测试的内容包含三点弯曲测试、焊点拉伸实验和剪切实验。     

热循环加载片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点的可靠性

建立了片式元器件带空洞无铅焊点有限元分析模型,研究了热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响.结果表明:热循环加载条件下空洞位置和空洞面积显著影响焊点热疲劳寿命.空洞位置固定于焊点中部且面积分别为7.065×10-4,1.256×10-3,1.963×10-3和2.826×10-3mm2时,焊点热疲劳寿...     

无铅焊点在热疲劳和电迁移作用下的组织演变

研究了Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu焊点接头在室温和55℃下通电过程中阴极和阳极界面处微观组织的演变,电流密度均采用104A/cm2。结果表明,室温条件下通电达到25 d,Bi原子由阴极向阳极发生了扩散迁移,在阳极界面处形成了厚度约22.4μm的均匀Bi层,而阴极出现了Sn的聚集。加载55℃通电2 d后,焊点发生了熔融,阴极界面处形成了厚度为34.3μm的扇贝状IMC,而阳极界面IMC的厚度仅为9.7μm。在IMC层和钎料基体之间形成了厚度约7.5μm的Bi层,它的形成阻碍了Sn原子向阳极界面的扩散迁移,进而阻碍了阳极界面IMC的生长,导致了异常极化效应的出现。     

无铅焊点失效模式及可靠性影响因素研究

传统的铅锡焊料中,铅及其化合物会给人类健康及环境带来严重危害,因此无铅焊料的研究与应用成为近年来的热点问题。由于焊料从有铅向无铅的转变,同时工艺参数随之调整,给焊点的可靠性带来了不可忽视的影响。本文从无铅焊点的可靠性出发,分析了焊点的几种主要失效模式,并从设计、焊料的选择以及工艺参数等方面分析了影响无铅焊点可靠性的因素,将无铅焊点所存在的新的可靠新问题进行了归纳与讨论。     

Reliability testing of WLCSP lead-free solder joints

The interfacial reactions of solder joints between Sn-4Ag-0.5Cu solder ball and a couple of presoldered pastes (Sn-7Zn-Al(30ppm) and Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu) were investigated in wafer-level chip-scale package (WLCSP). After appropriate surface mount technology reflow processes on printed circuit boards with a Cu/OSP (organic solderability preservative) surface finish, samples were subjected to 150°C high-temperature storage (HTS) for 1,000 h of aging or 1,000 cycles of a thermal cycling test (TCT). Sequentially, cross-section analysis is scrutinized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry and energy probe microanalysis to observe metallurgical evolution in the interface and solder buck itself. It was found that the degradation of the joint shear strength after TCT is more pronounced than that of the shear strength after HTS. Fracture surface analyses of the shear tests show that the degradation of the joint strength for HTS is solely due to the influence of the interfacial IMC grain growth, while the shear strength degradation for TCT is mainly due to the coefficient thermal expansion mismatch from the thermal cycling at the chip-solder interface and can lead to the occurrence of the crack.     

低银无铅微互连焊点的振动疲劳行为研究

通过采用一系列与集成电路BGA(球栅阵列)、Flip Chip(倒装焊芯片)真实焊点体积接近的不同尺寸的典型“三明治”结构Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu低银无铅微互连焊点,基于动态力学分析的精密振动疲劳试验与微焊点疲劳断口形貌观察相结合的方法,研究了微焊点振动疲劳变形曲线的形成机制、裂纹萌生扩展与断裂机理、温度对振动疲劳行为的影响及微焊点振动疲劳行为的尺寸效应问题。结果表明,保持焊点直径恒定,随着焊点高度的减小,焊点的疲劳寿命增加,而疲劳断裂应变降低,同时焊点的疲劳断裂模式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂。     

Accelerated thermal fatigue of lead-free solder joints as a function of reflow cooling rate

Leadless chip resistor (LCR) assemblies were manufactured using both traditional tin-lead (Sn37Pb) and lead-free (Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu) solders. The leadfree test vehicles were assembled using three different cooling rates: 1.6°C/sec, 3.8°C/sec, and 6.8°C/sec. They were then exposed to accelerated thermalcycling (ATC) tests between 0°C and 100°C with a 10–14°C/min ramp rate and a 5-min dwell time. The test results indicated that these lead-free solder joints had better creep-fatigue performance than the tin-lead solder joints. The LCR built with the medium cooling rate showed the longest fatigue life compared with the resistors built with the normal cooling rate of 1.6°C/sec and the higher cooling rate 6.8°C/sec. The number of cycles to failure was significantly correlated to the void defect rate. Failure analyses were done using cross-sectioning methods and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finite-element models were built to analyze the inelastic, equivalent strain range in solder joints subjected to thermal-cycling conditions with different degrees of solder wetting. The results indicated that poor wetting increases strains throughout the joint significantly, which is in accordance with the ATC results.     

Effect of process-induced voids on isothermal fatigue resistance of CSP lead-free solder joints

With the progressive miniaturization of electronic devices, process-induced voids in lead-free solder joints affect the assessment of thermal fatigue resistance. Voids appear randomly in a solder joint, making quantitative evaluation of fatigue life difficult. This study examined the effect of process-induced voids on the thermal fatigue resistance of CSP solder joints. CSP specimens were subjected to isothermal mechanical fatigue tests; specifically, the accelerated thermal cycle test. When a void is small, it has no apparent effect on fatigue life. However, when voids having diameters of at least 30% of solder diameter are located along the crack propagation route, fatigue life is shortened. FEA and Miner’s law for estimation of fatigue life suggest that voids affect not only the crack initiation but also crack propagation. Estimated numbers of cycles to failure agree quantitatively with the experimental results. The effects of the size, location, and number of voids can be extracted by FEA. As voids along the crack path become larger, fatigue life decreases. Moreover, when two voids are located near the corner of a solder joint on the crack path, a 30% decrease in life appears. This result agrees with experimental results reported in several literatures.     

