Preservation of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid in vitamin-enriched minced meat products after different types of heat processing

Enrichment of meat chopped products with thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid in a dose of 1, 1.25, 10 an 75 mg (respectively) per portion provides their content in prepared products comprising a half of the daily requirements of a human in these vitamins. Different types of heat treatment (routine frying, IR- and UHF-heating) lead to relatively high preservation of the vitamins added (70-90%). It is recommended that meat chopped cutlets be used as vitaminization objects.     

Fate of supplementary B-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows

Four lactating Holstein cows equipped with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in 2 studies to evaluate the disappearance of supplementary B-vitamins before and from the small intestine. The cows were fed a total mixed ration with chromic oxide in 12 daily meals. Each study consisted of a control (no vitamin supplementation) and a treatment period (with vitamin supplementation). Amounts of vitamins (mg/d) supplemented in studies 1 and 2, respectively, were: thiamin: 300 and 10; riboflavin: 1600 and 2.0; niacin: 12,000 and 600; vitamin B₆: 800 and 34; biotin: 20 and 0.02; folic acid: 2600 and 111; vitamin B₁₂: 500 and 0.4. In study 1, vitamins were added to the feed 5 d before and during the 4-d collection period. In study 2, vitamins were infused postruminally 1 d before and during the 4-d collection period. Substantial disappearance before the duodenal cannula was noted in study 1 (67.8% thiamin, 99.3% riboflavin, 98.5% nicotinamide, 41.0% pyridoxine, 45.2% biotin, 97.0% folic acid, and 62.9% vitamin B₁₂). Except for nicotinamide and folate, there was almost no disappearance of postruminally infused vitamins before the duodenal cannula (study 2), suggesting extensive ruminal destruction or use. Apparent intestinal absorption values differed greatly among vitamins, but the proportion of vitamins disappearing from the small intestine was not negatively influenced by supplementation. Except for riboflavin and niacin, absolute amounts disappearing from the small intestine were greater during the treatment than the control periods, suggesting that B-vitamin supply in dairy cows is increased by supplementation, although losses in the rumen are extensive.     

The vitamin status of miners working at deep levels and its correction

Providing with ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and niacin was studied in miners at deep levels before and after intake of correcting doses of vitamins. Enrichment of the food ration with vitamins produced a positive effect on the working capacity of the miners under study. The levels of vitamin consumption (vitamin-energy coefficients) have been estimated correcting the vitamin balance in miners working at deep levels.     

Effect of the method of vitaminizing bread made from top-grade wheat flour on its thiamine, riboflavin and niacin content

Preservation of thiamine, riboflavin and niacin was studied in bread baked either from best-grade wheat flour enriched with vitamins B1, B2 and PP at the mill, or after the vitamins were added to the dough at the bakery. It was established that during the bread baking the content of vitamins was decreased by 33.3-58.1% when the wheat flour was vitaminized at the mill, and by 17.0-38.7% when the vitamins were added to the dough at the bakery. The content of thiamine and niacin in the bread prepared from flour vitaminized at the mill conforms to the standards recommended by the Institute of Nutrition, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, for wholesale sorts of bread.     

Effect of Feeding Three Levels of Riboflavin, Niacin and Vitamin B6 to Male Chickens on the Nutrient Composition of Broiler Breast Meat

Sixty day-old male chicks were fed three rations differing in riboflavin (R), vitamin B₆, and niacin (N) content. The three rations were: (1) an adjusted basal ration containing R, B₆ and N 10% above National. Research Council recommendations, (2) a ration containing 75% of the 3 vitamins as in (1), and (3) with 125% of the 3 vitamins as in (1). Birds were grown for 51 days and the breast meat harvested and analyzed for proximate composition, 3 vitamins and 9 minerals. No significant differences in the nutrient content of meat were found attributable to the dietary treatments. Results indicated that broiler meat composition was fairly constant even though birds consumed wide differences in R, B₆ and N.     

The activity of glutathione-reductase and FAD-effect as indicators of the riboflavin level in experiments and in patients with phenylketonuria]

Subjects of discussion in the paper are various methods of determining the riboflavin allowances and the results achieved by the application of two of them that concern determining the activity of the glutathione-reductase and the FAD-effect in the study of an experimental B2-deficiency in rats and the riboflavin allowances in children suffering from phenylketonuria. Exclusion of vitamin B2 from the ration of rats resulted in that in 8 weeks they developed B2-deficiency ascertained with the help of the above cited enzymatic tests. In a certain percentage of children with phenylketonuria after discontinued administration of group "B" vitamins (D1 diet) there could be observed an intensification of the FAD-effect and, accordingly, a reduced glutathione-reductase activity. Resumed taking of the vitamins (D2 diet) normalized the riboflavin allowance values in at least, one week's time.     

Effect of dietary correction and administration of multivitamin preparations on providing rural technical school students with vitamin C and B 1

Actual nutrition and providing with vitamins C and B1 were studied in students of rural trade school (youths aged 16-17 years) in the town of Volsk, the Saratov region. The actual nutrition was corrected by inclusion of curds and other milk and vegetable products into the ration. The content of ascorbic acid in the usual and corrected rations, estimated analytically, during spring comprised 17 and 29%, and vitamin B1--49 and 75% of the recommended standard. The insufficient providing of the students with vitamins C and B1 in spring was confirmed by their low level of excretion with urine, and by lowered vitamin C concentration and activity of vitamin B1-dependent enzyme transketolase in the blood of the investigated students. The ration correction improved to a certain extent the values of providing with vitamins C and B1 but could not eliminate vitamin deficiency. Administration of "Undevitum" in a dose of 1 dragee/day during 4 months eliminated the vitamin deficiency in the ration and provided optimum vitamin levels for the students.     

Increase of nutritive value of poultry egg by of vitamin fortification of laid-hens diets

Real content of vitamins A, E, B1 and B2 in hen's eggs from different poultry farms and personal farm varies in wide range and differs from the data of national food chemical tables. Elevated nutritive value eggs with maximal vitamin content may be obtained from hens fed diets with optimal vitamin level. Such way fortified one egg contributes 30% of recommended daily intake of vitamin E, about 10% of vitamins A and B2, 3% of vitamin B1. Intensification of egg yolk pigmentation by means of carotenoids additives to hens ration leads to their 10-fold increase comparing with the data of food chemical tables. Coloured egg provides for 5-10% of carotenoids adequate daily intake.     

The vitamin allowance of the pupils in a rural vocational and technical school and their prophylactic vitaminization]

The actual nutrition and providing with vitamins C and B1 was studied in boys aged 16-17 years, students of a rural trade school (Volsk of Saratov Province). Although the caloric value of their ration was high enough the content of animal proteins was only 42-48 g/day. The content of ascorbic acid in the ration comprised 48%, in the spring of 1987 it was 17%, and of 1988-29% of the recommended standard, vitamin B1 levels did not show seasonal differences. Vitamin C and B1 deficiencies in the spring were proved by their low excretion levels in urine, and by a low concentration of vitamin C and decreased activity of B1-dependent enzyme transketolase in the blood. Intake of "Undevitum" (1 dragee/day) during 4 months was conductive to the improvement of the student providing with vitamins.     

Short communication: Effect of fatty acid supplements on apparent ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows

The effect of fat supplements (FS) providing different proportions of saturated (SFA) and unsaturated (UFA) fatty acids on supply, apparent ruminal synthesis (ARS), and duodenal flow (DF) of some B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆, folates, and vitamin B₁₂) were evaluated in an experiment using 8 ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows. The experiment was a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21-d treatment periods. The 4 treatments were a control diet without fatty acid supplement and 3 diets with 2.5% additional fatty acids from supplements containing (1) SFA, (2) an intermediate mixture of SFA and UFA, or (3) UFA. All diets were served as a total mixed ration once daily at 115% of the expected intake. B-vitamin concentrations were analyzed in feed and duodenal digesta. Apparent ruminal synthesis of each B vitamin was calculated as the DF minus the intake. B-vitamin concentrations were similar among the 4 treatments; consequently, daily intake of the vitamins followed the same pattern as dry matter intake. Adding FS decreased B-vitamin intakes (except vitamin B₁₂), as did increasing the proportion of UFA. Riboflavin and niacin DF and ARS, expressed as total daily amount or per unit of dry matter intake, were not affected by FS, but increasing the proportion of UFA decreased riboflavin and niacin DF and ARS. Fat supplements decreased DF of vitamin B₆, expressed either as total daily amount or per unit of dry matter intake. No treatment effects were observed on total daily folate DF and ARS. However, when expressed per unit of dry matter intake, folate DF and ARS were greater when cows were fed FS and they increased linearly with the proportion of UFA in the supplement. Inclusion of fat supplements into the dairy cow diet had a limited effect on the fate of most B vitamins in the rumen although increasing the proportion of UFA in the FS linearly decreased apparent synthesis of riboflavin and niacin in the rumen and the amounts of these vitamins reaching the small intestine.     