Rate-dependent properties of Sn-Ag-Cu based lead-free solder joints for WLCSP

The increasing demand for portable electronics has led to the shrinking in size of electronic components and solder joint dimensions. The industry also made a transition towards the adoption of lead-free solder alloys, commonly based around the Sn-Ag-Cu alloys. As knowledge of the processes and operational reliability of these lead-free solder joints (used especially in advanced packages) is limited, it has become a major concern to characterise the mechanical performance of these interconnects amid the greater push for greener electronics by the European Union.In this study, bulk solder tensile tests were performed to characterise the mechanical properties of SAC 105 (Sn-1%wt Ag-0.5%wt Cu) and SAC 405 (Sn-4%wt Ag-0.5%wt Cu) at strain rates ranging from 0.0088 s⁻¹ to 57.0 s⁻¹. Solder joint array shear and tensile tests were also conducted on wafer-level chip scale package (WLCSP) specimens of different solder alloy materials under two test rates of 0.5 mm/s (2.27 s⁻¹) and 5 mm/s (22.73 s⁻¹). These WLCSP packages have an array of 12 × 12 solder bumps (300 μm in diameter); and double redistribution layers with a Ti/Cu/Ni/Au under-bump metallurgy (UBM) as their silicon-based interface structure.The bulk solder tensile tests show that Sn-Ag-Cu alloys exhibit higher mechanical strength (yield stress and ultimate tensile strength) with increasing strain rate. A rate-dependent model of yield stress and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was developed based on the test results. Good mechanical performance of package pull-tests at high strain rates is often correlated to a higher percentage of bulk solder failures than interface failures in solder joints. The solder joint array tests show that for higher test rates and Ag content, there are less bulk solder failures and more interface failures. Correspondingly, the average solder joint strength, peak load and ductility also decrease under higher test rate and Ag content. The solder joint results relate closely to the higher rate sensitivity of SAC 405 in gaining material strength which might prove detrimental to solder joint interfaces that are less rate sensitive. In addition, specimens under shear yielded more bulk solder failures, higher average solder joint strength and ductility than specimens under tension.     

Nanoindentation on SnAgCu lead-free solder joints and analysis

The lead-free SnAgCu (SAC) solder joint on copper pad with organic solderability preservative (Cu-OSP) and electroless nickel and immersion gold (ENIG) subjected to thermal testing leads to intermetallic growth. It causes corresponding reliability concerns at the interface. Nanoindentation characterization on SnAgCu solder alloy, intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and the substrates subjected to thermal aging is reported. The modulus and hardness of thin IMC layers were measured by nanoindentation continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) from planar IMC surface. When SAC/Ni(Au) solder joints were subject to thermal aging, the Young’s modulus of the NiCuSn IMC at the SAC/ENIG specimen changed from 207 GPa to 146 GPa with different aging times up to 500 h. The hardness decreased from 10.0 GPa to 7.3 GPa. For the SAC/Cu-OSP reaction couple, the Young’s modulus of Cu₆Sn₅ stayed constant at 97.0 GPa and hardness about 5.7 GPa. Electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to thermal aging. The creep effect on the measured result was analyzed when measuring SnAgCu solder; it was found that the indentation penetration, and thus the hardness, is loading rate dependent. With the proposed constant P/P experiment, a constant indentation strain rate h/h and hardness could be achieved. The log-log plot of indentation strain rate versus hardness for the data from the constant P/P experiments yields a slope of 7.52. With the optimized test method and CSM Technique, the Modulus of SAC387 solder alloy and all the layers in a solder joint were investigated.     

基于电阻应变临界点的无铅焊点失效分析

利用特制的焊点在线测试系统,测试了不同载荷条件下单个无铅焊点的电阻应变曲线,推导出电阻应变和损伤量之间的定量关系式,分析了焊点失效特性。结果表明:无铅焊点电阻应变曲线包括线性变化区和指数变化区;两个区域临界点处的电阻应变值为0.05左右,临界点至失效的时间约占焊点寿命的20.00%～30.00%;热循环条件下,40℃的电阻应变曲线临界点滞后于125℃的临界点,滞后时间约占焊点寿命的7.50%。     

Intermetallic growth studies on Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder joints

Solid-state intermetallic compound (IMC) growth behavior plays an important role in solder joint reliability of electronic packaging assemblies. The morphology and growth of interfacial IMC compounds between 95.5Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Pb-free solders and nickel/gold (Ni/Au) surface finish on BGA solder joint specimen is reported. Digital imaging techniques were employed in the measurement of the average IMC growth thickness. The IMC growth behavior subjected to isothermal aging exposure at 125°C, thermal cycling (TC), and thermal shock (TS) with upper soak temperatures of 125°C are compared. An equivalent isothermal aging time is proposed for comparison of IMC layer growth data. It was noted that IMC layer growth under thermal cycling and thermal shock aging gives an acceleration factor of 1.4 and 2.3 based on the equivalent isothermal aging time.