The correlation dependence between urinary excretion of vitamin B1, B2, C and entrance some nutrients with ration

The results of the correlation analysis between parameters of urinary excretion of vitamins B1, B2 and ascorbic acid and the consumption of some nutrients with daily ration are presented. The expressed correlation dependence between consumption of proteins and fats and urinary excretion of riboflavin, and between consumption of proteins and carbohydrates and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid were found out. The strong correlation was found between the level of the majority trace elements in daily ration and urinary excretion of vitamins. The urinary excretion of thiamin, riboflavin and ascorbic acid depends on their quantity consumed with the daily ration.     

Changes in the nutritive value of food products after thermal culinary handling

The data were summarized for the first time concerning the losses of the basic food substances (protein, fats, carbohydrates, Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, vitamins A, B1, B2, PP, C) and caloric value as a result of the different methods of culinary treatment: cooking, frying, stewing, baking, and so forth. It was shown that the greatest losses of vegetable foods are observed during frying, those of animal foods during cooking. It was also shown that the least losses of nutritive substances of vegetable foods are observed during cooking without water pouring off. The losses of nutritive substances of animal foods were minimal during stewing, baking and cooking in the form of cutlets. For rough estimation of the daily diet the losses during thermal culinary treatment may be assumed on the average as 6% (proteins), 12% (fats), 9% (carbohydrates), and 10% (the caloric value).     

HPLC法测定保健食品B族维生素片中9种维生素B的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测（HPLC-DAD）法测定B族维生素片中9种维生素B成分的含量。方法:样品中的叶酸经0.3%氨溶液超声提取,样品中的生物素、维生素B₁₂和泛酸经水超声提取,样品中的维生素B₁、维生素B₂、维生素B₆、烟酸和烟酰胺经0.1%盐酸超声提取,经C₁₈柱分离,以甲醇-0.1 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,泛酸和生物素在205 nm波长处进行检测,维生素B₁、维生素B₂、烟酸和烟酰胺在256 nm波长处进行检测,维生素B₆和叶酸在287 nm波长处进行检测,维生素B₁₂在361 nm波长处进行检测。结果:9种成分能实现较好地分离,在各自线性范围内线性关系良好,决定系数R2均大于0.999,平均回收率为91.8%~106.9%,RSD为0.2%~4.8%,方法的检出限在0.05~4.7 mg/kg之间。结论:该方法操作快速简便、精密度和重复性好,能快速完成保健食品B族维生素片中9种维生素B成分的测定,并降低成本。     

乳粉中主要B族维生素检测的GB和AOAC方法比较分析

为探究维生素B1、B2、B3（烟酸）、B6的国家标准方法和AOAC官方方法检测结果的可比性和误差来源,该研究通过对测试结果的F检验、显著性差异检验对维生素B1、B2、B3、B6的国家标准方法和AOAC官方方法进行了等效分析、并通过双向单侧t检验（TOST）对维生素B2进行了详尽的比较分析。分析结果表明,维生素B1、维生素B3和维生素B6国家标准方法和AOAC官方方法之间无显著性差异,而维生素B2国家标准方法和AOAC方法之间机理存在差异,通过等效性分析后数据结果表明两种方法等效不好;实验中发现在乳粉基质中添加酸性磷酸酶能够获得更接近可比性数据结果。     

Vitamin allowance of cosmonauts during preflight training and after completing short space flights

Supply of the main and doubling crews of cosmonauts with vitamins C, A, D, E, B1, B2, B6, PP, and B12, folic acid and carotinoids was studied during training and after the completion of short-term space flights (from 4 to 13 days). As the result of the investigation conducted during the intensive training, 1 month before the space flight some cases of certain vitamins deficiency were revealed. Administration of additional vitamins during 2 weeks before the flight led to a rise in the cosmonauts' supply with vitamins. The findings obtained after the short-term space flights evidence an intensive metabolization of vitamins and increased vitamin requirements during this period.     

The vitamins and minerals provision of children living in different ecological-biogeochemical zones in Chuvashia

The results of investigation about providing 96 children at the age of 11-12 with vitamins in different ecological-biogeochemical zones of Chuvashia are presented in this article. The actual nutrition of children was estimated, by questionnaire-weight Pokrovsky's method and the level of excretion of vitamins B1, B2 and ascorbic acid with urine was studied by fluorescent method. The deficiency of riboflavin (66% in girls and 97% in boys) and ascorbic acid deficiency (30% in children) was revealed in the daily ration, the quantity of thiamin was sufficient. The providing the organism of children with investigated vitamins is low in Chuvashia. There is the link between ecological-biogeochemical characteristics of Chuvashia and providing with vitamins B1, B2 and C, their quantity in food being the same.     

Short communication: Apparent ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows fed Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product

Apparent ruminal synthesis and duodenal flow of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B₆, folates, and vitamin B₁₂ were evaluated in an experiment using 15 ruminally and duodenally cannulated lactating Holstein cows fed a basal diet, according to a crossover design, supplemented or not with 56 g/d of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product. Duration of the treatment period was 28 d. The basal ration had 28% neutral detergent fber, 30% starch and 16.5% crude protein; forages were corn silage (67% of forage dry matter) and alfalfa silage (33% of forage dry matter). Concentrations of B vitamins were analyzed in feed and duodenal digesta. Apparent ruminal synthesis of each B vitamin was calculated as the duodenal flow minus the intake. Under the present experimental conditions, a dietary supplement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product had no effect apparent synthesis of B vitamins in the rumen or on the amounts of these vitamins reaching the duodenum and available for absorption by the dairy cow.     

Enriched foodstuffs: the estimation of the maximal possible intake of vitamins, iron, calcium

In connection with an assortment extending in the consumer market of enriched with vitamins and mineral substances foodstuffs a maximal dose of vitamins, iron and calcium has been estimated on the basis of theoretical full replacement of usual products and dishes by their enriched analogues with the maximal micronutrient content. Calculation was made proceeding from the recommended daily average set of products of a sanatorium diet, and also from average daily actual consumption of the basic groups of foodstuffs. The total sizes of theoretically possible maximal receipt of vitamins A, E and B12 calculated on the basis of the first approach, can exceed recommended on 30-75%, of vitamins C, B1, B2, B6, niacin, pantothenic and folic acids--in 2-3 fold, vitamin D and biotin--in 4,5-5,4 fold, additional receipt of calcium makes approximately 83%, iron--about 100%. "Theoretical" intake of vitamins with a real diet amount to 45-220% from recommended norms of their consumption, and additional receipt of calcium and iron can reach 56-99%. Considering negligible probability owing to small volume of manufacture of simultaneous daily replacement of all foodstuffs on enriched analogues (at a level of enrichment up to 50% from recommended daily consumption), the risk of micronutrients overdose is possible to be recognized insignificant.     

鸡胚蛋中水溶性维生素的测定及其孵化期间的变化

对鸡胚蛋中水溶性维生素的色谱测定方法进行优化和验证,5种维生素的加标回收率均在90%以上,且在0.1～50μg/mL具有良好的线性相关性;采用RP-HPLC对不同胚龄(即入孵的第0、2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16和18天)肉鸡胚胎发育过程中的5种水溶性维生素(核黄素、烟酸、烟酰胺、吡哆醇和叶酸)进行测定与分析,并与鲜蛋进行对比。结果表明,随着孵化时间的延长,维生素B2、烟酸和叶酸3种维生素均有不同程度的增加,其中烟酸增加3.2倍,维生素B2增加31%;叶酸在12d达到最高,比鲜蛋约增加1倍;未能检测出维生素B6和烟酰胺。     

Nutrients in Wild and Farmed Fish and Shellfish

Wild and cultivated channel catfish, rainbow trout, coho salmon, red swamp crayfish, white river crayfish and Eastern oysters were analyzed raw and cooked for proximate composition and ten vitamins. Cultivated catfish had 5 and salmon 2 1/2 times more fat than their wild counterparts. In all other species wild and cultivated samples had similar nutrient content. Cholesterol was independent of fat content and similar in wild and cultivated samples. Vitamin B12 in 100g met or exceeded the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults of 2 μg/day in all species. Other B vitamines seldom exceeded 10% of the RDA except for niacin in finfish. Vitamin A, ascorbic acid and folic acid levels were negligible.